O ensaio de simples reconhecimento com o SPT é um dos mais utilizados para investigação do subsolo nos EUA e no Brasil. Os dados obtidos com este ensaio dinâmico, tais como o índice de resistência à penetração NSPT, classificação do solo e nível freático são usados por diferentes métodos para estimativa de capacidade de carga de fundações rasas e profundas. Para um mesmo solo, o índice NSPT pode ser diferente se diferentes equipamentos forem usados devido ao fato de que diferentes equipamentos de SPT mostram diferentes níveis de eficiência. Em vista disso, uma alternativa para estimar a eficiência do ensaio SPT é utilizando-se o ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre o amostrador. Este ensaio foi implementado para poder avaliar a eficiência do ensaio SPT. Para este fim, foram executados 13 ensaios dinâmicos e 13 ensaios estáticos no campus experimental do Laboratório de Engenharia Civil da UNESP (Bauru). Para estimar a eficiência do ensaio SPT através do ensaio dinâmico, um sistema de aquisição analógico-digital foi utilizado para obter registros de aceleração e força na seção localizada junto ao amostrador SPT. O ensaio dinâmico foi modificado para utilizar várias energias potenciais nominais do martelo e sistemas de elevação. A determinação da eficiência do ensaio através da execução da prova de carga estática foi obtida com base no princípio de Hamilton. Adicionalmente, realizando-se a comparação entre o comportamento de carregamento dinâmico e estático, pode-se obter a resistência estática do sistema amostrador-solo. Esta resistência é calculada utilizando a base de dados obtidas no campo e a aplicação de vários métodos de estimativa como: Aoki et al.(2007), De Souza (2009) e Odebrecht (2003). Os resultados da estimativa da eficiência através do ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre o amostrador mostraram-se consistentes em relação aos valores obtidos com o ensaio dinâmico. Concluiu-se que a execução do ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre, o amostrador é uma alternativa simples e econômica para obter a eficiência do SPT. / The Standard Penetration Test, SPT, is one of the most used one for subsoil information in the USA and Brazil. The data obtained in this dynamic test, such as the penetration resistance index, NSPT, the soil classification and phreatic level are used by different methods to estimate the shallow and deep foundations load capacity. For the same soil, the index NSPT can be different if different equipments are used, because different SPT equipments show different efficiency levels. Having this in mind, an alternative to estimate the essay efficiency of the SPT test is using the static load test (SLT) to the sampler. This test was implemented in order to evaluate the efficiency of SPT. To do so, 13 dynamic tests and 13 static tests were performed in the experimental campus of the State University of São Paulo at Bauru (Unesp- Bauru-Brazil). To estimate the efficiency of the SPT test through the dynamic test, a data acquisition system was used to register accelerations and forces at the located section close to the sampler SPT. The dynamic test was modified so that it would be possible to use many nominal potential energy of the hammer and elevation systems. The estimation of the efficiency made through the SLT tests was based on Hamilton\'s principle. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamic and static behavior, we can get the soil-sampler interface static resistance. This resistance is calculated by using the field data through various estimation methods such as Aoki\'s (2007), De Souza\'s (2009) and Odebrecht\'s (2003). The estimates of the efficiency obtained through SLT test were found to be consistent with those obtained through the SPT modified tests. We conclude that SLT is a simple and non-expensive alternative to obtain the efficiency of SPT equipment.

As the mobile electronic products development are more and more popular such as mobile phone, digital camera, PDA¡Ketc. Each of company releases variable kind of mobile products, and every portable machine has plenty of functions. A low power consumption design is a significant issue which academics and engineers concern. It would be a major progress if the approach which can drop off the power consumption successfully. The mobile electronic products have more application programs than before and the size of LCD increases continuously, so that the power consumption becomes large. Therefore, expanding the life of battery would be a significant issue. Besides, the process technology has improved day by day, and it would influence the supply voltage be declined. It represents the power management would influence the power consumption of circuit directly. Comparing to drop down the entire IC power consumption and not to influence the performance of IC, the thesis employs the algorithm that searches the Critical Path and embeds the Level Converter Logic into digital circuit. It can offer the proper supply voltage to circuits which do not want to bigger supply voltage for reduce power consumption. However, the process variation (Inter-Die or Intra-Die) may transform the original Critical Path, the Critical Path which searches through the static timing analysis would not correct. To conquer this problem, the thesis provides the statistical approach to analysis timing. It would search Path Sensitivity which is exactly equal to the probability that a path is critical. Finally, the logic gate which is designed by us would replace the UMC 90nm standard cell through Cell-Based.

