Através da pesquisa dos elementos verticais, presentes na maioria dos edifícios da cidade de Mália do período palacial (2300-1480 a.C.), temos como objetivo nesta dissertação de mestrado analisar a organização tridimensional das construções, tanto as privadas como as públicas. A investigação inicialmente parte das noções do conhecimento de todas propriedades e características desses mega-artefatos, os edifícios. Em seguida, busca identificar padrões e regularidades, analisando os materiais, as técnicas e as disposições das escadarias inseridas nas construções, para assim poder compreender o papel do elemento vertical na percepção do espaço entre os minóicos, a tridimensionalidade de seus edifícios, suas restrições e possíveis reestruturações de funções, pois o que restou dessas construções são apenas as rotas horizontais. Tenta-se identificar as concepções que levaram seus usuários a optar por verticalizar suas cidades. Esta pesquisa revela que os elementos verticais são essencias na paisagem em relação aos aspectos espaciais construídos; definem edifícios que se destacam e modificam o território onde viviam os minóicos. / Through the research of vertical elements, which are prevalent throughout the majority of the buildings in the palatial city of Malia (2300-1480 a.C.), we aim to analyze the spatial organization of tri-dimensional constructions, in both private and public buildings. The investigation is initially based on the notions of the knowledge of all the properties and characteristics of those mega-artefacts, the buildings. Then, identify patterns and regularities, analyzing the material, the techniques, and the layout of staircases built into the constructions, as to achieve a deeper understanding of the role the vertical element played in the perception of space among the minoans, their tridimensionality techniques, the restrictions and the possibility of restructuring functions, since what is left of the constructions is only the floor plan. We attempt to identify the conceptions that led the users to choose to make their cities vertical. This research shows how essential the vertical elements are in the landscape when built spacial aspects are concerned; they define buildings which stand out and modify the territories where the minoans lived.

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Mitt eksamensarbeid på Carl Malmsten Furniture Studies tar for seg en problemstilling om hvorvidt dagens profil på trappetrinnet er optimal, ut fra krav om at trappen skal være sikker, komfortabel og lite anstrengende å gå i. Det omhandler kun trapper i tre for innendørs bruk, og faktorer som produksjonsvennlighet og økonomiske aspekter er ikke tatt hensyn til. Interessen for temaet ble skapt under min praksisperiode hos snekkerverkstedet ”Studio Furniture Maui”, hvor man hadde spesialisert seg på å bygge trapper. Etter å ha søkt etter erfaringer om emnet hos bransjen og på internett, gikk det klart frem at dette var et lite utforsket tema. Jeg definerte tre punkter som jeg mente var viktige for et bedre trinn. Det skulle være sikkert, komfortabelt og lite anstrengende å gå på. I samarbeid med Kjell Ohlsson, professor i ergonometri på Linköpings universitet, arbeidet jeg frem fire alternativer som jeg ville teste i tillegg til det vanlige trappetrinnet. Disse profilene ble så testet av en testgruppe på 40 personer. Utfallet av denne testen viste at majoriteten av testpersonene foretrakk en av de alternative profilene fremfor det vanlige trappetrinnet. Basert på resultatet av testen har jeg i denne rapporten konkludert med at dagens profil på trappetrinnet ikke er optimal, og at temaet burde studeres nærmere. / ´My final work for the Bachelor Degree at Carl Malmsten Furniture Studies discusses whether today’s shape of the tread in a staircase is optimal. There are some limitations to this project. Only indoor stairs made from wood will be discussed. Production and financial aspects will not be part of this study. My interest for this subject was created during my internship at the workshop “Studio Furniture Maui”. They had specialised in building staircases. After searching for information from the industry and online, it became clear to me that this was an unexplored subject. I defined three qualities that I meant was important for a better tread. It needed to be safe, comfortable, and less exhausting to walk on. Working together with Kjell Ohlsson, a professor in ergonomics on Linköpings University, I made four alternative treads in addition to a normal one. 40 people tested these treads. The result from the test showed that the majority of the people preferred one of the alternative profiles to the normal one. Based on the result from the test, this report concludes that the tread we are used to is not optimal, and that more research should be done on the subject.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) have become commonly used to measure hearing thresholds in fish. However, it is uncertain how well AEP thresholds match behavioral hearing thresholds and what effect variability in electrode placement and tank composition has on AEPs. In the first experiment, the effect of testing tank composition and electrode placement on AEPs was determined by recording AEPs in the same individual fish in a steel and PVC cylindrical testing tank, and simultaneously recording AEPs from four locations and two different depths on each of 12 goldfish, Carassius auratus. Results from these studies show that tank composition has an effect AEP strength and hearing thresholds, with steel producing lower thresholds for all frequencies. Electrode placement and depth showed no significant effect on hearing thresholds.In the second experiment, the hearing sensitivity of 12 goldfish was measured using both classical conditioning and AEPs in the same setup. For behavioral conditioning, the fish were trained to reduce their respiration rate in response to a 5s sound paired with a brief shock. Once the behavioral audiogram was completed, the AEP measurements were made without moving the fish. The same sound stimuli were presented and the resultant evoked potentials were recorded for 1,000-6,000 averages. AEP input-output functions were then compared to the behavioral audiogram to compare techniques for estimating behavioral thresholds from AEP data. Results show a large range in variability between behavioral and evoked potential thresholds between fish, with the linear regression evoked potential analysis method producing closer thresholds to behavioral methods. In the third study, the effects of masking were examined on the behavioral and evoked potential audiograms. Behavioral thresholds were first determined with a constant masking noise for two frequencies, followed by threshold measurements with no masking noise.

