COMPARISONS OF ACUTE NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE IN MAXIMAL EFFORT STRENGTH TRAINING USING POWERLIFTS. N. T. Theilen, B. I. Campbell, M. C. Zourdos2, J. M. Oliver3, J. O'Halloran1, N. Asher1, J. M. Wilson4 1University of South Florida, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Tampa, FL 2Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 3Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 4University of Tampa, Tampa, FL Neuromuscular fatigue is associated with a decrease in velocity. Following powerlift training, the extent to which fatigue affects the performance velocity of each lift after a specified recovery interval has not yet been investigated. Purpose To assess the level of acute neuromuscular fatigue, as measured by a decrease in peak velocity, as a result of maximal effort strength training sessions with each powerlift. Methods Twelve resistance trained males (22.8 ± 2.6 yrs; 177.1 ± 6.7 cm; 83.0 ± 12.6 kgs) participated in a randomized crossover design with three conditions: Squat (SQ), Bench Press (BP), and Deadlift (DL). Subjects' relative strength included the ability to successfully complete at least 1.5x their bodyweight in the squat exercise. Initially, baseline peak velocity (PV) was measured for each lift at 60% 1RM via a TENDO unit. One training session occurred each Monday for 3 consecutive weeks (1 week for each lift). Each training session consisted of a 1RM of the designated lift followed by 4 sets of 2 repetitions at 92.5% and 4 sets of 3 repetitions at 87.5%. Following training sessions, each lift PV was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-training to compare with baseline measures and determine recovery. Data was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA (p<.05). Results SQ: No significant differences in PV of the SQ and DL following SQ training at each time point compared to baseline. Bench press PV significantly declined following squat training (Baseline = 1.069 m/s; 24 hours = 0.974 m/s [p = 0.019]; 48 hours = 1.015 m/s [p = 0.034]; 72 hours = 0.970 m/s [p = 0.004]. BP: No significant differences in PV of the SQ and DL following BP training at each time point compared to baseline. Bench press PV significantly declined only at 24 hours following BP training (Baseline = 1.069 m/s; 24 hours = 0.988 m/s [p = 0.004]). DL: No significant differences in PV of the DL following DL training as compared to baseline. Squat PV significantly declined at 24 hours following the DL training (Baseline = 1.384 m/s; 24 hours = 1.315 m/s [p = 0.032]. Similar to SQ, PV of the BP significantly declined only at 24 hours following DL training (Baseline = 1.069 m/s; 24 hours = 0.979 m/s [p < 0.001]). Conclusions Bench press PV was significantly decreased 24-hours following each of the three powerlifts as compared to baseline values. Interestingly, there were no changes in squat and deadlift PV following training of that specific lift. Practical Applications Regardless of the powerlift trained, bench press PV at 60% was compromised 24-hours later. Therefore, following training of any powerlift, more than 24-hours may be needed to optimize performance in the BP at submaximal intensities.

Fledermaus is software where different kind of analysis with spatial data can be done. The main area where to use Fledermaus is related to hydrographical surveys. This study is aimed to test and analyse the way Swedish Maritime Administration (Sjöfartsverket) uses Fledermaus. Through step by step explaining how to do when measuring sea bed conditions from a vessel, this text is possible to use as a manual for the applications that are mentioned in this report. Another thing that is treated is the squat effect that belongs to vessel dynamic motions. Test of visualization that concerning squat in Fledermaus is done, but with a negative result when squat in a perspective to show motions in height that can be up to about a metre is very hard in a terrain model of thousands of metres. By further tests by arranging the input data, several interesting diagrams have been created through Microsoft Excel where graphs show that the depths are affecting the squat effect. This is showed in same diagram but with two different scales to show the relationship between how a point at the vessel moves in height compared to the depth under the vessel when the vessel is navigating in the sea. / Fledermaus är en programvara där olika analyser med rumsliga data kan genomföras. Största användningsområdet är att använda Fledermaus till mätningar som är relaterade till sjömätning. Den här studien är inriktad till att testa och analysera applikationer som Sjöfartsverket använder sig av i Fledermaus. Genom att steg för steg förklara hur Fledermaus ska användas när bottenförhållanden ska mätas sett från ett fartyg, så blir texten även möjlig att använda som en manual till de applikationer i Fledermaus som är nämnda i denna rapport. Det andra som behandlas är squateffekten som tillhör ett fartygs dynamiska rörelser. Test av visualisering som behandlar squat i Fledermaus är genomförd, dock med negativt resultat då squat i ett perspektiv med att visa rörelser i höjd som kan uppgå till runt en meter är väldigt svårt i en terrängmodell som sträcker sig tusentals meter. Dock genom vidare tester genom behandling av indata, har flertalet intressanta diagram skapats genom Microsoft Excel där kurvor visar att djupet inverkar på squateffekten. Detta visas genom att i samma diagram fast med två olika skalor visa förhållandet mellan hur en punkt på båten rör sig i höjd jämfört med att djupet under fartyget ändras då fartyget gör fart genom vattnet.

