Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-05-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 daiuto_er_dr_botfca.pdf: 758627 bytes, checksum: 0fb6a754959d06ac43123cf84234b2e4 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Parâmetros da estrutura fina do amido tais como cadeia lateral de amilopectina, tamanho dos grânulos de amido, viscosidade, teor de amilose aparente, de fósforo e de carboxila foram investigados na tentativa de elucidar o comportamento dos seus géis em condições de estresse. Sete variedades de mandioca, duas de batata doce e uma de ahipa, açafrão, araruta, biri, gengibre, inhame, mandioquinha-salsa, taro, taioba e zedoária foram avaliadas. O comportamento dos géis destas féculas foi comparado com o do amido de milho comercial e duas féculas de mandioca comerciais modificadas e recomendadas para condições específicas de esterilização e congelamento. Os géis a 5% (p/v) foram submetidos a condições estressantes de acidez (pH 3,5), esterilização a 121ºC/20 minutos e um ciclo de congelamento/descongelamento e avaliados após 24 e 72 horas do preparo dos géis. As féculas dos géis submetidos a estresses de acidez e esterilização, foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (4ºC) e temperatura ambiente (28ºC). A condição de armazenamento para o stress de congelamento e um ciclo de congelamento/descongelamento foi à -20 ºC. O efeito dos estresses sobre os géis foi medido pela intensidade da sinérese, firmeza e viscosidade. A formação de grupos semelhantes foi considerada como sendo explicativa da característica avaliada. Não foi possível estabelecer grupos que se correspondessem para tamanho de grânulos, teor de fósforo, carboxilas e amilose aparente. Comparando os grupos de comprimento de cadeia de amilopectina da literatura também não foram observadas semelhanças com os grupos de características avaliados e com o comportamento dos géis. O tamanho de grânulos, teor de amilose aparente, fósforo, carboxila e viscosidade RVA isoladamente não puderam explicar as respostas dos géis às condições de estresse estudadas... / Parameters of the starch fine structure as amilopectin lateral chain, size of the starch granules, viscosity, content of apparent amylose, phosphorus and of carboxyl were investigated tryng elucidate the behavior of starchy gels in stress conditions. Seven varieties of cassava starches, two of sweet potato and one of ahipa, saffron, arrowrrot, canna, ginger, yam, peruvian carrot, taro, tania and zedoaria were evaluated. The behavior of these starchy gels was compared with commercial corn starch and two with commercial modified cassava starches recommended for specific conditions of sterilization and freezing. The gels at 5% (d.w/v) were submitted to stress conditions of acidity (pH 3,5), sterilization at 121ºC/20 minutes and to one freezing thaw cycle and evaluated at 24 and 72 hours after the preparation of the gels. Starchy gels were submitted to stress of acidity and to sterilization and after that the storage under refrigeration (4ºC) and room temperature (28 ºC). Storage condition for freezing and freezing thaw cycle stress was at -20ºC. The effect of the stress on the gels was measured by the intensity of the syneresis, firmness and viscosity. The formation of similar groups was considered as being explanatory of the evaluated characteristic. It was not possible to establish groups that would correspond to granules size, content of phosphorus, carboxyl and apparent amylase. Comparing the groups of length of chain of amilopectin of the literature similarities with the evaluated groups with the behavior of the gels were also not observed. The granules size, content of apparent amylose, phosphorus, carboxyl and viscosity RVA separately could not explain the answers of the gels to the stress conditions studied in the present researches, suggesting that not always one parameter...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tpl_me_botfca.pdf: 543598 bytes, checksum: 6408f50c314fe9d5a63acb512fec4b7c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Amidos naturais muitas vezes não têm características específicas para um processamento industrial, assim, amidos modificados são usados para proporcionar aos produtos amiláceos propriedades desejáveis tais como textura, aparência, maciez e outras. As modificações produzidas nos amidos geralmente repercutem em algumas de suas propriedades físicas tais como: temperatura de pasta, viscosidade, quebra de viscosidade, tendência de retrogradação. Os tratamentos hidrotérmicos modificam as propriedades físico-químicas dos amidos sem destruir a estrutura granular e nem adicionar outras espécies química às amostras tratadas, ou seja, o amido continua sendo natural. Estudos indicam que estas modificações repercutem nas propriedades funcionais inclusive na resistência às ações de enzimas presentes no trato digestivo alto e desta forma aumentando a concentração de amidos resistentes. