This paper examines the financing of professional athletic venues and why certain franchises are able to obtain high percentages of overall stadium funding from the public. Existing literature shows the negligible effect of new athletic venues on the local economy and per capita income, and therefore the benefits from such a project are largely intangible. I use an ordinary least squares regression and show that the more successful a team is the less public funding they tend to receive. I also find that broad city statistics do not represent the specific areas that policy makers consider when making decisions about spending public money.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität Berlin, 2004.

Esta tese pretendeu discutir como o processo de elitização dos estádios de futebol, o chamado “caso Aranha” e certo retorno da Coligay atravessaram o currículo de masculinidade dos torcedores do Grêmio que frequentam estádio. Os estádios de futebol inserem os sujeitos torcedores em diferentes pedagogias culturais. A modernização dos espaços do torcer que vem ganhando andamento no Brasil, especialmente, a partir da década de 1990, foi catalisada com a realização da Copa do Mundo no País, em 2014. Com isso, diferentes olhares foram colocados para os estádios, os torcedores e suas práticas. Normativas vindas da FIFA e de federações nacionais têm colocado em questão práticas historicamente autorizadas nos estádios de futebol. Nessa investigação procurei observar como os torcedores do Grêmio foram interpelados por esses diferentes conteúdos ao realizarem um trânsito entre o estádio Olímpico Monumental e a Arena do Grêmio. Para a construção do material empírico realizei uma etnografia na Arena do Grêmio que me permitiu discutir como o sujeito coletivo ‘torcida do Grêmio’ recebeu esses diferentes movimentos. Além disso, observei alguns ditos individuais e de que maneira eles ressoaram ou não nesse espaço. Por fim, produzi um terceiro material através de diálogos com pequenos grupos de torcedores que me permitiram perguntar mais diretamente como estes indivíduos percebiam a elitização dos estádios, a interdição de cânticos e eventuais episódios de racismo e homofobia. Essa investigação dialoga com um vasto conjunto de trabalhos na área das Ciências Humanas e Sociais que problematizam diferentes aspectos do futebol como prática de lazer e esportiva, especialmente a partir da realização dos megaeventos esportivos no Brasil, Copa do Mundo de 2014 e Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Ao mesmo tempo inova ao analisar estes fenômenos a partir de categorias do campo da Educação, no viés dos Estudos Culturais, dos estudos de gênero e da sexualidade e numa perspectiva feminista e pós-estruturalista. Em minha dissertação de mestrado (2009) procurei olhar para um currículo de masculinidade nos estádios de futebol. Voltei a olhar para o mesmo fenômeno com um afastamento temporal e espacial, uma vez que o clube em que realizei minha inserção etnográfica mudou de estádio, tendo no conceito de currículo uma centralidade analítica para examinar novamente os fenômenos que ocorrem nos estádios e o que eles poderiam me dizer sobre essas masculinidades construídas através das narrativas que ali circulam e disputam significados. É possível apontar que os torcedores se entendem em trânsito e percebem certa diferença nas formas adequadas de ocuparem o novo estádio sendo necessário algum tipo de adaptação. O processo de elitização acaba produzindo certa dicotomia entre o torcedor, representado como autêntico e popular, e o consumidor que seria alguém estranho ao estádio. A esse consumidor podem se somar outras alteridades do torcedor que poderiam incluir mulheres, crianças e homens mais velhos. Na Arena é possível visualizar uma relação em tensionamento entre o torcedor e a torcida. Ora as ações do torcedor são narradas a partir da pertença ao coletivo, ora o sujeito pode ser individualizado e a coletividade se esvazia. Ainda é muito cedo para saber o que acontecerá com esse currículo de masculinidade dos torcedores de estádio a partir da desnaturalização de algumas práticas. Agora, mais do que antes, há um jogo a ser jogado sobre as construções das masculinidades torcedoras nos estádios de futebol. / This thesis intended to discuss how the elitization process of the football stadiums, the so called “Aranha Case” and a certain return of the Coligay crossed the Grêmio fans’ masculinity curriculum of those who go to the stadium. The football stadiums insert the fan individuals in different cultural pedagogies. The modernization of the fan’s spaces which has been getting progress in Brazil, especially from the 1990s, was catalyzed with the realization of the World Cup in the Country, in 2014. Hence, different viewpoints were placed for the stadiums, for the fans and their practices. Normative rulings coming from FIFA and from national federations have been calling into question practices historically authorized in the football stadiums. In this investigation, I tried to observe how the Grêmio fans were challenged for these different contents when they performed a transit from the Olímpico Monumental Stadium to the Grêmio Arena. For the construction of the empirical material, I have done ethnography at the Grêmio Arena which allowed me to discuss how the collective subject ‘Grêmio Crowd’ received these different movements. Besides, I observed some individual sayings and how they resounded, or not, in this space. At last, I produced a third material through dialogs with small groups of fans which allowed me to question more directly how these individuals perceived the elitization of the stadiums, the interdiction of singings and eventual episodes of racism and homophobia. This investigation dialogs with a vast set of works in the area of Human Sciences and Social Sciences which discuss different aspects of football as leisure and sportive practices, especially from the realization of the mega sports events in Brazil, the World Cup of 2014 and Olympic Games of 2016. At the same time it innovates as it analyzes these phenomena from categories of the Education field, within the Cultural Studies, the gender and sexuality studies under a feminist and post-structuralist perspective. In my MA dissertation (2009) I tried to look at a curriculum of masculinity in the football stadiums. I now look at the same phenomenon, but with a temporal and spatial estrangement, once the club when I realized my ethnographic insertion moved to another stadium, having in the curriculum concept an analytical centrality to again examine the phenomena which occur in the stadiums and what they could tell me about these masculinities constructed through the narratives that circulate in such spaces and how they dispute significance. It is possible to point out that the fans understand each other in transit and that they perceive certain difference in the adequate ways of occupying the new stadium which makes necessary some kind of adaptation. The process of elitization ends up producing certain dichotomy between the fan, represented as authentic and popular, and the consumer, who would be someone strange to the stadium. To this consumer other fan’s alterities can be added, which could include women, children and older men. At the Arena it is possible to visualize a relation in tensioning between the fan and the crowd. Sometimes the fan’s actions are narrated from the collective allegiance, sometimes the subject can be individualized and the collectiveness empties out. It is still too early to know what will happen with this stadium fan’s masculinity curriculum from the denaturalization of some practices. Now, more than ever, there is a game to be played about the constructions of the fan masculinities in the football stadiums.