Traditional core stability training was developed as a method of treating and preventing back pain. It was however, seamlessly applied to healthy and athletic populations without scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. Traditional core stability focussed on isolating and training the anatomical region between the pelvis and diaphragm, using isometric or low load exercises to enhance spinal stability. Scientific research challenged this approach for healthy function and athletic performance, resulting in a more functional anatomical definition, which included pelvic and shoulder girdles. Hence, a revised definition of dynamic trunk stability; the efficient coordination, transfer and resistance by the trunk, of force and power generated by upper and lower appendicular skeletal extremities during all human movement. This led to an integrated exercise training approach to dynamic trunk stability. Although early evidence suggested loaded compound exercises preformed upright, in particular back squat, were effective in activating and developing trunk muscles, evidence was inconclusive. Accordingly, the aims of this PhD were to investigate neuromuscular trunk function in loaded, free barbell back squat to understand training implications for trunk stability in dynamic athletic activity. Five research studies were conducted; 4 are published and 1 is being prepared for re-submission. The literature review revealed evidence that back squat was an effective method of activating trunk stabilzers and showed that these muscles were load sensitive (study 1). A survey of practitioners reported an understanding and appreciation of the challenge against core stability training for athletic populations. Furthermore, perceptions were aligned with growing evidence for dynamic and functional trunk stability training (study 2). A test-retest neuromuscular study established interday reliability and sensitivity of electromyographical measurement of trunk muscle activity in squats (study 3). Trunk muscle activation in back squat was higher than hack squat at the same relative, but lower absolute loads (study 4). Trunk muscle activation was lower in squats and bodyweight jumps in the strong compared to weak group (study 5). Furthermore, activation of the trunk muscles increased in each 30o segment of squat descent and was highest in first 30o segment of ascent for all loads (study 5). In conclusion, this series of studies confirmed acute effect of squats on trunk stabilizers and demonstrated that external load increases activation in these muscles. Parallel squat depth is important in optimizing trunk muscle activation. Finally, high levels of squat strength result in lower trunk muscle activation in loaded squats and explosive jumps.