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos tipo “annealing” e calor-umidade em amostras de amidos extraídos de quatro diferentes variedades de mandioca, na concentração de amido resistente e propriedades de pasta e também analisar os perfis das concentrações de amido resistente e respectivas propriedades de pasta de duas variedades de mandioca com diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Os amidos de mandioca Fécula Branca, Cascuda, Capora e IAC 576/70 in natura e modificados com os tratamentos “annealing” e calor/umidade, foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades de pasta e concentração de amido resistente. As duas variedades de amido de mandioca Fécula Branca e Cascuda com idades fisiológicas de 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 e 15 meses, foram analisadas em suas propriedades de pasta e concentração de amido resistente. Os resultados dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos foram significativos, sendo que os amidos submetidos ao tratamento... / Many natural starches do not have specific characteristics for industrial processing. Therefore, these starches are modified in order to give them desirable properties such as texture, appearance, softness, etc. The modifications produced in the starches generally change some of their physical properties, such as pasting temperature, viscosity, viscosity breakage, and retrogradation tendency. Hydrothermal treatments modify the physical and chemical properties of the starches without destroying their granular structure, and do not add other kinds of chemicals to the treated samples; in other words, the starch continues to be natural. Studies indicate that these modifications change the functional properties in respect to resistance to the actions of enzymes present in the high digestive treatment, and thus increasethe concentration of resistant starches. Therefore, one aim of the present study was to assess the effects of annealing and heat-humidity hydrothermal treatments on samples of starch from four varieties of cassava, in respect to pasting resistance and concentration properties. A second aim was to analyze the profiles of the pasting resistance and concentration properties of starches from two varieties of cassava in different stages of development. The cassava starches Fécula Branca, Cascuda, Capora and IAC 576/70, both in natura and modified with the annealing and heat-moisture treatments, were evaluated regarding their pasting and concentration properties of resistant starch. The Fécula Branca and Cascuda varieties, with physiological ages of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 months, were analyzed for their pasting and concentration properties of resistant starch. The hydrothermal treatment results were significant, and the starches submitted to the heat-moisture treatment underwent larger changes in the pasting properties and in the concentration of resistant starch... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Parâmetros da estrutura fina do amido tais como cadeia lateral de amilopectina, tamanho dos grânulos de amido, viscosidade, teor de amilose aparente, de fósforo e de carboxila foram investigados na tentativa de elucidar o comportamento dos seus géis em condições de estresse. Sete variedades de mandioca, duas de batata doce e uma de ahipa, açafrão, araruta, biri, gengibre, inhame, mandioquinha-salsa, taro, taioba e zedoária foram avaliadas. O comportamento dos géis destas féculas foi comparado com o do amido de milho comercial e duas féculas de mandioca comerciais modificadas e recomendadas para condições específicas de esterilização e congelamento. Os géis a 5% (p/v) foram submetidos a condições estressantes de acidez (pH 3,5), esterilização a 121ºC/20 minutos e um ciclo de congelamento/descongelamento e avaliados após 24 e 72 horas do preparo dos géis. As féculas dos géis submetidos a estresses de acidez e esterilização, foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (4ºC) e temperatura ambiente (28ºC). A condição de armazenamento para o stress de congelamento