This dissertation reports on a new methodology to characterize and simulate a standard cell library to be used for statistical static timing analysis. A compact variation-aware timing model for a standard cell in a cell library has been developed. The model incorporates variations in the input waveform and loading, process parameters, and the environment into the cell timing model. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to form a compact model of a set of waveforms impacted by these sources of variation. Cell characterization involves determining equations describing how waveforms are transformed by a cell as a function of the input waveforms, process parameters, and the environment. Different versions of factorial designs and Latin hypercube sampling have been explored to model cells, and their complexity and accuracy have been compared. The models have been evaluated by calculating the delay of paths. The results demonstrate improved accuracy in comparison with table-based static timing analysis at comparable computational cost. Our methodology has been expanded to adapt to interconnect dominant circuits by including a resistive-capacitive load model. The results show the feasibility of using the new load model in our methodology. We have explored comprehensive accuracy improvement methods to tune the methodology for the best possible results. The following is a summary of the main contributions of this work to the statistical static timing analysis: (a) accurate waveform modeling for standard cells using statistical waveform models based on principal components; (b) compact performance modeling of standard cells using experimental design statistical techniques; and (c) variation-aware performance modeling of standard cells considering the effect of variation parameters on performance, where variation parameters include loading, waveform shape, process parameters (gate length and threshold voltage of NMOS and PMOS transistors), and environmental parameters (supply voltage and temperature); and (f) extending our methodology to support resistive-capacitive loads to be applicable to interconnect dominant circuits; and (e) classifying the sources of error for our variational waveform model and cell models and introducing of the related accuracy improvement methods; and (f) introducing our fast block-based variation-aware statistical dynamic timing analysis framework and showing that (i) using compiler-compiler techniques, we can generate our timing models, test benches, and data analysis for each circuit, which are compiled to machine-code to reduce the overhead of dynamic timing simulation, and (ii) using the simulation engine, we can perform statistical timing analysis to measure the performance distribution of a circuit using a high-level model for gate delay changes, which can be linked to their parameter variation.

This thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part we describe a new Monte Carlo algorithm for the consistent and unbiased estimation of multidimensional integrals and the efficient sampling from multidimensional densities. The algorithm is inspired by the classical splitting method and can be applied to general static simulation models. We provide examples from rare-event probability estimation, counting, optimization, and sampling, demonstrating that the proposed method can outperform existing Markov chain sampling methods in terms of convergence speed and accuracy. In the second part we present a new adaptive kernel density estimator based on linear diffusion processes. The proposed estimator builds on existing ideas for adaptive smoothing by incorporating information from a pilot density estimate. In addition, we propose a new plug-in bandwidth selection method that is free from the arbitrary normal reference rules used by existing methods. We present simulation examples in which the proposed approach outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy and reliability.

A comparação entre duas teorias na área de finanças sobre estrutura de capital nas empresas é o objetivo deste trabalho. Usando testes desenvolvidos por Shyam-Sunder & Myers (1999) e Rajan & Zingales (1995), os dados de empresas brasileiras, não financeiras, de capital aberto foram analisados entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 para verificar se preferiram os comportamentos previstos na Static Trade-off Theory ou os da Pecking Order Theory. As maneiras de se financiar e as causas e conseqüências dessas decisões nas empresas são importantes questões que vêm sendo debatidas em inúmeros trabalhos acadêmicos. Este trabalho procurou analisar a bibliografia relacionada ao tema e replicar testes realizados no exterior, visando verificar as semelhanças, diferenças e os motivos relacionados a tais resultados. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a provável preferência do comportamento previsto pela Pecking Order Theory, isto é, as empresas estudadas, no período analisado, usaram, em primeiro lugar, recursos gerados internamente (caixa operacional), usando em segundo lugar recursos de terceiros, por meio de empréstimos bancários ou emissão de debêntures, somente emitindo ações como última alternativa. Outra conclusão foi que as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto provavelmente não procuram alcançar ou manter uma meta ideal de endividamento, que equilibre os custos e benefícios gerados pelos empréstimos. / The comparison between two theories in the finance area of capital structure in business is the goal of this work. Using tests developed by Shyam-Sunder & Myers (1999) and Rajan & Zingales (1995), the data of Brazilian non-financial publicly traded were analyzed between the years 2000 and 2010 to determine whether they preferred the expected behaviors in the Static Trade-off Theory or the Pecking Order Theory. The ways to finance and the causes and consequences of these decisions in organizations are important issues that have been discussed in numerous scholarly works. This study sought to examine the literature related to the theme and replicating tests performed abroad in order to verify the similarities, differences and the reasons related to such results. The results indicate the problabe preference behavior provided by Pecking Order Theory, ie the companies studied in the period analyzed, used, first, internally generated funds (operating cash), second using third-party funds through bank loans or issuance of bonds or issuance of bonds, sending shares only as a last resort. Another conclusion is that Brazilian companies traded problaby did not seek to achieve or maintain an ideal goal of indebtedness, wich balances the costs and benefits generated by the loans.

