Aim of this thesis was finding out whether there is asymmetry on gasoline market in Czech republic, which is common knowledge or if asymmetry is only illusion. With daily data about gasoline and diesel prices from CZ market and also daily Brent Crude Oil price, thesis tires to prove that there is no asymmetry on the market. Analysis was done with asymmetric error correction model and further testing of asymmetry with koeficients from ECM. Results yield that both gasoline and diesel markets show rather symmetrical reaction on entry price change. Asymmetry was proven only in few lags and final statement is that asymmetry on market in Czech republic is rather illusion then reality.

This diploma thesis deals with marketing research for Lamantine software, a.s. software company. This company operates in the area of software development. Specifically this thesis aims on marketing research for the Sticky Password product, password manager and form filler. The stress is put on identification of competitive products, target groups and segments, their needs and expectations. With the help of marketing tools and web analytic tools the marketing environment analysis and survey are accomplished.

This dissertation thesis deals with interactions on the interface core - melt by casting of cylinder heads from Al alloys in semi-permanent moulds and solves a specific problem with sticky sand after decoring of a diesel cylinder head casting. It describes in detail the process of core production using the Cold-Box method and process of casting using the progressive technology Rotacast. It theoretically analyses the reaction on the interface core-melt and presents a classification of surface defects by Al castings produced by gravity casting into semi-permanent moulds. It also states the results of technological tests of binders, core mixtures and cores (Cogas analysis). By solution of a problem with sticky sand in intake and exhaust ports of diesel cylinder head casting is used methodology for problem solving DMAIC. All experimental tests are solved in laboratory and production conditions of an international company dealing with casting of cylinder heads from Al alloys in semi-permanent moulds.

Men continue to outnumber women in public school superintendent roles by a 4:1 ratio. However, women outnumber men by a 4:1 ratio in teaching roles in public school districts. In addition, more women than men hold superintendent certificates and educational doctorates. Due to this puzzling discrepancy, it is important to understand possible factors in the form of gendered barriers to access that could lead to the unequal representation of women in superintendent positions. In this study, I examined how these barriers manifested in the experiences of female superintendents participating in the study, how they influenced the hiring experiences of these participants, and how they impacted these female leaders throughout their careers. With this study, I investigated barriers associated with holding mechanisms, gendered norms, and gendered filters that may limit women's access to superintendent roles. Women's experiences of the origins and effects of gender normative perceptions and hiring practices have potential for contributing to the study of gender equity in the field of education and beyond. Findings could provide implications for increasing women's opportunities to serve beyond central office positions in public school districts. Possibilities exist for identifying practices in organizations that have hired women to serve at the highest level of school district leadership; that of the superintendent of schools.

Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, welche die Effekte von Geld- und Fiskalpolitiken für die Makroökonomie untersuchen. Der erste Aufsatz analysiert, wie das Verhalten der Inflation nach z.B. geldpolitischen Veränderungen erklärt werden kann. Mankiw und Reis (2002) propagieren klebrige Information als eine Alternative zu Calvo klebrigen Preisen, um drei konventionelle Sichtweisen über die Inflation zu modellieren. Ich verwende ein DSGE Modell mit klebriger Information und vergleiche es mit Calvo klebrigen Preisen mit dynamischer Inflationsindexierung wie in Christiano et al. (2005). Ich zeige, dass beide Modelle in meinem DSGE Rahmen gleich gut geeignet sind, die konventionellen Sichtweisen zu erklären. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht, wie sich das Verhalten von Haushalten und Firmen in den USA und EU-15 infolge von Steuerveränderungen anpasst. Mittels eines neoklassischen Wachstumsmodells zeigt sich, dass die USA und EU-15 auf der linken Seite der Lohn- und Kapitalsteuer Laffer Kurve liegen. Die EU-15 befindet sich jedoch viel näher an der rutschigen Steigung als die USA. Eine dynamische Scoring-Analyse zeigt, dass Steuersenkungen in der EU-15 stärker selbstfinanzierend sind als in den USA. Es folgt, dass es in der EU-15 grössere Anreize durch Steuersenkungen als in den USA gibt. Der dritte Aufsatz analysiert, ob die Fiskalpolitik Steuerreformen vor deren Implementierung vorankündigen soll, um die Wohlfahrt zu maximieren. Domeij und Klein (2005) zeigen, dass Vorankündigung einer optimalen Steuerreform mit Wohlfahrtskosten verbunden ist. Ich prüfe diese Behauptung unter zusätzlicher Berücksichtigung von öffentlichen Gütern und Kapital nach. Ich zeige, dass nutzenbringende und produktive Staatsausgaben die Wohlfahrtskosten durch Vorankündigungen höchstwahrscheinlich reduzieren. Es zeigt sich weiter, dass kurzfristige Konfiszierung und/oder Subvention von Kapital und Löhnen nicht wichtig für die Wohlfahrsgewinne einer hinreichend vorangekündigten Steuerreform sind. / This dissertation consists of three essays which investigate the economic implications of monetary and fiscal policies on the macroeconomy. The first essay focuses on the question: how can we explain the behavior of inflation in response to e.g. monetary policy changes? Mankiw and Reis (2002) propose sticky information as an alternative to Calvo sticky prices to model three conventional views about inflation. We use a fully-fledged DSGE model with sticky information and compare it to Calvo sticky prices, allowing also for dynamic inflation indexation as in Christiano et al. (2005). We find that both models do equally well in our DSGE framework in delivering the conventional views. The second essay analyzes the question: how does the behavior of households and firms in the US compared to the EU-15 adjust if fiscal policy changes taxes? Using a calibrated neoclassical growth model we show that the US and the EU-15 are located on the left side of their labor and capital tax Laffer curves, but the EU-15 being much closer to the slippery slopes than the US. A dynamic scoring analysis shows that tax cuts in the EU-15 are much more self-financing than in the US. We conclude that there are higher incentive effects in the EU-15 compared to the US in response to tax cuts. Finally, the third essay focuses on the question: should fiscal policy pre-announce tax reforms before their implementation from a welfare point of view? Domeij and Klein (2005) show that pre-announcement of an optimal tax reform is costly in terms of welfare. We reexamine their claim by taking two additional features of government spending into account: public goods and public capital. We show that valuable and productive government spending is likely to reduce the welfare costs of preannouncement. As a further contribution, we show that short-run confiscation and/or subsidy of capital and labor income is not important for the welfare gains of pre-announced reforms with sufficiently long pre-announcement duration.

En los últimos años se ha desarollado mucho la literatura que utiliza modelos estocásticos de equilibrio económico general en economía abierta. En esta clase de modelos el primer capítulo estudia si el banco central tiene que fijarse en al inflación medida mirando al los precios al consumo (CPI) o a los precios a la producción. Se demonstra como la introducción de competencia monopolística en el mercado del trabajo y rigidez de los salarios nominales justifica el utilizo de la inflación medida sobre CPI. En el segundo capítulo el enfoque es sobre las diferentes volatilidades de la inflación entre paísos de la unión monetaria y como esto se puede relacionar con diferentes estructuras del mercado del trabajo. En el último capítulo se utiliza un modelo a dos paísos para estudiar las consecuencias de una subida del precio del petróleo sobre la inflación, los salarios reales y el producto interno bruto. / In these last years there has been an increasing literature developing DSGE Open Economy Models with market imperfections and nominal rigidities. It is the so called "New Open Economy Macroeconomics". Within this class of models the first chapter analyses the issue of whether the monetary authority should target Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation or domestic inflation. It is shown that the introduction of monopolistic competition in the labour market and nominal wage rigidities rationalise CPI inflation targeting. In the second chapter we introduce matching and searching frictions in the labour market and relate different labour market structures across European countries with differences in the volatility of inflation across the same countries. In the last chapter we use a two-country model with oil in the production function and price and wage rigidities to relate movements in wage and price inflation, real wages and GDP growth rate to oil price changes.