e um ciclo de congelamento/descongelamento foi à -20 ºC. O efeito dos estresses sobre os géis foi medido pela intensidade da sinérese, firmeza e viscosidade. A formação de grupos semelhantes foi considerada como sendo explicativa da característica avaliada. Não foi possível estabelecer grupos que se correspondessem para tamanho de grânulos, teor de fósforo, carboxilas e amilose aparente. Comparando os grupos de comprimento de cadeia de amilopectina da literatura também não foram observadas semelhanças com os grupos de características avaliados e com o comportamento dos géis. O tamanho de grânulos, teor de amilose aparente, fósforo, carboxila e viscosidade RVA isoladamente não puderam explicar as respostas dos géis às condições de estresse estudadas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Parameters of the starch fine structure as amilopectin lateral chain, size of the starch granules, viscosity, content of apparent amylose, phosphorus and of carboxyl were investigated tryng elucidate the behavior of starchy gels in stress conditions. Seven varieties of cassava starches, two of sweet potato and one of ahipa, saffron, arrowrrot, canna, ginger, yam, peruvian carrot, taro, tania and zedoaria were evaluated. The behavior of these starchy gels was compared with commercial corn starch and two with commercial modified cassava starches recommended for specific conditions of sterilization and freezing. The gels at 5% (d.w/v) were submitted to stress conditions of acidity (pH 3,5), sterilization at 121ºC/20 minutes and to one freezing thaw cycle and evaluated at 24 and 72 hours after the preparation of the gels. Starchy gels were submitted to stress of acidity and to sterilization and after that the storage under refrigeration (4ºC) and room temperature (28 ºC). Storage condition for freezing and freezing thaw cycle stress was at -20ºC. The effect of the stress on the gels was measured by the intensity of the syneresis, firmness and viscosity. The formation of similar groups was considered as being explanatory of the evaluated characteristic. It was not possible to establish groups that would correspond to granules size, content of phosphorus, carboxyl and apparent amylase. Comparing the groups of length of chain of amilopectin of the literature similarities with the evaluated groups with the behavior of the gels were also not observed. The granules size, content of apparent amylose, phosphorus, carboxyl and viscosity RVA separately could not explain the answers of the gels to the stress conditions studied in the present researches, suggesting that not always one parameter...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marney Pascoli Cereda / Coorientador: Olivier Vilpoux / Banca: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho / Banca: Giuseppina Pace P. Lima / Banca: Silene Bruder S. Sarmento / Banca: Severino Matias Alencar / Doutor

Orientador: Cláudio Cabello / Banca: Magali Leonel / Banca: Maria José Queiróz de Freitas Alves / Resumo: Amidos naturais muitas vezes não têm características específicas para um processamento industrial, assim, amidos modificados são usados para proporcionar aos produtos amiláceos propriedades desejáveis tais como textura, aparência, maciez e outras. As modificações produzidas nos amidos geralmente repercutem em algumas de suas propriedades físicas tais como: temperatura de pasta, viscosidade, quebra de viscosidade, tendência de retrogradação. Os tratamentos hidrotérmicos modificam as propriedades físico-químicas dos amidos sem destruir a estrutura granular e nem adicionar outras espécies química às amostras tratadas, ou seja, o amido continua sendo natural. Estudos indicam que estas modificações repercutem nas propriedades funcionais inclusive na resistência às ações de enzimas presentes no trato digestivo alto e desta forma aumentando a concentração de amidos resistentes. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos tipo "annealing" e calor-umidade em amostras de amidos extraídos de quatro diferentes variedades de mandioca, na concentração de amido resistente e propriedades de pasta e também analisar os perfis das concentrações de amido resistente e respectivas propriedades de pasta de duas variedades de mandioca com diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Os amidos de mandioca Fécula Branca, Cascuda, Capora e IAC 576/70 in natura e modificados com os tratamentos "annealing" e calor/umidade, foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades de pasta e concentração de amido resistente. As duas variedades de amido de mandioca Fécula Branca e Cascuda com idades fisiológicas de 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 e 15 meses, foram analisadas em suas propriedades de pasta e concentração de amido resistente. Os resultados dos tratamentos hidrotérmicos foram significativos, sendo que os amidos submetidos ao tratamento ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Many natural starches do not have specific characteristics for industrial processing. Therefore, these starches are modified in order to give them desirable properties such as texture, appearance, softness, etc. The modifications produced in the starches generally change some of their physical properties, such as pasting temperature, viscosity, viscosity breakage, and retrogradation tendency. Hydrothermal treatments modify the physical and chemical properties of the starches without destroying their granular structure, and do not add other kinds of chemicals to the treated samples; in other words, the starch continues to be natural. Studies indicate that these modifications change the functional properties in respect to resistance to the actions of enzymes present in the high digestive treatment, and thus increasethe concentration of resistant starches. Therefore, one aim of the present study was to assess the effects of annealing and heat-humidity hydrothermal treatments on samples of starch from four varieties of cassava, in respect to pasting resistance and concentration properties. A second aim was to analyze the profiles of the pasting resistance and concentration properties of starches from two varieties of cassava in different stages of development. The cassava starches Fécula Branca, Cascuda, Capora and IAC 576/70, both in natura and modified with the "annealing" and heat-moisture treatments, were evaluated regarding their pasting and concentration properties of resistant starch. The Fécula Branca and Cascuda varieties, with physiological ages of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 months, were analyzed for their pasting and concentration properties of resistant starch. The hydrothermal treatment results were significant, and the starches submitted to the heat-moisture treatment underwent larger changes in the pasting properties and in the concentration of resistant starch... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irradiação nas características estruturais, físico-químicas, funcionais e nutricionais (digestibilidade do amido) do amido isolado de arroz, bem como elucidar como tais alterações afetam as propriedades físico-químicas, físicas, sensoriais e nutricionais (digestibilidade do amido) dos grãos de arroz irradiados. As cultivares comerciais de arroz IAC 202 e IRGA 417 foram utilizadas. Os grãos e amido isolado foram submetidos às doses 1, 2 e 5 kGy de radiação gama, sob taxa de 0,4 kGy/h. Uma amostra controle (não irradiada), considerada dose 0, foi utilizada para comparação. A irradiação não alterou a morfologia dos grânulos, padrão de cristalinidade e teor de fibra alimentar no amido isolado de ambas cultivares. Mas promoveu aumento no teor de amilose, carboxilas, acidez, cor amarela, amilose lixiviada, absorção de água e solubilidade em água, e redução no pH e na viscosidade de pasta. A radiação gama induziu à degradação das moléculas de amilose e de amilopectina, mas também gerou ligações cruzadas, o que levou os amidos das diferentes cultivares a apresentarem comportamentos distintos para digestibilidade e cristalinidade relativa ao longo das doses aplicadas. Para a cv. IAC 202 ocorreu redução do número das cadeias longas e aumento das cadeias curtas da amilopectina, enquanto para a cv. IRGA 417 ocorreu aumento das cadeias longas e redução das cadeias curtas, promovendo aumento na temperatura de gelatinização do amido. A digestibilidade do amido mostrou ser maior quanto à fração amido lentamente digerível (ALD), seguido por amido rapidamente digerível (ARD) e amido resistente (AR) em ambas cultivares, para o amido e grãos crus. A gelatinização do amido promoveu aumento do ARD, com redução do ALD e AR. A cocção dos grãos de arroz causou redução de AR, sendo que este teor foi mais preservado na menor dose (1 kGy). A irradiação também promoveu redução de dureza e aumento da pegajosidade dos grãos cozidos. No entanto, a caracterização sensorial por análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) mostrou mínima percepção dos provadores na alteração destes parâmetros de textura. A ADQ constatou