This study compared peak force, peak power, peak velocity, impulse, work, and vertical displacement between the high bar back squat (HBBS) and low bar back squat (LBBS). Six trained males performed each using 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of their recent training 1 repetition maximum. Dual force plates recorded force-time curve characteristics of ground reaction forces and four potentiometers tracked vertical and horizontal barbell displacement. Repeated–measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for load (p<0.01) across all variables, but no significant effects for condition or interaction. The HBBS generated higher peak force in loads 20%–80%, higher peak power in loads 20%–60% and 80%–90%, higher peak velocity at every load, and greater vertical displacement at every load. The LBBS generated a larger impulse at loads 30%-90% and the HBBS generated more work at loads 20%, 40%, and 60%–90%.

The purpose of this study was to examine the force-time differences between concentric-only half-squats (COHS) performed with ballistic (BAL) or non-ballistic (NBAL) intent across a range of loads. Eighteen resistance-trained men performed either BAL or NBAL COHS at 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) COHS. Relative peak force (PF) and relative impulse from 0–50 ms (Imp50), 0–90 ms (Imp90), 0–200 ms (Imp200), and 0–250 ms (Imp250) were compared using a series of 2 × 4 (intent × load) repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated to provide measures of practical significance between the BAL and NBAL COHS and each load. BAL COHS produced statistically greater PF than NBAL COHS at 30% (d = 3.37), 50% (d = 2.88), 70% (d = 2.29), and 90% 1RM (d = 1.19) (all p < 0.001). Statistically significant main effect differences were found between load-averaged BAL and NBAL COHS for Imp90 (p = 0.006, d = 0.25), Imp200 (p = 0.001, d = 0.36), and Imp250 (p < 0.001, d = 0.41), but not for Imp50 (p = 0.018, d = 0.21). Considering the greater PF and impulse observed during the BAL condition, performing COHS with BAL intent may provide a favorable training stimulus compared to COHS performed with NBAL intent.

The aim of the study was to examine repetition to repetition changes of bar velocity and its variations from barbell back squat. Participants (N=19) performed back squat with a relative intensity of 78-80% of 1 RM. Bar velocity was captured using wireless device (PUSHtm) placed on their forearm. Data were collected from 3 sets of 10 repetitions. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify the velocity changes over 10 repetitions. Statistical significance was found (F(1,17)=45.06.~ 0 . 0 0 0 1 )T.h is indicates that the bar velocity decreased significantly over the 10 repetitions. At the same time, coefficient of variance also increased as the repetitions went higher, indicating that there were differences in individual responses of bar velocity changes. Further examination will be aimed to investigate the bar velocity changes from various strength level of individuals.

Background: Training to increase muscular power is essential for improving athletic performance in most sports. Weight training (WT) is a common means for training muscular power. Another modality, flywheel resistance training (FRT), may be superior for improving muscular power. However, few studies have examined if FRT is kinematically similar to WT, or if FRT kinematics change with increasing inertial load. The purposes of this study were to determine how sagittal plane joint kinematics are affected by increasing inertial load during FRT squats, and to determine how FRT squat joint kinematics compare to WT squat joint kinematics. Methods: Subjects (n=9) completed three visits for this study. On the first visit subjects completed squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing. The second visit served as a full FRT familiarization session in which subjects performed one set of 5 maximal effort FRT squats at each inertial load (0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kgm2). On the third visit, subjects were videoed in the sagittal plane while performing the FRT squat protocol. Subjects then completed 5 maximal velocity repetitions of WT squats with the barbell loaded according to the Kansas Squat Test (KST) protocol. Kinematic differences between inertial loads were determined via 1-way repeated measures ANOVAS while differences between FRT and WT were determined with paired T-tests. Results: There were no differences in peak sagittal plane knee, trunk-hip, trunk (absolute) or ankle angles between inertial loads. Peak and mean joint angular velocities decreased with increasing inertial loads at the knee and trunk-hip. Mean joint angular velocities decreased at the ankle with increasing inertial loads, while peak and mean trunk (absolute) angular velocities were unaffected. No statistical analyses were conducted for FRT and WT comparison as not enough subjects met the criteria (n=3). Conclusions: Sagittal plane joint kinematics are largely maintained despite increasing inertial load during FRT squats. Lower extremity joint angular velocities decreased with increasing inertial load. If training for muscular power and knee extensor velocity is the goal, then the inertia of 0.050 kgm2 is most suitable.