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:44:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GHIOTTO_Thais_2016.pdf: 18907197 bytes, checksum: 0779f8ac869df152bdd7747df97a15e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:44:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GHIOTTO_Thais_2016.pdf: 18907197 bytes, checksum: 0779f8ac869df152bdd7747df97a15e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T17:44:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GHIOTTO_Thais_2016.pdf: 18907197 bytes, checksum: 0779f8ac869df152bdd7747df97a15e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T17:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GHIOTTO_Thais_2016.pdf: 18907197 bytes, checksum: 0779f8ac869df152bdd7747df97a15e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-09 / Não recebi financiamento / Megastigmus transvaalensis is an exotic wasp that attacks Brazilian pepper tree drupes Schinus terebinthifolius in native forests and areas of restoration and ecological restoration in Brazil. The parasitism begins with the oviposition M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius where the larvae hatch and remain internally feeding of nutrients and tissue, affecting germination. The aim of this work was to study the effect of temperature, rainfall and humidity in the population dynamics of M. transvaalensis and determine the parasitism rate and sex ratio of this wasp in drupes S. terebinthifolius. The study was performed with yellow sticky traps and collection of S. terebinthifolius drupes in seasonal semideciduous forest during August 2014 to September 2015, in the region of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The capture of insects through the sticky traps proved satisfactory, and thus can be applied to the monitoring of small Hymenopteros. Populations of M. transvaalensis were negatively correlated with the maximum temperature and population peak in the fall of 2015, meaning that when the maximum temperature has reduced, there is a higher incidence of insect field. The parasitism rate of S. terebinthifolius drupes ranged from zero to 36.34% during this period, making this value an aggravating factor for the emergence of new individuals, since this phytophagous wasp has the potential to be spread throughout Brazil and It poses a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius. The sex ratio of M. transvaalensis was 0.42 and 0.08 in the laboratory field. The bio-ecology and the damage caused by M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius warrant further studies to integrated management / Megastigmus transvaalensis é uma vespa exótica que ataca drupas de aroeira-pimenteira Schinus terebinthifolius em florestas nativas e em áreas de recomposição e restauração ecológica no Brasil. O parasitismo inicia com a oviposição de M. transvaalensis nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius, onde as larvas internamente eclodem e permanecem alimentando-se dos nutrientes e tecidos, prejudicando a germinação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura, precipitação e umidade na flutuação populacional de M. transvaalensis e determinar o índice de parasitismo e razão sexual dessa vespa nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius. O estudo foi realizado com armadilhas adesivas amarelas e coleta de drupas de S. terebinthifolius em fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual, durante agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2015, na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A captura dos insetos através das armadilhas adesivas se mostrou satisfatória, podendo assim ser aplicada para o monitoramento de pequenos Hymenopteros. As populações de M. transvaalensis apresentaram correlação negativa com a temperatura máxima e pico populacional no outono de 2015, significando que, quando a temperatura máxima apresenta redução, há maior incidência do inseto em campo. O índice de parasitismo das drupas de S. terebinthifolius variou de zero a 36,34% no período avaliado, tornando este valor um agravante para o surgimento de novos indivíduos, uma vez que, essa vespa fitófaga tem potencial de ser disseminado por todo Brasil e representa ameaça para a regeneração natural de S. terebinthifolius. A razão sexual de M. transvaalensis foi de 0,42 no laboratório e 0,08 em campo. A bioecologia e os danos causados por M. transvaalensis em drupas de S. terebinthifolius justificam mais estudos visando o manejo integrado dessa vespa fitófaga.

