Forskningsfråga och syften Studiens forskningsfråga är följande:   Hur har reklam på sociala medier och på streamingsajter förändrat den traditionella TV-reklamens betydelse ur ett kundperspektiv?   Utifrån forskningsfrågan har studiens tre delsyften utformats, vilka är att: undersöka TV-reklamens relevans idag, analysera och klargöra fördelar och nackdelar med TV-reklam jämfört med reklam på sociala medier och streamingsajter, redogöra för hur streamings utveckling påverkat konsumenternas TV-tittande. Metod Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod som grund. Den vetenskapliga ansatsen är ett växelspel mellan deduktion och induktion. Empirin i studien utgörs av diskussioner som skett i fem fokusgrupper med fem individer i respektive grupp. Vidare har fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med företag genomförts.   Slutsatser Studien påvisar att TV-reklam är av relevans än idag, trots att TV-tittandet har minskat. Reklamen undviks dock aktivt av tittarna. Däremot framhäver studien att reklamen fortfarande har effekt på konsumenten då den lägger sig på deras minne. Det verkar även som att vissa reklamtyper är mer effektiva än andra, som exempelvis emotionella eller humoristiska reklamfilmer. Vidare framgår det att fördelarna och nackdelarna för reklam på TV, sociala medier och streamingsajter inte enbart är plattformsspecifika. Dessa styrs istället i stort av konsumenternas uppfattning om reklam i allmänhet. Konsumenternas känsla av frihet att välja sitt eget innehåll har bidragit till ökad popularitet hos streamingsajter. Det tydliggörs utifrån studien att TV-tittandet har förändrats då allt fler individer engagerar sig i multiskärmbeteende. Slutligen lyfts det i studien fram att det inte enbart är sociala medier och streamingsajter som påverkat TV-reklamen. Det framgår även att konsumenternas inställning till TV-reklam i sin tur har påverkat deras inställning till reklam på sociala medier och streamingsajter. / Research Question and Purpose The research question of this study is:   How has advertising on social media and streaming sites changed the meaning of traditional TV-advertisements from a consumer perspective?   Based on the research question above, the three purposes of this study are to:   examine the relevance of TV-advertising today, analyze and clarify the advantages and disadvantages of TV-commercials in comparison to commercials on social media and on streaming sites, account for the impact that the development of streaming has had on consumer television viewing.   Method The study has a qualitative research method as a basis. The scientific approach is an interplay of deduction and induction. The empiric data in the study consists of discussions that took place in five focus groups with five individuals in each group. In addition, four semi-structured interviews with companies have been conducted.   Conclusions The study shows that TV-advertising is still of relevance today, even though TV-viewing has decreased. However, it appears as though the commercials are being actively avoided by the viewers. On the other hand, the study emphasizes that commercials still have an impact on the consumer since the advertisements imprint on their memory. It also seems as if some types of advertising are more effective than others, such as emotional or humorous commercials. Furthermore, it appears that the advantages and disadvantages of advertising on television, social media and streaming sites are not only specific to the platform. These are instead largely governed by the consumer’s perception of advertising in general. The consumer’s sense of freedom to choose their own content has contributed to the increased popularity of streaming sites. It is clear from the study that TV-viewing has changed as more individuals engage in multi-screen behavior while watching TV. Finally, it is stated in the study that it is not only social media and streaming sites that affect the importance of TV-commercials. It also appears as though the consumers’ attitude to TV-advertising in turn has influenced their attitude towards advertising on social media and streaming sites.

This thesis explores possible solutions to replace Adobe Flash Player by using toolsalready built into modern web browsers, and explores the tradeoffs between bitrate, qual-ity, and delay when using an adaptive bitrate for live streamed video. Using an adaptivebitrate for streamed video was found to reduce stalls in playback for the client by adapt-ing to the available bandwidth. A newer codec can further compress the video file sizewhile maintaining the same video quality. This can improve the viewing experience forclients on a restricted or a congested network. The tests conducted in this thesis showthat producing an adaptive bitrate stream and changing codecs is a very CPU intensiveprocess.