O ensaio de simples reconhecimento com o SPT é um dos mais utilizados para investigação do subsolo nos EUA e no Brasil. Os dados obtidos com este ensaio dinâmico, tais como o índice de resistência à penetração NSPT, classificação do solo e nível freático são usados por diferentes métodos para estimativa de capacidade de carga de fundações rasas e profundas. Para um mesmo solo, o índice NSPT pode ser diferente se diferentes equipamentos forem usados devido ao fato de que diferentes equipamentos de SPT mostram diferentes níveis de eficiência. Em vista disso, uma alternativa para estimar a eficiência do ensaio SPT é utilizando-se o ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre o amostrador. Este ensaio foi implementado para poder avaliar a eficiência do ensaio SPT. Para este fim, foram executados 13 ensaios dinâmicos e 13 ensaios estáticos no campus experimental do Laboratório de Engenharia Civil da UNESP (Bauru). Para estimar a eficiência do ensaio SPT através do ensaio dinâmico, um sistema de aquisição analógico-digital foi utilizado para obter registros de aceleração e força na seção localizada junto ao amostrador SPT. O ensaio dinâmico foi modificado para utilizar várias energias potenciais nominais do martelo e sistemas de elevação. A determinação da eficiência do ensaio através da execução da prova de carga estática foi obtida com base no princípio de Hamilton. Adicionalmente, realizando-se a comparação entre o comportamento de carregamento dinâmico e estático, pode-se obter a resistência estática do sistema amostrador-solo. Esta resistência é calculada utilizando a base de dados obtidas no campo e a aplicação de vários métodos de estimativa como: Aoki et al.(2007), De Souza (2009) e Odebrecht (2003). Os resultados da estimativa da eficiência através do ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre o amostrador mostraram-se consistentes em relação aos valores obtidos com o ensaio dinâmico. Concluiu-se que a execução do ensaio de prova de carga estática sobre, o amostrador é uma alternativa simples e econômica para obter a eficiência do SPT. / The Standard Penetration Test, SPT, is one of the most used one for subsoil information in the USA and Brazil. The data obtained in this dynamic test, such as the penetration resistance index, NSPT, the soil classification and phreatic level are used by different methods to estimate the shallow and deep foundations load capacity. For the same soil, the index NSPT can be different if different equipments are used, because different SPT equipments show different efficiency levels. Having this in mind, an alternative to estimate the essay efficiency of the SPT test is using the static load test (SLT) to the sampler. This test was implemented in order to evaluate the efficiency of SPT. To do so, 13 dynamic tests and 13 static tests were performed in the experimental campus of the State University of São Paulo at Bauru (Unesp- Bauru-Brazil). To estimate the efficiency of the SPT test through the dynamic test, a data acquisition system was used to register accelerations and forces at the located section close to the sampler SPT. The dynamic test was modified so that it would be possible to use many nominal potential energy of the hammer and elevation systems. The estimation of the efficiency made through the SLT tests was based on Hamilton\'s principle. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamic and static behavior, we can get the soil-sampler interface static resistance. This resistance is calculated by using the field data through various estimation methods such as Aoki\'s (2007), De Souza\'s (2009) and Odebrecht\'s (2003). The estimates of the efficiency obtained through SLT test were found to be consistent with those obtained through the SPT modified tests. We conclude that SLT is a simple and non-expensive alternative to obtain the efficiency of SPT equipment.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T13:33:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudio Antônio de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6483664 bytes, checksum: bf12aa2fbdc30e9456d8036d9cc24fd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T13:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudio Antônio de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6483664 bytes, checksum: bf12aa2fbdc30e9456d8036d9cc24fd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T13:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cláudio Antônio de Araújo - 2015.pdf: 6483664 bytes, checksum: bf12aa2fbdc30e9456d8036d9cc24fd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / Traditionally, mutation testing is used for test set and/or test criteria evaluation once it is considered a good fault model. Since static analyzers, in general, report a substantial number of false positive warnings, Objective: This paper uses mutation testing for evaluating an automated static analyzer. The intention of this study is to define a prioritization approach of static warnings based on their correspondence with mutations. Method: We used mutation operators as a fault model to evaluate the direct correspondence between mutations and static warnings. The main advantage of using mutation operators is