This thesis investigates the problem of detecting and tracking sticky notes on Kanban boards using classical computer vision techniques. Currently, there exists some alternatives for digitizing sticky notes, but none keep track of notes that have already been digitized, allowing for duplicate notes to be created when scanning multiple images of the same Kanban board. Kanban boards are widely used in various industries, and being able to recognize, and possibly in the future even digitize entire Kanban boards could provide users with extended functionality. The implementation presented in this thesis is able to, given two images, detect the Kanban boards in each image and rectify them. The rectified images are then sent to the Google Cloud Vision API for text detection. Then, the rectified images are used to detect all the sticky notes. The positional information of the notes and columns of the Kanban boards are then used to filter the text detection to find the text inside each note as well as the header text for each column. Between the two images, the columns are compared and matched, as well as notes of the same color. If columns or notes in one image do not have a match in the second image, it is concluded that the boards are different, and the user is informed of why. If all columns and notes in one image have matches in the second image but some notes have moved, the user is informed of which notes that have moved, and how they have moved as well. The different experiments conducted in this thesis on the implementation show that it works well, but it is very confined to strict requirements, making it unsuitable for commercial use. The biggest problem to solve is to make the implementation more general, i.e. the Kanban board layout, sticky note shapes and colors as well as their actual content. / Denna avhandling undersöker problemet med att upptäcka och spåra klisterlappar och Kanban-tavlor med hjälp av klassiska datorseendetekniker. För närvarande finns det några alternativ för att digitalisera klisterlappar, men ingen håller reda på anteckningar som redan har digitaliserats, vilket gör att duplicerade anteckningar kan skapas när du skannar flera bilder av samma Kanban-kort. Kanban-kort används flitigt i olika branscher och att kunna känna igen, och eventuellt i framtiden även digitalisera hela Kanban-tavlor, skulle kunna ge användarna utökad funktionalitet. Implementeringen som presenteras i denna avhandling kan, givet två bilder, upptäcka Kanban-brädorna i varje bild och korrigera dem. De korrigerade bilderna skickas sedan till Google Cloud Vision API för textidentifiering. Sedan används de korrigerade bilderna för att upptäcka alla klisterlappar. Positionsinformationen för anteckningarna och kolumnerna på Kanban-tavlan används sedan för att filtrera textdetekteringen för att hitta texten i varje anteckning såväl som rubriktexten för varje kolumn. Mellan de två bilderna jämförs och matchas kolumnerna, samt anteckningar av samma färg. Om kolumner eller anteckningar i en bild inte har en matchning i den andra bilden dras slutsatsen att brädorna är olika och användaren informeras om varför. Om alla kolumner och anteckningar i en bild har matchningar i den andra bilden men några anteckningar har flyttats, informeras användaren om vilka anteckningar som har flyttats och hur de har flyttats. De olika experiment som genomförs i denna avhandling om implementering visar att den fungerar bra, men den är mycket begränsad till strikta krav, vilket gör den olämplig för kommersiellt bruk. Det största problemet att lösa är att göra implementeringen mer generell, d.v.s. Kanban-tavlans layout, klisterlapparnas former och färger samt deras faktiska innehåll.

Tesis por compendio / Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) es un pseudocóccido invasor originario del África subsahariana que fue detectado causando graves daños en cítricos del este de España en el año 2009. Debido al desconocimiento existente sobre esta especie, la gestión de D. aberiae se ha llevado a cabo mediante el uso de tratamientos químicos autorizados contra este tipo de insectos. Sin embargo, la última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre el uso sostenible de productos fitosanitarios estipula que la aplicación de plaguicidas en el ámbito agrícola debe reducirse, promoviendo estrategias de manejo más sostenibles como es la aplicación del control biológico de plagas. Además, cuando una especie invasora llega por primera vez a un territorio es necesario estudiar su biología, comportamiento, daños causados y posibilidades de control. En esta tesis se presentan por primera vez estos estudios de biología y comportamiento de la plaga así como un análisis de los daños producidos por D. aberiae. También se han realizado estudios con el objetivo de implementar la aplicación de un programa de control biológico clásico sobre esta especie en cítricos en España. Para analizar la biología y comportamiento de D. aberiae se han muestreado durante tres años varias parcelas de cítricos con poblaciones de D. aberiae en la Comunidad Valenciana. En estas parcelas se han recogido muestras y contabilizado todos los pseudocóccidos presentes, su estadío de desarrollo y el estrato y órgano del árbol donde se encontraban. El periodo de daños al fruto fue estudiado en semicampo y campo mediante la infestación artificial con D. aberiae de frutos de distintos tamaños de diámetro. Por último se estudió el comportamiento y las posibilidades de control biológico de