This paper utilizes a case study approach to explain the impact of having a franchise from the National Basketball Association (NBA) move to a city where a team from the four major American sports league had not existed on employment levels. This paper utilizes the synthetic control method to examine employment in Memphis, Oklahoma City, Orlando, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City. Applying the synthetic control method, this paper finds that employment is not impacted positively as the stadium proposals suggest they will when putting forth subsidy bids. Due to the large costs imposed on taxpayers as a result of the subsidies franchises receive, further research should be conducted to look at the impact of spending on public expenditures instead of stadiums and its impact on employment levels.

Esta tese pretendeu discutir como o processo de elitização dos estádios de futebol, o chamado “caso Aranha” e certo retorno da Coligay atravessaram o currículo de masculinidade dos torcedores do Grêmio que frequentam estádio. Os estádios de futebol inserem os sujeitos torcedores em diferentes pedagogias culturais. A modernização dos espaços do torcer que vem ganhando andamento no Brasil, especialmente, a partir da década de 1990, foi catalisada com a realização da Copa do Mundo no País, em 2014. Com isso, diferentes olhares foram colocados para os estádios, os torcedores e suas práticas. Normativas vindas da FIFA e de federações nacionais têm colocado em questão práticas historicamente autorizadas nos estádios de futebol. Nessa investigação procurei observar como os torcedores do Grêmio foram interpelados por esses diferentes conteúdos ao realizarem um trânsito entre o estádio Olímpico Monumental e a Arena do Grêmio. Para a construção do material empírico realizei uma etnografia na Arena do Grêmio que me permitiu discutir como o sujeito coletivo ‘torcida do Grêmio’ recebeu esses diferentes movimentos. Além disso, observei alguns ditos individuais e de que maneira eles ressoaram ou não nesse espaço. Por fim, produzi um terceiro material através de diálogos com pequenos grupos de torcedores que me permitiram perguntar mais diretamente como estes indivíduos percebiam a elitização dos estádios, a interdição de cânticos e eventuais episódios de racismo e homofobia. Essa investigação dialoga com um vasto conjunto de trabalhos na área das Ciências Humanas e Sociais que problematizam diferentes aspectos do futebol como prática de lazer e esportiva, especialmente a partir da realização dos megaeventos esportivos no Brasil, Copa do Mundo de 2014 e Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Ao mesmo tempo inova ao analisar estes fenômenos a partir de categorias do campo da Educação, no viés dos Estudos Culturais, dos estudos de gênero e da sexualidade e numa perspectiva feminista e pós-estruturalista. Em minha dissertação de mestrado (2009) procurei olhar para um currículo de masculinidade nos estádios de futebol. Voltei a olhar para o mesmo fenômeno com um afastamento temporal e espacial, uma vez que o clube em que realizei minha inserção etnográfica mudou de estádio, tendo no conceito de currículo uma centralidade analítica para examinar novamente os fenômenos que ocorrem nos estádios e o que eles poderiam me dizer sobre essas masculinidades construídas através das narrativas que ali circulam e disputam significados. É possível apontar que os torcedores se entendem em trânsito e percebem certa diferença nas formas adequadas de ocuparem o novo estádio sendo necessário algum tipo de adaptação. O processo de elitização acaba produzindo certa dicotomia entre o torcedor, representado como autêntico e popular, e o consumidor que seria alguém estranho ao estádio. A esse consumidor podem se somar outras alteridades do torcedor que poderiam incluir mulheres, crianças e homens mais velhos. Na Arena é possível visualizar uma relação em tensionamento entre o torcedor e a torcida. Ora as ações do torcedor são narradas a partir da pertença ao coletivo, ora o sujeito pode ser individualizado e a coletividade se esvazia. Ainda é muito cedo para saber o que acontecerá com esse currículo de masculinidade dos torcedores de estádio a partir da desnaturalização de algumas práticas. Agora, mais do que antes, há um jogo a ser jogado sobre as construções das masculinidades torcedoras nos estádios de futebol. / This thesis intended to discuss how the elitization process of the football stadiums, the so called “Aranha Case” and a certain return of the Coligay crossed the Grêmio