Daily undulating periodization is a growing trend in the exercise science literature. Flexible daily undulating periodization allows for athletes to have some autonomy within a periodized training cycle and is a relatively new and unstudied concept. The comparison of a flexible and traditional daily undulating periodization program using trained males has not been examined in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Flexible and Traditional Daily Undulating Periodization models on powerlifting performance in trained males. 25 resistance-trained males (23±6 years; 79±22 kg) completed a 9-week resistance-training program and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization (FDUP; N=14) or Daily Undulating Periodization (DUP; N=11). All subjects possessed a minimum of 6 months of resistance training experience & were required to squat 125% their bodyweight, bench press their bodyweight, and deadlift 150% their bodyweight. Dependent variables (DV) included bench press 1RM, squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, Powerlifting total, and Wilk's Coefficient. Each DV was assessed at baseline and after the 9-week training program. The DUP group performed a hypertrophy workout on Monday, a power workout on Wednesday, and a strength workout on Friday. The FDUP group completed the exact same workouts in a given week, but were allowed to choose the order of the workouts. Data for each DV were analyzed via a 2x2 between-within factorial repeated measures ANOVA. The alpha criterion for significance was set at 0.05. There were no significant differences in total volume or intensity between groups. There was a main effect for time (p < 0.001) for 1RM Squat (FDUP pre = 132 ± 34 kg, FDUP Post = 148 ± 33 kg; DUP pre = 147 ± 31 kg, DUP post = 165 ± 25 kg), 1RM Bench Press (FDUP pre = 96 ± 20 kg, FDUP post = 102 ± 19 kg; DUP pre = 147 ± 31 kg, DUP post = 165 ± 25 kg), 1RM Deadlift (FDUP pre = 166 ± 41 kg, FDUP post: 181 ± 37 kg; DUP pre = 174 ± 25 kg, DUP post = 188 ± 29 kg), Powerlifting Total (FDUP pre = 394 ± 90 kg, FDUP post = 431 ± 84; DUP pre = 439 ± 71 kg, DUP post = 480 ± 69 kg), and Wilk's Coefficient (FDUP pre = 147 ± 25 kg, FDUP post = 304 ± 51; DUP pre = 299 ± 41, DUP post = 325 ± 38). There were no interaction effects between the FDUP and DUP for any of the variables assessed. 9 weeks of Flexible DUP leads to comparable gains in powerlifting performance when compared to a Traditional DUP program in trained males. This may be attributed to the fact that both groups performed similar volumes of work throughout the study. Specifically, FDUP improved squat 1RM by 12%, bench press 1RM by 7%, deadlift 1RM by 9%, powerlifting total by 9%, & Wilk's coefficient by 9%. Similarly, DUP improved squat 1RM by 12%, bench press 1RM by 8%, deadlift 1RM by 8%, powerlifting total by 9%, & Wilk's coefficient by 9%.

<p>Fledermaus is software where different kind of analysis with spatial data can be done. The main area where to use Fledermaus is related to hydrographical surveys. This study is aimed to test and analyse the way Swedish Maritime Administration (Sjöfartsverket) uses Fledermaus. Through step by step explaining how to do when measuring sea bed conditions from a vessel, this text is possible to use as a manual for the applications that are mentioned in this report.</p><p>Another thing that is treated is the squat effect that belongs to vessel dynamic motions. Test of visualization that concerning squat in Fledermaus is done, but with a negative result when squat in a perspective to show motions in height that can be up to about a metre is very hard in a terrain model of thousands of metres. By further tests by arranging the input data, several interesting diagrams have been created through Microsoft Excel where graphs show that the depths are affecting the squat effect. This is showed in same diagram but with two different scales to show the relationship between how a point at the vessel moves in height compared to the depth under the vessel when the vessel is navigating in the sea.</p> / <p>Fledermaus är en programvara där olika analyser med rumsliga data kan genomföras. Största användningsområdet är att använda Fledermaus till mätningar som är relaterade till sjömätning. Den här studien är inriktad till att testa och analysera applikationer som Sjöfartsverket använder sig av i Fledermaus. Genom att steg för steg förklara hur Fledermaus ska användas när bottenförhållanden ska mätas sett från ett fartyg, så blir texten även möjlig att använda som en manual till de applikationer i Fledermaus som är nämnda i denna rapport.</p><p>Det andra som behandlas är squateffekten som tillhör ett fartygs dynamiska rörelser. Test av visualisering som behandlar squat i Fledermaus är genomförd, dock med negativt resultat då squat i ett perspektiv med att visa rörelser i höjd som kan uppgå till runt en meter är väldigt svårt i en terrängmodell som sträcker sig tusentals meter. Dock genom vidare tester genom behandling av indata, har flertalet intressanta diagram skapats genom Microsoft Excel där kurvor visar att djupet inverkar på squateffekten. Detta visas genom att i samma diagram fast med två olika skalor visa förhållandet mellan hur en punkt på båten rör sig i höjd jämfört med att djupet under fartyget ändras då fartyget gör fart genom vattnet.</p>