D. aberiae muestreando diversas parcelas de cítricos en su zona de origen (Sudáfrica). Los resultados mostraron que la abundancia de las poblaciones de D. aberiae en cítricos es elevada en primavera y verano, reduciéndose a niveles mucho más bajos en otoño e invierno. Además el insecto completa varias generaciones a lo largo del año, estando dos de ellas muy claramente definidas y siendo las que dan lugar a elevadas poblaciones de la plaga. En cuanto a su distribución, D. aberiae se instaló principalmente en la copa del árbol y se observaron migraciones entre los distintos órganos, mostrando una clara preferencia por el fruto en desarrollo. Entre febrero y septiembre parte de las poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en tronco y suelo, existiendo movimientos de subida y de bajada a la copa en función de la fenología de la planta y las condiciones climáticas. La comparativa entre técnicas de muestreo reveló que las trampas de cartón corrugado proporcionan una medida cuantitativa de la abundancia de D. aberiae en las parcelas. Por su parte, las trampas pegajosas, provistas de hembras de D. aberiae, fueron capaces de detectar los principales vuelos de machos. Por otro lado, D. aberiae causó daños directos al fruto (deformación y/o reducción de tamaño) al alimentarse del ovario de la flor o de los primeros estados de desarrollo de éste. Estos daños son posiblemente debidos a su interferencia con el proceso de división celular. Por último, en Sudáfrica, lugar de origen de la plaga, los mayores niveles poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en verano y la tasa de parasitismo fue máxima en otoño. Entre el complejo de enemigos naturales de D. aberiae encontrados destacaron dos especies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Ambos parasitoides podrían tener un papel importante en un programa de control biológico contra D. aberiae en España. Por ahora, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 parece el mejor candidato por sus mayores tasas de parasitismo en Sudáfrica. / Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug native to sub-Saharan Africa that was detected causing significant damage to citrus fruits in eastern Spain in 2009. Due to the lack of knowledge about this species, the management of D. aberiae has been carried out by the application of authorized insecticides against mealybugs. However, the latest European Directive (2009/128 / EC) on the sustainable use of pesticides stipulates that chemical treatments in agroecosystems must be reduced, promoting more sustainable management strategies such as the application of biological control methodologies. In addition, when an invasive species arrives for the first time in a territory it is necessary to study its biology, behavior, damage caused and control possibilities. This thesis presents for the first time these studies of biology and behavior of the pest as well as a characterization of the damage produced by D. aberiae. The possibilities of implementing a classical biological control program against this species in citrus in Spain have also been studied. To analyze the biology and behavior of D. aberiae, several citrus orchards infested with the mealybug have been sampled for three years in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain). Samples have been collected periodically and the number of mealybugs, their developmental stage as well as the infested stratum and organ where they were present have being recorded. The period of damage to the fruit was studied in semi-field and field conditions by the artificial infestation with D. aberiae of fruits of different diameter. Finally, the behavior and possibilities of biological control of D. aberiae were studied by sampling several citrus orchards in the native area of the mealybug (South Africa). Results showed that the density of D. aberiae populations in citrus orchards is high in spring and summer, decreasing to lower levels in autumn and winter. In addition, the insect completes several generations throughout the year and two of them are clearly defined and result in high population levels. Regarding its distribution, D. aberiae was mostly installed in the canopy of the tree and migrations were observed between different organs, showing a clear preference for the developing fruit. From February to September some mealybugs were found in the trunk and soil, moving upwards or downwards depending on the phenology of the plant and the climatic conditions. The comparison between sampling techniques revealed that corrugated cardboard band traps provide a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density in the orchards. On the other hand, sticky traps, baited with D. aberiae females were able to detect the main male flight periods. D. aberiae caused direct damage to the fruit (deformation and/or reduction in size) by feeding on the ovary of the flower or on small fruits in development. These damages are probably due to their interference with the process of cell division. Finally, in South Africa, native area of the pest, the highest density levels of D. aberiae were found in summer and the highest parasitism rates occurred in autumn. Among the complex of D. aberiae natural enemies, the two most abundant species were Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Both parasitoids could play an important role in a biological control program against D. aberiae in Spain. For now, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 seems the best