fans’ masculinity curriculum of those who go to the stadium. The football stadiums insert the fan individuals in different cultural pedagogies. The modernization of the fan’s spaces which has been getting progress in Brazil, especially from the 1990s, was catalyzed with the realization of the World Cup in the Country, in 2014. Hence, different viewpoints were placed for the stadiums, for the fans and their practices. Normative rulings coming from FIFA and from national federations have been calling into question practices historically authorized in the football stadiums. In this investigation, I tried to observe how the Grêmio fans were challenged for these different contents when they performed a transit from the Olímpico Monumental Stadium to the Grêmio Arena. For the construction of the empirical material, I have done ethnography at the Grêmio Arena which allowed me to discuss how the collective subject ‘Grêmio Crowd’ received these different movements. Besides, I observed some individual sayings and how they resounded, or not, in this space. At last, I produced a third material through dialogs with small groups of fans which allowed me to question more directly how these individuals perceived the elitization of the stadiums, the interdiction of singings and eventual episodes of racism and homophobia. This investigation dialogs with a vast set of works in the area of Human Sciences and Social Sciences which discuss different aspects of football as leisure and sportive practices, especially from the realization of the mega sports events in Brazil, the World Cup of 2014 and Olympic Games of 2016. At the same time it innovates as it analyzes these phenomena from categories of the Education field, within the Cultural Studies, the gender and sexuality studies under a feminist and post-structuralist perspective. In my MA dissertation (2009) I tried to look at a curriculum of masculinity in the football stadiums. I now look at the same phenomenon, but with a temporal and spatial estrangement, once the club when I realized my ethnographic insertion moved to another stadium, having in the curriculum concept an analytical centrality to again examine the phenomena which occur in the stadiums and what they could tell me about these masculinities constructed through the narratives that circulate in such spaces and how they dispute significance. It is possible to point out that the fans understand each other in transit and that they perceive certain difference in the adequate ways of occupying the new stadium which makes necessary some kind of adaptation. The process of elitization ends up producing certain dichotomy between the fan, represented as authentic and popular, and the consumer, who would be someone strange to the stadium. To this consumer other fan’s alterities can be added, which could include women, children and older men. At the Arena it is possible to visualize a relation in tensioning between the fan and the crowd. Sometimes the fan’s actions are narrated from the collective allegiance, sometimes the subject can be individualized and the collectiveness empties out. It is still too early to know what will happen with this stadium fan’s masculinity curriculum from the denaturalization of some practices. Now, more than ever, there is a game to be played about the constructions of the fan masculinities in the football stadiums.

The thesis deals with Czechoslovak Spartakiads, which were held by the Communist Party every fifth year from 1955 till 1985 (with exception of 1970). Spartakiads were one of the symbols of the Communist regime, when thousands of gymnasts performed and created different figures by synchronized exercises of their bodies at the Strahov Stadium in Prague. Introduction of my paper is focused on description of history of mass gymnastic displays, which Spartakiads came from. I also indicate how and when Spartakiads originated, how they realized and who and how organized them. Spartakiads were very popular, that's why I describe in the paper, why and how the Communist regime succeeded to hold their popularity. Spartakiads became a tool of communist propaganda. So, I realize the difference in a public perception of Spartakiads and the official interpretation. I examine the transformation of a face of Spartakiad in time in my thesis. I compare its transformation with evolution of the Communist ideology. I evaluate the point and purport of Spatakiad in conclusion of the paper and I think about a chance of survival of Spartakiad in present time.