that they generate a large number of programs containing faults of different types, which can be used to decide the ones most probable to be detected by static analyzers. Results: The results obtained for a set of open-source programs indicate that: 1) correspondence exists when considering specific mutation operators such that static warnings may be prioritized based on their correspondence level with mutations; 2) correspondence exists when considering specific warning categories such that, assuming we perform static analysis considering these warning categories, mutation operators may be prioritized based on their correspondence level with warnings. Conclusion: It is possible to provide an incremental testing strategy aiming at reducing the cost of both static analysis and mutation testing using the correspondence information. On the other hand, knowing that Mutation Test has a high application cost, we identified mutations of some specific mutation operators, which an automatic static analyzer is not able to detect. Therefore, this information can used to prioritize the order of applying mutation operators incrementally considering, firstly, those with no correspondence with static warnings. / Considerando que: 1) analisadores estáticos automatizados são ferramentas que emitem avisos, sem que seja necessário a execução do produto de software correspondente, alertando sobre a presença de possíveis defeitos no código. Uma das críticas a tais ferramentas é a grande quantidade de avisos falsos positivos emitidos, isto é, avisos relatados que não correspondem a defeitos reais, mas demandam tempo de análise por parte do desenvolvedor; 2) tradicionalmente, o Teste de Mutação tem sido utilizado para avaliar (e melhorar) a qualidade de conjuntos de casos de teste e/ou de critérios de teste, uma vez que é considerado um bom gerador de defeitos de software. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar a correspondência entre avisos estáticos e mutações e, com isso, verificar quais avisos estão mais relacionados a esses possíveis defeitos (mutações) e, assim, possivelmente, serem avisos verdadeiros positivos. Método: Os operadores de mutação são utilizados neste trabalho como um modelo de defeitos para avaliar a correspondência entre mutações e avisos estáticos. A principal vantagem da utilização de operadores de mutação é que eles geram um grande número de programas com defeitos de diferentes tipos. Esses tipos de defeitos são usados em estudos experimentais para investigar a capacidade dos analisadores estáticos em detectá-los. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos com estudos experimentais para um conjunto de sistemas de código aberto indicam que existe correspondência quando são considerados alguns operadores de mutação da μJava e alguns tipos de avisos da FindBugs. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos podem ser utilizados de duas maneiras distintas: Primeiro, é fornecida uma abordagem de análise incremental dos avisos, de acordo com o grau de correspondência com mutações. Segundo, com o objetivo de reduzir o custo do Teste de Mutação é fornecida uma abordagem de priorização incremental para análise dos mutantes dos operadores cujas mutações são menos “percebidas” pela FindBugs.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo Realizar el diseño estructural con el proyecto de norma de diseño sismo resistente E.030-2014 y compararla con la a la E.030-2003 para comprobar sus ventajas e incidencia en el diseño de un edificio de cinco pisos destinados a multifamiliar, esta comparación se realizará durante el análisis sísmico del edificio, aplicando y comparando los parámetros de cada una de estas norma simultáneamente, para de esa manera comparar los resultados de las solicitaciones que producen a la hora de realizar el diseño estructural , también verificar en que porcentaje varían estas dos demandas y si este influye económicamente en la concepción de los planos estructurales del proyecto así como la influencias de los nuevos parámetros en el comportamiento sísmico del edificio en conjunto. La metodología a utilizar para el desarrollo de esta tesis es del tipo cuantitativo nivel descriptivo y de método diseño experimental y explicativo, longitudinal y prospectivo. . El proyecto que se utilizara para la comparación y el diseño estructural, se ubica en la ciudad de Lima en el distrito de Surquillo, sobre un terreno de 503.63m2 de área. El suelo está constituido de la grava típica de la ciudad de Lima, con un esfuerzo admisible (Capacidad Portante) del terreno de 4Kg. /cm2 a 1.30 m. de profundidad. Después haber realizar toda las etapas de diseño y enfocándonos en el análisis sísmico comparativo con las dos versiones de la norma E.030 obtenemos resultados muy próximos la diferencia de demanda sísmica está en el orden del 1%-6% y por eso a la hora de diseñar con los resultados de cualquiera de las dos versiones de la norma E.030, no causa problema desde el punto de vista económico. También se observa que hay parámetro que limitan la irregularidad en el edificio y mejoran el comportamiento sísmico de este. Se finaliza con la elaboración de los planos estructurales de todo el edificio que es uno de los objetivos