Submitted by SERGIO SOUZA PARMEZZANI null (sergiopaulasouza@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-19T17:42:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doc Sergio S Parmezzani.pdf: 1315195 bytes, checksum: 5bd1fd0c3b822876284a4cd004a1d9a8 (MD5) / Rejected by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Colocar folha de aprovação contendo as assinaturas dos membros da banca - Alterar ordem do resumo e do abstract. Segundo a norma da ABNT NBR 14724, eles devem vir após os agradecimentos e antes das listas de figuras, tabelas, etc. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-02-19T18:37:47Z (GMT) / Submitted by SERGIO SOUZA PARMEZZANI null (sergiopaulasouza@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-19T19:52:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doc Sergio S Parmezzani.pdf: 1525296 bytes, checksum: 720bdb75c678cc48c3a69150984743ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-02-19T20:14:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 parmezzani_ss_me_prud.pdf: 1525296 bytes, checksum: 720bdb75c678cc48c3a69150984743ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T20:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parmezzani_ss_me_prud.pdf: 1525296 bytes, checksum: 720bdb75c678cc48c3a69150984743ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O treinamento concorrente (TC) é uma estratégia eficaz para desenvolver a aptidão aeróbia e força. Contudo, parece que o TC pode apresentar interferência nos ganhos de força, sendo assim, a análise aguda e crônica do salto vertical (SV) podem ser consideradas como uma ferramenta importante para o monitoramento da força. Dessa forma, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a resposta aguda e crônica do TC e treinamento de força (TF) no SV. Para tanto, a amostra consistiu de 21 homens fisicamente ativos, randomizados em dois grupos: concorrente (n= 11; 28,45 ± 3,8 anos; 75,18 ± 7,73 Kg; 178,1 ± 6 cm) (GC) e força (GF) (n= 10; 25,5 ± 2,9 anos; 78 ± 11,8 Kg; 178,2 ± 7 cm). O TF consistiu em quatro exercício para membro inferior e quatro para membro superior, intercalados entre si (três séries de oito a 12 repetições máximas). O TC foi realizado de forma intermitente de alta intensidade (TIAI) (1:1) a 100% da Vmax, até que os sujeitos completassem cinco km, associado ao TF na mesma sessão de treinamento. O SV foi realizado pré e pós sessão de treinamento em uma plataforma de salto da marca Cefise® (Nova Odessa, Brasil) na modalidade Squat Jump, na 1a, 2a, 4a, 8a e 10a semana de treinamento. Para o tratamento estatístico foi realizado o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, seguido pelo teste T-independentevisando comparar as variáveis (idade, massa corporal, massa gorda, massa magra de membro inferior, estatura, IMC, Vmax, V̇O2max, SV, tonelagem total, tonelagem de membro inferior e RM) no momento pré intervenção entre o GF e GC. Em ambas as etapas, um (aguda) e dois (crônica), foi realizada a analise de medidas repetidas e ANOVA e Post-Hoc de Bonferroni. Para primeira etapa não foi encontrado efeito para altura, delta absoluto (Δ abs) e percentual (Δ %) do salto. Na etapa dois, nenhum efeito foi observado na V̇O2max, já para Vmax, houve efeito entre grupos. Não houve efeito para massa magra de membro inferior. Para a tonelagem total e de membro inferior, houve efeito para momento. Desta forma, é possivel concluir que o TC e TF são capazes de melhorar a força muscular, mas não o SV, provavelmente devido a fatores neuromusculares, que geraram economia de movimento. / Concurrent training (TC) is an effective strategy for developing aerobic fitness and strength. However, it seems that TC may interfere with force gains, thus, acute and chronic vertical jump (SV) analysis can be considered as an important tool for force monitoring. Thus, the present dissertation aims to evaluate the acute and chronic response of the TC and strength training (TF) in the SV. The sample consisted of 21 physically active men, who were randomized into two groups: concurrent (n = 11, 28.45 ± 3.8 years, 75.18 ± 7.73 kg, 178.1 ± 6 cm) (GC) and strength (GF) (n = 10, 25.5 ± 2.9 years, 78 ± 11.8 kg, 178.2 ± 7 cm). The TF consisted of four exercises for the lower limb and four for the upper limb, interspersed with each other (three sets of eight to 12 maximal repetitions). TC was performed intermittently high intensity (HIIT) (1: 1) at 100% of the Vmax, until subjects completed 5 km, associated with TF in the same training session. The SV was performed pre and post training session on a jump platform of the brand Cefise® (Nova Odessa, Brazil) in the modality Squat Jump, in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th and 10th week of training. For the statistical treatment, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed, followed by the independent T-test, comparing the variables (age, body mass, fat mass, lean body mass, stature, BMI, Vmax, V̇O2max, SV, total tonnage, lower limb tonnage and MRI) at the pre-intervention time between GF and GC. In both steps, one (acute) and two (chronic), was performed the analysis of repeated measures and ANOVA and Post-Hoc of Bonferroni. For the first step no effect was found for height, absolute delta (Δ abs) and percentage (Δ%) of the jump. In step two, no effect was observed on the V̇O2max, already for Vmax, there was effect between groups. There was no effect on lean lower limb mass. For total tonnage and lower limb, there was effect for moment. Thus, it is possible to conclude that TC and TF are capable of improving muscle strength, but not SV, probably due to neuromuscular factors, which generated movement savings. / 1587674