candidate because of its higher rates of parasitism in South Africa. / Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) és un pseudocòccid invasor originari de l'Àfrica subsahariana que va ser detectat causant greus danys en cítrics de l'est d'Espanya l'any 2009. A causa del desconeixement existent sobre aquesta espècie, la gestió de D. aberiae s'ha dut a terme mitjançant l'ús de tractaments químics autoritzats contra aquest tipus d'insectes. No obstant això, l'última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre l'ús sostenible de productes fitosanitaris estipula que l'aplicació de plaguicides en l'àmbit agrícola ha de reduir-se, promovent estratègies de maneig més sostenibles com és l'aplicació del control biològic de plagues. A més, quan una espècie invasora arriba per primera vegada a un territori és necessari estudiar la seua biologia, comportament, danys causats i possibilitats de control. En aquesta tesi es presenten per primera vegada els estudis de biologia i comportament de la plaga així com una anàlisi dels danys produïts per D. aberiae. També s'han realitzat estudis amb l'objectiu d'implementar l'aplicació d'un programa de control biològic clàssic sobre aquesta espècie en cítrics a Espanya. Per a analitzar la biologia i comportament de D. aberiae s'han mostrejat durant tres anys diverses parcel·les de cítrics amb poblacions de D. aberiae a la Comunitat Valenciana. En aquestes parcel·les s'han recollit mostres i comptabilitzat tots els pseudocòccids presents, el seu estadi de desenvolupament i l'estrat i òrgan de l'arbre on es trobaven. El període de danys al fruit va ser estudiat en semicamp i camp mitjançant la infestació artificial amb D. aberiae de fruits de diferents mides de diàmetre. Finalment es va estudiar el comportament i les possibilitats de control biològic de D. aberiae mostrejant diverses parcel·les de cítrics en la seua zona d'origen (Sud-àfrica). Els resultats van mostrar que l'abundància de les poblacions de D. aberiae en cítrics és elevada a la primavera i estiu, reduint-se a nivells molt més baixos a la tardor i hivern. A més l'insecte completa diverses generacions al llarg de l'any, estant dos d'elles molt clarament definides i sent les que donen lloc a elevades poblacions de la plaga. Quant a la seua distribució, D. aberiae es va instal·lar principalment en la copa de l'arbre i es van observar migracions entre els diferents òrgans, mostrant una clara preferència pel fruit en desenvolupament. Entre febrer i setembre part de les poblacions de D. aberiae es van trobar en tronc i sòl, existint moviments de pujada i de baixada a la copa en funció de la fenología de la planta i les condicions climàtiques. La comparativa entre tècniques de mostreig va revelar que les trampes de cartró corrugat proporcionen una mesura quantitativa de l'abundància de D. aberiae en les parcel·les. Per la seua banda, les trampes apegaloses proveïdes de femelles de D. aberiae van aconseguir detectar els principals vols de mascles. D'altra banda, D. aberiae va causar danys directes al fruit (deformació i/o reducció de mida) en l'alimentar-se de l'ovari de la flor o dels primers estats de desenvolupament d'aquest. Aquest danys són possiblement deguts a la seua interferència amb el procés de divisió cel·lular. Finalment, a Sud-àfrica, lloc d'origen de la plaga, els majors nivells poblacionals de D. aberiae es van trobar a l'estiu i la taxa de parasitisme va ser màxima a la tardor. Entre el complex d'enemics naturals de D. aberiae trobats van destacar dues espècies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) i Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Tots dos parasitoides podrien tindre un paper important en un programa de control biològic contra D. aberiae a Espanya. Per ara, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 sembla el millor candidat per les seues majors taxes de parasitisme a Sud-àfrica. / Martínez Blay, V. (2018). Biology and management, by application of classical biological control, of the invasive mealybug Delotoccoccus aberiae (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) in citrus orchards in Spain [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106363 / Compendio

This essay examines the relationship between exchange rate volatility, estimated using a GARCH model, and level of trade for Sweden and Finland. The data used was collected from Refinitive Eikon Datastream with monthly observations for the time period January 2005 - December 2022. The obtained results indicate that the volatility of the Swedish Krona and Euro positively increases the level of trade for Sweden respectively Finland according to the ARDL model. However, while examining different time perspectives the conclusions resulted in inconclusiveness for the countries and perspectives. The ARDL bounds test for Sweden corresponded with inconclusive results regarding a possible positive long term relationship between SEKs exchange rate volatility and level of trade. Furthermore, the Granger causality test did not state a short term relationship between the two variables for Sweden nor did it state a reversed relationship. On the other hand, for Finland, the ARDL bounds test and Granger causality test denied both a long term and short term positive relationship between the EURs exchange rate volatility and level of trade for Finland. However, for Finland a reversed Granger causality test was shown indicating that the level of trade has an impact on the volatility of the EURs exchange rate.