fundamentales de esta investigación. This paper aims to Perform structural design with the draft of E.030-2014 earthquake resistant design and compare it with the E.030-2003 to check their benefits and impact on design a five-story building intended for multifamily, this comparison will take place during the seismic analysis of the building, using and comparing the parameters of each of these standards simultaneously, to thereby compare the results of the stresses that occur when making structural design, also check that these two percentage varying demands and economically if it influences the design of structural drawings of the project as well as the influences of the new parameters on the seismic behavior of the building as a whole. The methodology used to develop this thesis is the quantitative level and descriptive and explanatory experimental, longitudinal and prospective design method. . The project to be used for comparison and structural design, is located in the city of Lima in the district of Surquillo, on a land of 503.63m2 area. The floor is made of the typical gravel Lima, with allowable stress (bearing capacity) 4 kg terrain. / Cm2 to 1.30 m. deep. After having performed all stages of design and focusing on the comparative seismic analysis with two versions of the E.030 standard we get very close results the difference of seismic demand is in the order of 1% -6% and that at the time design with the results of either the E.030 standard versions, causes no problem from the economic standpoint. It is also noted that there are parameters that limit the irregularity in the building and improve the seismic performance of this. It ends with the development of structural plans of all the building that is one of the key objectives of this research.

This master’s thesis deals with creation and modification of several numerical rat’s brain models which are subsequently used in electromagnetic software CST Studio Suite 2014. The first part of the thesis is focused to insertion of exciting source to the model which depends on the used approach. These sources produce signals on the surface of the rat’s brain model which are then analysed. The experimental part of the thesis dealt with three different procedures of cooking agar jelly, which were used for creation of five plate capacitors, which subsequently served for measure electric properties of phantom. The conclusion of this master’s thesis is focused on comparison between results from simulations and experimental parts with a subsequent analysis of the deviations of results and their possible causes.

En la presente investigación se realizará el análisis y diseño estructural de una torre de 40 pisos y 4 sótanos de concreto armado siguiendo normas peruanas y el cálculo de desempeño sísmico en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, Lima. Para esto, la hipótesis plantea sí las normas peruanas cumplen con el desempeño sismorresistente deseado para una torre alta como esta. Para un entendimiento progresivo, primero se hará una descripción de la torre alta a estudiar, su arquitectura, estructura, suelo y otros. En la segunda parte se darán los conceptos necesarios para comprender los tipos de análisis lineal estático, lineal dinámico y no lineal estático. Se definirán los materiales, los diagramas momento – rotación también se explicará la obtención de la curva de capacidad del edificio. Se tocarán conceptos de viento y nivel de desempeño. En la tercera parte, se procederá con en análisis sísmico cumpliendo las exigencias de sismorresistencia, también se hará el análisis por viento para comparar ambos efectos. En el capítulo cuarto se procederá a hacer el diseño estructural usando las normas de concreto armado. En el capítulo cinco se hará el análisis por desempeño usando el método pushover para finalmente conseguir los resultados de este proyecto y a las conclusiones de este desarrollo. / In the present investigation, the analysis and structural design of a 40-storey tower and 4 reinforced concrete basements will be carried out following Peruvian regulations and the calculation of seismic performance in the Santiago de Surco district, Lima. For this, the hypothesis states whether the Peruvian standards meet the desired seismic resistance performance for a tall tower like this one. For a progressive understanding, first a description will be made of the tall tower to study, its architecture, structure, soil and others. In the second part, the concepts necessary to understand the types of static linear analysis, dynamic linear analysis and static non-linear analysis will be given. The materials will be defined, the moment - rotation diagrams will also explain the obtaining of the building capacity curve. Wind and performance level concepts will be discussed. In the third part, we will proceed with seismic analysis complying with the seismic resistance requirements, we will also do the wind analysis to compare both effects. In the fourth chapter, the structural design will be carried out using the reinforced concrete standards. In chapter five the performance analysis will be done using the pushover method to finally get the results of this project and the conclusions of this development. / Tesis