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a influência da geometria de suspensão do veículo nas atitudes da massa suspensa. Apresenta um confronto entre obras e autores e está segmentada em três partes; onde na primeira parte são definidos os conceitos básicos como dive, squat, lift, anti-dive, anti-squat, anti-lift e equivalente trailing-arm; na segunda parte são apresentadas as limitações e os novos conceitos definidos por R. S. Sharp e na terceira parte é apresentado o modelo dinâmico bidimensional introduzido por Fu-Cheng Wang. Apresenta um modelo virtual em sistema de multi-corpos desenvolvido no programa ADAMS, com todos os subsistemas que compõe um veículo completo. Inova ao trazer como objeto de estudo um veículo de competição (fórmula SAE) que possui como particularidade o sistema de suspensão push-rod. Surpreende com os resultados obtidos, pois, contrariam os conceitos básicos encontrados na maioria dos livros / This work has objective study the influence of suspension geometry on the sprung mass attitudes. It presents a confrontation among works and authors and this segmented in three parts; where in the first part the basic concepts are defined, dive, squat, lift, anti-dive, anti-squat, anti-lift and equivalent trailing-arm; in the second part the limitations are presented and the new concepts are defined for R. S. Sharp and in the third part are presented the bidimensional dynamic model introduced by Fu-Cheng Wang. It presents a virtual model in system of multi-bodies developed in the program ADAMS, with all the subsystems that composes a complete vehicle. It innovates when bringing such object to study one vehicle of competition (formula SAE) that it has a particularity suspension system push-rod. It surprises with results because it’s opposite of the basic concepts which is present in the majority of books

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between commonly used jump tests and sprint performance over 10 m skate on-ice. The questions we will answer are; -       What correlations exist between a set of jumping tests and the sprint ability over 10 m skate on-ice? -       Which jumping test has the strongest correlation with the sprint ability over 10 m skate on-ice? -       Are there any differences between junior- and senior players, and in that case wich? Method In this study 34 subjects participated and they were between 16-25 years of age and had 9-20 years of icehockey playing experience. They performed five jumping tests; countermovement jump with arms (CMJa), one-legged vertical jump on the right leg, one-legged vertical jump on the left leg, squat jump (SJ) and a horizontal broad jump. On-ice skate test was performed to measure the acceleration ability over 10 m skate sprint in order to try to find correlations between vertical jumping height and the sprint ability, as well as horizontal jumping length and the sprint ability. The tests were performed 48 hours apart. At the first test occasion the jumping tests were performed and at the second the on-ice test was performed. Results The results of this study shows a significant correlation between SJ and the on-ice test result, as well as between CMJa and the on-ice test result. The correlation between SJ and the On-Ice test was r = -0.422 (p &lt; 0.05), and the correlation between CMJa and the on-ice test was r = -0.403 (p &lt; 0.05). When comparing the jump tests to the on-ice test for only juniors no significant correlations were found. However, the seniors (n=7) showed a stronger correlation between the SJ and the on-ice test (r = -0.761, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions The study  confirmed that SJ is the jumping test that best correlates with  the acceleration/sprint ability skating on-ice. It was also shown that SJ is a more useful predictor for the acceleration/sprint ability for seniors than for juniors. More research will be needed for a deeper understanding of this area. / Sammanfattning Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka korrelationerna mellan vanligt förekommande hopptester och sprintförmåga i skridskoåkning över 10 m on-ice. De frågeställningar vi ämnar att besvara är; - Vilka eventuella korrelationer finns mellan de olika hopptesterna och sprintförmåga i skridskoåkning över 10 m on-ice? - Vilket hopptest har störst samband med sprintförmåga i skridskoåkning över 10 m onice? - Finns det några skillnader mellan junior- och seniorspelare, och i så fall vilka? Metod I denna studie deltog 34 försökspersoner (fp) de var mellan 16-25 år gamla och hade en