desenvolvimento de aromas e sabores diferenciados com o aumento das doses, tornando-os menos característicos em ambas cultivares. Os grãos de arroz irradiados com 1 kGy apresentaram boa aceitabilidade pelos provadores. Esta foi a melhor dose para o arroz, considerando o maior teor de AR e menores alterações nas demais propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the structural, physicochemical, functional and nutritional (starch digestibility) characteristics of starch isolated from rice as well as elucidate how such changes affect the physicochemical, physical, sensory and nutritional (starch digestibility) properties of irradiated rice grains. Commercial rice cultivars IAC 202 and IRGA 417 were used. Grains and starch isolated were submitted to doses 1, 2 and 5 kGy of gamma radiation, on a rate of 0.4 kGy/h. A control sample (non-irradiated), considered dose 0, was used for comparison. Irradiation did not alter the granule morphology, crystallinity pattern and dietary fiber content in starch isolated from both cultivars. But promoted increase in amylose content, carboxyl, acidity, yellow color, leached amylose, water absorption and water solubility, and decrease in pH and paste viscosity. Gamma radiation induced degradation of the amylose and amylopectin molecules, but also generated crosslinks, which led the starches from different cultivars showed distinct behaviors for digestibility and relative crystallinity along the doses applied. For cv. IAC 202 occurred reducing the number of long chains and increasing short chains of amylopectin, whereas for cv. IRGA 417 occurred increasing long chain and reduction short chain, promoting an increase in gelatinization temperature of starch. Starch digestibility was found to be higher as the fraction slowly digestible starch (SDS), followed by rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) in both cultivars for raw starch and grains. Starch gelatinization promoted increased RDS, reducing the SDS and RS. Cooking of the rice grains caused a reduction of RS, and this content was more preserved at the lowest dose (1 kGy). Irradiation also promoted a reduction in hardness and an increase in stickiness of cooked grains. However, sensory characterization by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) showed minimal perception of the panelists in the alteration of these texture parameters. The QDA found development of differentiated odor and taste with increasing doses, making them less characteristic in both cultivars. Rice grains irradiated with 1 kGy showed good acceptability by the panelists. This was the best dose for rice, considering the highest RS content and minor changes in other physicochemical and sensory properties.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: modificar quimicamente o amido de inhame (Dioscorea esculenta L.) por oxidaÃÃo e fosforizaÃÃo, elaborar blendas com quitosana (CH) e poli (alcool vinilico) (PVA) e avaliar suas caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas e funcionais. O amido oxidado (AOX) obtido com um alto grau de substituiÃÃo (GS= 1,86) promoveu grandes modificaÃÃes na estrutura do granulo do amido, que apresentou caracterÃsticas de um material amorfo, enquanto a fosforizaÃÃo foi bem sutil, (GS=0,002) conservando a estrutura e padrÃo cristalino tipo B do amido de inhame nÃo modificado. O amido fosforilado (AF) apresentou aumento na estabilidade de pasta e baixa tendÃncia a retrogradarÃo, ao contrario do amido oxidado que nÃo apresentou perfil de pasta devido a despolimerizaÃÃo decorrente da reaÃÃo. As blendas de AF/CH/PVA apresentaram boas caracterÃsticas de permeabilidade ao vapor dâÃgua, baixas solubilidades em tampÃo fosfato e Ãgua destilada em comparaÃÃo com o amido nÃo modificado. As blendas AF mostraram significativo intumescimento em tampÃo devido a reticularÃo entre os grupos fosfatos da soluÃÃo e do filme, o que e desejÃvel para uma provÃvel aplicaÃÃo desses filmes como curativos. As modificaÃÃes nas intensidades e formas das bandas nos espectros de infravermelho, assim como variaÃÃes nas temperaturas de gelatinizarÃo confirmaram a interaÃÃo do PVA e quitosana com as cadeias de amido nos filmes. A adiÃÃo de PVA melhorou as propriedades mecÃnicas dos filmes proporcionando maior flexibilidade. As blendas AF nÃo apresentaram atividade na inibiÃÃo de S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, porem as blendas AOX, apesar de nÃo serem efetivas na inibiÃÃo de P. aeruginosa, apresentaram atividade contra cepas