Dans quelle mesure l’utilisation d’une œuvre relève‐t‐elle du droit d’exploitation au sens du droit d’auteur ? Les actes qui consistent à poser un lien envers une oeuvre, à visionner un film par le biais de la technique du streaming, relèvent-ils du champ d’application du droit d’auteur permettant à l’auteur d’exercer un contrôle sur l’utilisation de ces œuvres ? Alors que dans un monde analogique, les critères constitutifs de l’exploitation d’une œuvre semblent clairs, les contours et les caractéristiques d’une exploitation sont plus complexes à tracer dans un monde numérique en raison notamment de la dématérialisation, de la convergence accrue des techniques et de l’interactivité qui en résulte. La thèse analyse donc les critères caractérisant les droits d’exploitation, en tenant compte du droit européen, français et allemand avant de proposer de manière prospective une amélioration de l’acquis communautaire s’inscrivant ainsi dans le débat très actuel, mené en ce moment même par la Commission européenne. / Is there an infringement to an exclusive economic author right when a web user creates a link toward a protected work? Which “uses” of a work can be protected by the author and which exclusive economic rights under copyright can he rely upon to exercise control? Contrarily to the analog world, it is more complex to draw the contours and features of an exploitation in a digital world. The thesis tries to clarify the scope of the protection under current European law and National law, with a particular focus on French and German law. The comparative approach is justified by the different conceptions of the exclusive economic rights in France and Germany, a heritage of two strong legal traditions of the continental European legal system. It is prospectively that the thesis attempts to improve the acquis communautaire, following the current debate, led right now by the European Commission.

Les WMNs comportent des nœuds qui sont capables de recevoir et de transmettre des données vers de multiples destinations dans le réseau. De ce fait, les WMNs sont capables de s'auto-organiser et auto-configurer dynamiquement [5]. Chaque nœud crée et maintient la connectivité avec ses voisins. La disponibilité du mode ad-hoc basée sur la norme IEEE 802.11 permet une mise en œuvre de WMNs à faible coût. Les WMNs présentent cependant deux inconvénients majeurs liés aux interférences d'une part et à la scalabilité d'autre part [6]. (D1) Le problème des interférences (D2) Le problème de scalabilité. Les solutions existantes au niveau de la couche PHY ou de la couche MAC peuvent apporter des solutions au problème des interférences mentionné ci-dessus (cf. D1) . D'un autre côté, le problème de scalabilité dans les WMNs peut être résolu par les solutions de routage efficaces [11]. En effet, les algorithmes de routage dans les WMNs sont chargés de calculer des routes pour transporter des données de multiples sauts jusqu' à atteindre les destinations. Comme illustré dans [11], les routes les plus courtes, qui sont les solutions par défaut des algorithmes de routage classiques, ont généralement plus d'interférences. En conséquences, il faut trouver des routes qui ont moins d'interférences. Pour un objectif de routage donné et des paramètres donnés, ces routes peuvent être optimales ou sub-optimales. Les objectifs de routage peuvent être par exemple de maximiser la bande passante entre utilisateurs, ou de minimiser les pertes de paquets, etc. Les paramètres dans les problèmes de routage comprennent des métriques orientées réseau et des métriques orientées utilisateur. Les métriques orientées réseau, également appelées les métriques de la qualité de service (QoS), sont dérivées à partir des paramètres réseau comme la bande passante, le délai, la gigue, etc. En revanche, les métriques orientées vers l'utilisateur, également appelées les métriques de qualité d'expérience (QoE), sont basées sur l'expérience de l'utilisateur, tels que les notes MOS (Mean Opinion Score) qui indiquent le niveau de satisfaction de l'utilisateur. La perception de l'utilisateur est un objectif majeur des services de streaming vidéo. La plupart des algorithmes de routage existants prennent des décisions de routage en fonction d'une seule ou d'une combinaison des métriques orientées réseau. Ainsi, les algorithmes de routage dans [12, 13, 14] déterminent les routes basées sur la bande passante et la charge du réseau. Cependant, les métriques orientées réseau ne sont pas nécessairement corrélée à l'expérience de l'utilisateur [15, 16, 17, 18]. En d'autres termes, les utilisateurs peuvent ne pas être satisfaits même avec les routes optimales qui sont basées sur les métriques orientés réseau. En conséquences, il est nécessaire de développer les algorithmes de routage qui tiennent compte de métriques orientées utilisateur. Cette thèse traite d'algorithmes de routage dans les WMNs avec comme objectif d'améliorer la qualité pour les applications de streaming vidéo. Les algorithmes de routage proposés prendront des décisions de routage basées sur la perception de l'utilisateur. Dans ce contexte, toutes les solutions doivent faire face aux deux challenges suivants : (M1) l'estimation en temps réel de la perception utilisateur et (M2) découverte des routes optimales ou sous-optimales. / WMNs comprise nodes that are able to receive and forward the data to other destinations in the networks. Consequently, WMNs are able to dynamically self-organize and self-configure [5]. Each node itself creates and maintains the connectivity with its neighbors. The availability of ad-hoc mode on popular IEEE 802.11 allows low-cost implementation of WMNs. Nevertheless, WMNs have two major drawbacks: interference and scalability as discussed in [6]. (D1) Interference : The independent behaviour and arbitrary deployment of nodes