This diploma thesis is divided into two main parts {--} theoretical and practical. The practical part was focus on the proposing and creation of the tiles of the size 15 x 15 cm. 120 pieces were created for risers and 15 lateral tiles for the contiguous wall. The written theoretical part is mainly focused on the clarification of motivational sources which influence the process of this topic, the projecting of the staircase, and we can also find there the description of the technological procedures of the creation of the tiles with the account of used material.

Através da pesquisa dos elementos verticais, presentes na maioria dos edifícios da cidade de Mália do período palacial (2300-1480 a.C.), temos como objetivo nesta dissertação de mestrado analisar a organização tridimensional das construções, tanto as privadas como as públicas. A investigação inicialmente parte das noções do conhecimento de todas propriedades e características desses mega-artefatos, os edifícios. Em seguida, busca identificar padrões e regularidades, analisando os materiais, as técnicas e as disposições das escadarias inseridas nas construções, para assim poder compreender o papel do elemento vertical na percepção do espaço entre os minóicos, a tridimensionalidade de seus edifícios, suas restrições e possíveis reestruturações de funções, pois o que restou dessas construções são apenas as rotas horizontais. Tenta-se identificar as concepções que levaram seus usuários a optar por verticalizar suas cidades. Esta pesquisa revela que os elementos verticais são essencias na paisagem em relação aos aspectos espaciais construídos; definem edifícios que se destacam e modificam o território onde viviam os minóicos. / Through the research of vertical elements, which are prevalent throughout the majority of the buildings in the palatial city of Malia (2300-1480 a.C.), we aim to analyze the spatial organization of tri-dimensional constructions, in both private and public buildings. The investigation is initially based on the notions of the knowledge of all the properties and characteristics of those mega-artefacts, the buildings. Then, identify patterns and regularities, analyzing the material, the techniques, and the layout of staircases built into the constructions, as to achieve a deeper understanding of the role the vertical element played in the perception of space among the minoans, their tridimensionality techniques, the restrictions and the possibility of restructuring functions, since what is left of the constructions is only the floor plan. We attempt to identify the conceptions that led the users to choose to make their cities vertical. This research shows how essential the vertical elements are in the landscape when built spacial aspects are concerned; they define buildings which stand out and modify the territories where the minoans lived.