de S. aureus, principalmente as blendas AOX 50 e AOX70, o que poderà favorecer sua utilizaÃÃo como inibidores da proliferaÃÃo desse microorganismo em infecÃÃes. / The aim of this study were to modify chemically the yam starch (Dioscorea esculenta L.) by oxidation and phosphorylation reactions, produce blends with chitosan (CH) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and evaluate their physico-chemical and functional properties. The oxidized starch (AOX) had a high degree of substitution (DS=1.86) which promoted major changes in the granular structure showing characteristics of an amorphous material, whereas the phosphorylation was very subtle (GS=0.002), remaining its granular structure and crystalline pattern B-type of native yam starch. The phosphorylated starch (AF) showed improvement in paste stability and low tendency to retrogradation, unlike the AOX which showed no viscosity profile due to depolymerization caused by the reaction. The AF/CH/PVA blends showed good characteristics of water vapor permeability, low solubility in phosphate buffer and distilled water as compared to native starch. The blends AF showed significant swelling in buffer due to crosslinking between the phosphate groups of the solution and the film, which is desirable for a possible application of such films as dressings. The changes in intensities and shapes of the FTIR bands as well as variations in temperatures of gelatinization confirmed the interaction of PVA and chitosan with the starch chains in the films. The addition of PVA improved the characteristics of the films offering high flexibility. The AF blends showed no activity in the inhibition of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, but the AOX blends, although not showing effectiveness in inhibition of P. aeruginosa, showed activity against strains of S. aureus, especially AOX50 and AOX70 blends, which may favor their use as inhibitors against proliferation of these microorganisms in infections.

Please read the abstract in the 01chapter1 part of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Food Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Food Science / unrestricted

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / During one of our preliminary studies in 2015, metagenomic DNA extracted from the goat rumen was sequenced and the in silico mining of the biorefining enzyme showed the presence of significant number of different biocatalysts, such as amylases (E.C 3.2.1.1), xylanases (E.C 3.2.1.8), pectinases (E.C 3.2.1.15) and cellulases (E.C 3.2.1.4). Hence, a subsequent study was conducted which is aimed at extracting metagenomic DNA from the goat rumen, constructing the metagenomic library using pCC2-FOS™ plasmid vector (Epicentre®), and eventually screening the constructed library for potential novel amylases using soluble starch as a substrate. Accordingly, rumen digesta was aseptically collected from four compartments of each goat and pulled before extraction of metagenomic DNA. The conventional CTAB protocol was modified to extract the metagenomic DNA from the rumen digesta. As a result, high molecular weight DNA was obtained and used to construct the metagenomic fosmid library. Since the host (Escherichia coli EPI 300-T1r) supplied with CopyControlHTP Fosmid Library Production Kit has background amylase expression we opted for a knockout E. coli strain with deleted starch hydrolysis (amylase expression) pathway. The library was subsequently screened for the presence of amylase isoforms using soluble starch as a substrate. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, four fosmids clones showing amylase activity were selected, recombinant vector isolated and MiSeq-sequenced. Out of four recombinant proteins, only one (pET30a(+)-amy-vut12) was successfully expressed. Subsequently, pET30a(+)-amyvut12 was further characterize physicochemically. Interestingly, the recombinant enzyme showed maximum activity in the pH and temperature ranges of 6.0 - 8.0 and 70 - 90oC, respectively. Hence, this implies that novel recombinant protein has sound activity from acidic to alkaline pH range and potently thermostable. Further work should be done to optimize and improve the solubility of three other recombinant proteins (pET30a(+)-amy-vut2, pET30a(+)- amy-vut9 and pET30a(+)-amy-vut14) studied, which might harbour important traits. Most importantly, immobilization as well as crystallographic studies of pET30a(+)-amy-vut12 and downstream applications should further be investigated.