idrottslig bakgrund på 9-20 år. De genomförde fem hopptester; countermovement jump med armdrag (CMJa), vertikalt enbenshopp på höger ben, vertikalt enbenshopp vänster ben, squat jump (SJ) och stående längdhopp. Ett on-ice test för att mäta accelerationsförmågan i skridskoåkning över 10 m genomfördes för att se samband mellan vertikal hopphöjd och accelerationsförmågan samt horisontell hopplängd och accelerationsförmåga. Testerna genomfördes med 48 timmars mellanrum. Vid första tillfället genomfördes hopptesterna och vid andra testtillfället genomfördes on-ice testet. Resultat Resultatet i denna studie visar på signifikanta korrelationer mellan SJ och on-ice testet samt mellan CMJa och on-ice testet. Mellan SJ och on-ice testet uppmättes värden där r = -0.422 (p &lt; 0.05). Mellan CMJa och on-ice testet uppmättes värden till r = -0.403 (p &lt; 0.05). I jämförelsen mellan hopptesterna och on-ice testet för enbart juniorer uppmättes inga signifikanta korrelationer. Däremot visade seniorspelarna (n=7) en signifikant korrelation mellan SJ och on-ice testet (r = -0.761, p &lt; 0.05). Slutsats Studien bekräftar att SJ är det hopptest som bäst förutser acceleration/sprintförmågan i skridskoåkning on-ice. Det visade sig även att SJ är ett mer användbart test för att förutse acceleration/sprintförmågan för seniorer än för juniorer. Vidare forskning kommer att behövas för att skapa djupare förståelse inom området.

Daily undulating periodization represents an increasingly popular trend in exercise science with which a traditional model has been established. Tiered daily undulating periodization pairs the DUP approach with a tiered training system which allows volume and intensity to be more evenly distributed throughout a given graining cycle. The concept of tiered daily undulating periodization is a novel form of periodization and has not been investigated. As such, a comparison of traditional and tiered daily undulating periodization has yet to be examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of traditional and tiered daily undulating periodization models as they relate to strength adaptations in trained males. Twenty-seven resistance trained males (22.0 ± 4.5 years) completed an 8 week resistance training protocol. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the traditional daily undulating periodization group (DUP, n = 12) or tiered daily undulating periodization group (TDUP, n = 15). Participants were recruited from the campus recreation center and met the minimum strength requirements of bench pressing their bodyweight, squatting 125% of their bodyweight, and deadlifting 150% of their bodyweight. Strength measures included squat 1RM, bench press 1RM, deadlift 1RM, powerlifting total, and Wilk’s Coefficient. Each variable was measured at baseline and again after the 8 week training period. Each group performed the same number of sets, reps, and exercises throughout each training week. DUP specified all exercises in a given training bout to be performed the same intensity and repetition scheme. TDUP specified performance of one high intensity exercise each day with each subsequent exercise being performed with lower intensity and differing repetition scheme. Data was analyzed via a 2x2 mixed factorial ANOVA with the alpha criterion for significance set at 0.05. There were no significant differences between groups at baseline and no significant differences were observed between groups for total volume or intensity. With respect to strength dependent variables, there was a main effect for time (p = <0.001) for back squat 1RM (DUP pre = 140.5 ± 33.9 kg, DUP post = 163.3 ± 29.8 kg; TDUP pre = 147.3 ±34.0 kg, TDUP post = 166.5 ± 30.7 kg), bench press 1RM (DUP pre = 104.2 ± 12.9 kg, DUP post = 114.9 ± 14.2 kg; TDUP = 110.4 ± 12.7 kg, TDUP post = 120.6 ± 11.9 kg), deadlift 1RM (DUP pre = 177.7 ± 26.4 kg, DUP post = 194.1 ± 20.2 kg; TDUP pre = 169.6 ± 37.5, TDUP post = 188.3 ± 37.5), powerlifting total (DUP pre = 422.4 ± 67.8 kg, DUP post = 472.4 ± 60.6 kg; TDUP pre = 427.1 ± 79.2 kg, TDUP post = 476.5 ± 74.1 kg), and Wilk’s score (DUP pre = 287.5 ± 49.3, DUP post = 320.0 ± 45.6; TDUP pre = 298.3 ± 45.8, TDUP post = 331.6 ± 38.7). However, no interaction effects were observed between DUP and TDUP for any of the strength dependent variables. These results suggest that 8 weeks of tiered DUP resistance training leads to similar gains in strength compared to the traditional DUP model in trained males. This could be a result of the similar workload between both groups. While not significant, traditional DUP may be more efficacious for improving back squat 1RM (DUP = 16%; TDUP = 13%), while TDUP may elicit greater strength gains in the deadlift (DUP = 9%; TDUP = 12%). Furthermore, this study demonstrates that exercise order and training intensity can be manipulated throughout each training session according to personal preference while maintaining strength adaptations within a DUP model. Lastly, dropout rates in this study lead researchers to conclude that the DUP protocols investigated should be transient and not used as a long term training approach.