No description available.

Cement-based composite boards reinforced by organic fiber, commonly known as cement fiber boards are universal and environmental material. Nowadays they are commonly used in construction industry in the form of facade facing for ventilated facades, interior and exterior ceilings or as a lost formwork for the bridge constructions. In these ways of using the cement fiber boards are strained mainly perpendicularly to their median plane. Material characteristics for this kind of strain are declared by the manufacturers. This diploma thesis is focused on ways of using the cement fiber boards reinforced by organic fiber as prefabricated, constructional material for interior staircases. In this case, every segment is strained even in its median plane. This way of strain is atypical and is not declared by the manufacturers in the manufacturer's technical sheets. The main goal of the diploma thesis was to experimentally determine the material characteristics in relation to the possibility of using the cement fiber boards reinforced by organic fiber for the construction of interior stairways. Material characteristics were determined by using Czech technical standards and information from professional literature. Testing tools made by 3D printing were used in the measurements. The possibilities of connecting cement fiber boards by mechanical and glued joint were checked out. The trial “stand” from CLT boards was designed for the real testing of single-arm and double-arm staircases. The outcomes of the experimental measurements confirmed the possibility to use the cement fiber boards for interior stairways. It is necessary to support the design of the staircase by static calculations and to respect the design of the dimensions of the individual segments in the implementation.

Realistic modeling of a 3D environment has grown in popularity due to the increasing realm of practical applications. Whether for practical navigation purposes, entertainment value, or architectural standardization, the ability to determine the dimensions of a room is becoming more and more important. One of the trickier, but critical, features within any multistory environment is the staircase. Staircases are difficult to model because of their uneven surface and various depth aspects. Coupling this need is a variety of ways to reach this goal. Unfortunately, many such methods rely upon specialized sensory equipment, multiple calibrated cameras, or other such impractical setups. Here, we propose a simpler approach. This paper outlines a method for extracting the slope dimensions of a staircase using a single monocular image. By relying on only a single image, we negate the need for extraneous accessories and glean as much information from common pictures. We do not hope to achieve the high level of accuracy seen from laser scanning methods but seek to produce a viable result that can both be helpful for current applications and serve as a building block that contributes to later development. When constructing our pipeline, we take into account several options. Each step can be achieved with different techniques which we evaluate and compare on either a qualitative or quantitative level. This leads to our final result which can accurately determine the slope of a staircase with an error rate of 31.1%. With a small amount of previous knowledge or preprocessing, this drops down to an average of 18.7% Overall, we deem this an acceptable and optimal result given the limited information and processing resources which the program was allowed to utilize.

In the developed world, the existing stock of houses will provide shelter to the majority of population in the upcoming years. Houses are physical objects that consume material and energy and need to be maintained, repaired and restructured from time to time. In order to fulfill the requirements of the Kyoto protocol and be comfortable for their inhabitants, the existing stock needs to be renovated. Strong disagreement between different parts of the scientific community and overlapping and contradictory concepts make the definition of sustainable renovation confusing. In this Thesis, therefore, an approach of renovation and operation for higher energy efficiency and lower climate impact has been the main focus. Based on a systems analysis approach, the aim of this work is to develop a manual to stimulate house owners to become role models in sustainable renovation and operation of family houses, the Thesis providing recommendations to reducing the energy consumption of their houses by evaluating cost and benefits of possible actions and choosing the most energy and cost effective approach of a series of alternatives. With the results of this analysis, a sustainable renovation and operation staircase is proposed. The work found that it is possible develop a staircase manual for sustainable renovation and operation of family houses that follows a logical step-by-step approach and could result in considerable life cycle reductions in both costs and climate impact. The work also suggests that it is possible for academic experts to develop material in a simpler form and language to reach the public in a more understandable form.