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the city of Berlin was faced with the challenge to reunify in both political and cultural realms. Berlin is noted throughout history as a metropolis that is characterized by flux; the Post-Wende [Post-Wall] era is another remarkable transitional phase in Berlin’s history. During this era, the city was extremely porous and susceptible to cultural forces that could easily define the city’s malleable future. This essay discusses such forces and events that were planned by the city government, as well as an organic grassroots force that was especially significant in the cultural reunification. This force is the squatting culture that was spurred by the excess of unused and unclaimed buildings in the center of Berlin. Many of the squatters are coalitions of artists who embody the renitente Kultur [unruly culture] that characterizes Berlin. Analyzed in this essay is a group of squatting artists, known as “Gruppe Tacheles das Kunsthaus” who inhabited the ruins of a historical building in the Mitte neighborhood located in the center of Berlin. The creators of Tacheles breathed life back into the ruins by establishing ateliers, a restaurant, a club, a movie theatre, a sculpture garden, and a bar in the building that became an artists’ haven with international fame. Artists, both residential and visiting, have treated the crumbling building like a makeshift giant canvas and it is now covered in layers of graffiti and stands as the Gesamtkunstwerk [total and universal ideal work of art] of the reunifying Berlin that has become an international hub for artists. Due to escalation in property value, an effective owner of the property on which Tacheles stands has stepped forward and taken actions to evict the artists and demolish the building in order to build luxury offices. Most of the artists have left the site, leaving it as a ghostly shell of the bustling community it once was. Near twenty artists remain and protest the actions to destroy their work of art that had come to live symbiotically with the city. At this point, there is one appropriate event to occur next in the lifeline of the site: the building must be demolished in a ceremonious explosion to mark the passing of its vitality, so that its legacy can live on untainted in the future phases of Berlin’s culture.

Vast consumption of natural resources threats the human life. Growing scarcity of fresh water is posing a great challenge to humanity as well. Thus many governments take special measures for efficient use of freshwater. There are many products that use too much fresh water. Toilet is among these products. In search of new solutions for lack of fresh water, designers design alternative toilets. However, it is necessary to understand the evolution of toilets and current state to develop better new technologies and products. This thesis investigates the evolution of toilet design throughout the history. Factors affect toilet design, and changes in their improvement throughout the evolution of toilets are examined. The study also aims to investigate advantages and disadvantages of squat and flushed toilets and their current state.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Anthropologie sociale--EHESS Marseille, 2007. / Bibliogr., 9 p. Index.

BAKGRUND: Ishockey är en stor idrott med över 80000 aktiva spelare i Sverige. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie var att fastställa huruvida det finns korrelation mellan tester rekommenderade av Svenska Ishockeyförbundet och prestationsförmåga på is. Vidare skulle testresultaten ställas i relation till antropometriska värden. METOD: Studiepopulationen rekryterades från hockeylag i division I. Testerna 1RM knäböj, stående längdhopp samt sergants jump utfördes enligt Svenska Ishockeyförbundets rekommenderade förfarande. Prestationsförmåga på is mättes genom 17 m sprintlopp. Korrelationen mellan testerna och prestation på is beräknades med pearsons korrelationskoeffecient. P&lt;0.05 betraktades som signifikant. RESULTAT: Totalt rekryterades 34 ishockeyspelare från division 1 (100 % män, medel ± SD: ålder 22,7 ±2.24 år; vikt 85,3 ±6,4 kg; längd 182 ±6 cm). Av utförda tester var det endast 1RM knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratiot som med statistisk signifikans visades korrelera med prestationsförmågan på is (r=0,389, p=0,049). Övriga tester uppvisade ingen statistisk signifikans. SLUTSATS: Studiens resultat pekar mot att det finns en svag statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan 1RM knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratio och sprintförmåga på is. Knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratiot svarar dock endast för en liten del av prestationsförmågan på is, varvid knäböjens starka position som grundövning utanför isen bör ifrågasättas. / BACKGROUND: Ice hockey is a large sport with over 80000 active players in Sweden. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are correlations between tests recommended by the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation and on-ice performance. The results were also to be examined in relation to antropometric values. METHOD: The studypopulation was recruited from Swedish tier-III teams. The 1RM squat, standing long jump sand sergants jump were performed as described by the Swedish Ice Hockey Federations guidelines. On-ice performance was measured by a 17m sprint. The correlation between off- and on-ice tests were calculated using pearsons correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set to P&lt;0.05. RESULTS: Thirtyfour male ice hockey players from Swedish tier-III were recruited for the study (100% men, mean ± SD: age 22,7 ±2.24 years; weight 85,3 ±6,4 kg; length 182 ±6 cm). Out of the performed tests only 1RM squat/bodywight-ratio showed a statistical significant correlation to on-ice performance (r=0,389, p=0,049). The other tests did not show statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The results points towards a weak statistical significant correlation between 1RM squat/bodywight-ratio and on-ice sprinting ability. The 1RM squat/bodyweight-ratio however explained a small portion of on-ice performance, hence the squats strong position as basic exercise off-ice should be questioned.