Squat reinforced concrete shear walls are stiff structural elements incorporated in buildings and other structures and are capable of resisting large seismic demands. However, when not properly designed, they are prone to shear-related brittle failure. To improve the seismic behaviour of these structural elements, a retrofitting bracing system incorporating superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) was developed. Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are smart materials with the ability to sustain and recover large pseudo-plastic deformations while dissipating energy. The SMA bracing system consists of tension-only SMA links coupled with rigid steel elements. The SMA links were designed to sustain and recover the elongation experienced by the bracing system, while the steel elements were designed to sustain negligible elastic elongations. The SMA bracing system was installed on third-scale, 2000 mm × 2000 mm, shear walls, which were tested to failure under incremental reverse cyclic loading. The experimental results demonstrated that the tension-only SMA braces improve the seismic response of squat reinforced concrete walls. The retrofitted walls experienced higher strength, greater energy dissipation, and less permanent deformation. The re-centering properties of the SMA contributed to the reduction of pinching in the hysteretic response due mainly to the clamping action of the SMA bracings while recovering their original length. The walls were numerically simulated with the nonlinear finite element program VecTor2. The numerical simulations accurately captured the hysteretic response of both the original and the retrofitted walls. A parametric study was conducted to assess the effect of axial loading and size of the SMA braces.

Abstract available in the 9th Annual Coaches and Sport Science College .

Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to determine what effect a bilateral strength training regimen has on isometric force production symmetry and if changes in force production symmetry can be accounted for by differences in pre-intervention strength levels. Design: Sixteen recreationally trained males (1-RM squat: 146.8 ± 23.0 kg.) were assigned to two groups for the 7-week training intervention: strong (S) and weak (W) based on pre-training squat isometric peak force allometrically scaled (IPFa) at 120° knee angle. Methods: Subjects completed a 7-week training intervention following a block-periodized model and were tested on measures of dynamic (1RM squat) and isometric (isometric squat at 90° and 120° knee angle) strength pre- and post-intervention. The degree of bilateral lower limb asymmetry was calculated as a percentage where 0% symmetry index (SI) indicates perfect symmetry on the isometric squat.Results: ANCOVA results showed no statistical difference between groups for all dependent variables when pre-intervention IPFa 120° scores were used as the covariate. Paired t-tests results showed both groups statistically improved 1RM squat and IPFa 120° (p < 0.05). IPFa 120° SI decreased statistically from pre-training in the W group (p = 0.03). Independent t-test results showed the W group had statistically larger pre-intervention SI scores for IPFa 90° (p = 0.045) and IPFa 120° (p = 0.007); however this difference was no longer present following strength training. There was a strong inverse relationship between pooled IPFa 120° and IPFa 120° SI (r = -0.64, p = 0.004). Conclusions: The findings of the current study support the notion that weaker individuals can augment lower limb symmetry with strength training. The same does not seem to be true for stronger individuals who already have a low symmetry index score. These findings indicate that strength training improves force production symmetry in relatively weak males, which may be important for bilateral tasks and injury potential reduction.