The project of the stadium Za Lužánkami is situated in an area with almost tangible genius loci. At the same time this locality is bound to the biggest successes of the football in Brno and thus it also has a very strong sport tradition. Ponava has a huge potential of becoming a favored sport and recreational area. Development of the sport infrastructure and quality public spaces will once again incorporates Ponava among the desired localities. The design of the football stadium reflects the situation of the current structure. The decision to keep a part of the eastern stand (based on the structural engineer’s consult) became a determining factor for the whole design. It became the starting point from where everything else developed. The building of the stadium becomes a local dominant dressed in colors of Brno but at the same time it remains a part of its immediate environment hidden behind the trees of Mendel university arboretum.

This dissertation project explores how three distinct networks worked for and in opposition to the proposed construction of three Temple University athletic facilities all located within the Northern Philadelphia neighborhood of Cecil B Moore. Specifically, I conduct a network analysis of the three networks of elites who advocated for the construction of Pearson and McGonigle Hall athletic facility in the late 1960s, the Liacouras Center in the mid-nineties, and the contemporary proposed construction of a new football stadium in order to gain a deeper understanding of how these pro- development networks operate, promote urban development, and to explore how these pro-development networks have evolved over time. I do the same for the networks of activists who have attempted to halt these development projects. I employ a mixed method approach which combines ethnographic field observations, in-depth interviews, and a quantitative investigation. I answer the following research questions: 1) How have the demographic characteristics of actors who were members of the Pearson and McGonigle Hall, Liacouras Center, and the Football Pro and Anti-Development Networks changed over time? 2) What strategies were employed by the Pro-Stadium Network to promote Temple development and why were these strategies unsuccessful? 3) What strategies were employed by the Stomper Network to oppose Temple development and why were these strategies successful? I find that while across development eras pro-development networks remain majority White, Democrat, Male, and most network members were working in the educational field, there are noteworthy changes in network demographics. I find there is less consistency in the demographics of anti-development networks over time. Although these networks remain majority Black and Democrat, there is a noteworthy increase in Female network members and White network members over time. In my analysis of how the Pro-Stadium Network promoted Temple development, I examine the strategies employed by the Pro-Stadium Network, focusing specifically on the network's public outreach strategy. I address why the network was not successful at convincing residents and politicians to support the building of a football stadium in Cecil B Moore. I find that the Pro-Stadium Network did not provide basic details about the project, and this was an obvious omission. I also address why the Pro-Stadium Network might have been more successful if it attempted to establish a dialogue with residents prior to announcing the plans for the stadium. However, it is not clear that even with a detailed plan the Pro-Stadium Network would have been successful. It is possible that the political currents had shifted since the last period of Temple development. In my analysis of how the Stomper Network opposed Temple development I examine the strategies employed by the Stomper Network, focusing specifically on the network's public outreach strategy. I find the Stomper Network attempted to establish a dialogue with residents immediately after the network became active. The Stomper Network was also able to check the effectiveness of its messaging with residents and to counter the claims of the Pro-Stadium Network. This contributed to the Stomper Network's ability to exploit the shortcomings of the Pro-Stadium Network's outreach strategy. I hypothesize that the possibility that a growing negative view of urban development in Cecil B Moore made the construction of the football stadium impossible. I focus some of this discussion on how the Pro-Stadium Network has received more scrutiny than the two historical pro-development networks. In doing so, I hypothesize that this growing public scrutiny of Temple development projects in Cecil B Moore and an emerging negative view of urban development may have hampered the Pro-Stadium Network's attempts to build a football stadium in Cecil B Moore. I find theories of urban growth and elite theory fit the development processes for both the Pearson and McGonigle Hall and the Liacouras Center. However, the attempt to construct a football stadium in Cecil B Moore is not consistent with theories of urban growth and elite theory. The struggle over Temple's proposed football stadium is more consistent with pluralist theory and Henri Lefebvre’s right to the city. / Sociology

During the 2020 season, the NBA implemented, for the first time, the use of virtual advertisements. Virtual advertisements are digitally superimposed ads directly on the court that are visible to anyone viewing the broadcasted version of a game. This study used eye-tracking and galvanic skin response (GSR) in conjunction with the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP; Lang, 2006a) to a) determine virtual advertising's effectiveness compared to traditional in-stadium advertising and to b) monitor the effect emotional arousal has on advertising recall and recognition. A sample of 176 fans of the Utah Jazz viewed one of four identical highlight reels of a basketball game that sought to manipulate emotional arousal by altering only the score and were then tested on advertising recall and recognition. Results revealed that virtual advertising receives more visual attention than traditional in-stadium advertisements yet are remembered poorer - indicating that while virtual advertisements are placed in a more central location they are likely still processed peripherally. The attempted manipulation of arousal failed and the results surrounding the LC4MP were insignificant. Implications for the LC4MP and recommendations for advertising practitioners are discussed.

No description available.