<p dir="ltr">Baked goods are one of the primary sources of added sugar in the American diet. Excessive consumption of added sugar can lead to diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. As information pertaining to the link between health and diet becomes more available to consumers, the demand for products with lower calories, fat, and sugar continues to rise. The obstacle in formulating baked goods with alternative sweeteners is that these sweeteners have different effects on the physicochemical properties of the starch in the products than that of sucrose, leading to differences in texture, color (browning), texture, and flavor between the sucrose-containing products consumers are accustomed to and the new reduced sugar products. Previous studies done by the Mauer lab have found that interactions between the sweeteners that enter the amorphous region of the starch granule alter physicochemical properties of the starch, including the gelatinization temperature (T_gel) and pasting properties of the starch. The purpose of this project was to investigate how the presence of oligosaccharides (OS) used as sucrose replacers in starch-containing products alters the functionality of the starch through modification of its thermal and physicochemical properties. Different botanical sources of starch were preconditioned in solutions containing different concentrations of select OS, varying temperature during preconditioning. The preconditioned starches were then analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rapid visco analysis (RVA), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Results demonstrated that several OS are less effective plasticizers of starch (all botanical sources) than sucrose, meaning T_gel is higher in the presence of these OS and less pasting occurs. This is advantageous for formulating low moisture baked goods that rely on inhibition of starch gelatinization for desirable product quality.</p>

There are numerous advantages of replacing traditional non-biodegradable synthetic plastics with bio-based plastics. Starch is globally available, cheap, renewable, and biodegradable. However, starch has a poor product performance and is relatively difficult to process, as conventional melt processing techniques cannot be used. By introducing thermoplastic properties to starch, the mechanical properties and processability can be enhanced. The aim of the project was to modify starch and give it thermoplastic properties. The implementation of this included various experiments, where aromatic, cyclic and aliphatic side groups were added to the biopolymer. The effect of the different side groups provided valuable insight into how the material properties changed. Subsequently, the thermoplastic properties of the modified starch were analyzed by different analytical methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In conclusion, the TGA showed lower thermal stability in the functionalized starch compared to native starch. Some indications of thermoplastic behavior were observed from the DSC. Trade-off between functionality and thermostability needs to be overlooked when aiming to increase thermoplastic behavior and future work should explore TEMPO oxidation, to obtain better results from the TGA. / Det finns många fördelar med att ersätta traditionella, icke-biologiskt nedbrytbara syntetiska plaster med biobaserade plaster. Stärkelse är globalt tillgängligt, billigt, förnybart och nedbrytbart. I nuläget har stärkelse dock en bristande produktprestanda och är relativt svår att bearbeta eftersom konventionella smält bearbetningstekniker inte kan användas. Genom att ge stärkelse termoplastiska egenskaper kan man förbättra de mekaniska egenskaperna och bearbetbarheten. Syftet med projektet var därför att modifiera stärkelse och introducera termoplastiska egenskaper. Genomförandet av detta innefattade flera olika experiment där aromatiska, cykliska och alifatiska sidogrupper tillsattes till stärkelsen. Effekten av de olika sidogrupperna gav värdefull insikt i hur materialegenskaperna förändrades. Därefter analyserades de termoplastiska egenskaperna hos den modifierade stärkelsen med olika analytiska metoder, inklusive Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) och Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Slutsatsen var att TGA visade en lägre termisk stabilitet hos den funktionaliserade stärkelsen jämfört med i den naturliga stärkelsen samt att vissa indikationer på termoplastiskt beteende observerades med hjälp av DSC analysen. En avvägning mellan funktionalitet och termisk stabilitet bör tas i beaktande i strävandet efter att öka termoplastiskt beteende. Framtida arbete inom ämnet rekommenderas att utforska TEMPO-oxidation för att uppnå bättre resultat från TGA.