in WMNs can create an extremely high interference environment, which leads to degradation in the quality of wireless connections. For instance, the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 (CSMA/CA) has long delays and low resource utilization in dense networks [7]. Recent advancements in physical (PHY) and medium control access (MAC) layers, such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and multiple channels MAC, can overcome this challenge. The deployment of some solutions are unable in practice because of specific requirements of hardware. Moreover, some implementations such as multiple channel MAC requires high synchronization, which is difficult in WMNs [8]. (D2) Scalability: Multi-hop communication are able to improve coverage and band-width availability in wireless networks [9]. However, it has scalability issues as discussed in [10, 11]. It means that the performance of networks deteriorates significantly when the size of networks grows. PHY layer may experience an extremely noisy medium, thus causing throughput degradation at MAC layer. Moreover, the noisy environment increases the packet loss rate, which impacts significantly to network and transport layers. The existing solutions at PHY or MAC layer can solve the interference problem mentioned in D1. Meanwhile, the scalability of WMNs could be tackled by routing solutions [11]. Routing algorithms are responsible for computing routes so as to convey data through multiple hops until reaching the destinations. As shown in [11], the shortest-path routes, which are the default solutions of conventional routing algorithms, usually have more interference. The solution, subsequently, is finding other routes that have less interference. These routes could be optimal or sub-optimal with given objectives and arguments. The arguments of routing problems comprise of network-oriented metrics and User-oriented metrics. Network-oriented metrics, also called as Quality of Service (QoS) metrics, are derived from the network directly such as bandwidth, delay, jitter, etc. Meanwhile, User-oriented metrics, also called as Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics, are based on users’ experience such as mean opinion score (MOS). They represent the level of satisfaction of a users. The good perception of users is the major objective of video streaming services. Most of existing routing algorithms give routing decisions based on single or combination of network-oriented metrics. For example, the routing algorithms in [12, 13, 14] determine routes based on the bandwidth and congestion. Nevertheless, network-oriented metrics may not be well-correlated to users’ experience [15, 16, 17, 18]. In other words, users may not be satisfied even with optimal network-oriented metric routes. As a result, it is necessary to develop routing algorithms that take user-oriented metrics into account. This thesis addresses the routing of video streaming over WMNs and proposes novel routing algorithms. These routing algorithms give routing decisions based on the perception of users. To do that, the proposed solution has to address two challenges as follows :(M1) estimate users’ perception in real-time and (M2) find optimal or sub-optimal routes efficiently.

La prolifération des appareils portables mène à une croissance du trafic mobile qui provoque une surcharge du cœur du réseau cellulaire. Pour faire face à un tel problème, plusieurs travaux conseillent de stocker les contenus (fichiers et vidéos) dans les small cells. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'utiliser les véhicules comme des small cells mobiles et de cacher les contenus à bord, motivés par le fait que la plupart d'entre eux pourra facilement être équipée avec de la connectivité et du stockage. L'adoption d'un tel cloud mobile réduit les coûts d'installation et de maintenance et présente des contraintes énergétiques moins strictes que pour les small cells fixes. Dans notre modèle, un utilisateur demande des morceaux d'un contenu aux véhicules voisins et est redirigé vers le réseau cellulaire après une deadline ou lorsque son playout buffer est vide. L'objectif du travail est de suggérer à un opérateur comment répliquer de manière optimale les contenus afin de minimiser le trafic mobile dans le cœur du réseau. Les principales contributions sont : (i) Modélisation. Nous modélisons le scénario ci-dessus en tenant compte de la taille des contenus, de la mobilité et d'un certain nombre d'autres paramètres. (ii) Optimisation. Nous formulons des problèmes d'optimisation pour calculer les politiques d'allocation sous différents modèles et contraintes. (iii) Analyse des performances. Nous développons un simulateur MATLAB pour valider les résultats théoriques. Nous montrons que les politiques de mise en cache proposées dans cette thèse sont capables de réduire de plus que 50% la charge sur le cœur du réseau cellulaire. / The large diffusion of handheld devices is leading to an exponential growth of the mobile traffic demand which is already overloading the core network. To deal with such a problem, several works suggest to store content (files or videos) in small cells or user equipments. In this thesis, we push the idea of caching at the edge a step further, and we propose to use public or private transportation as mobile small cells and caches. In fact, vehicles are widespread in modern cities, and the majority of them could be readily equipped with network connectivity and storage. The adoption of such a mobile cloud, which does not suffer from energy constraints (compared to user equipments), reduces installation and maintenance costs (compared to small cells). In our work, a user can opportunistically download chunks of a requested content from nearby vehicles, and be redirected to the cellular network after a deadline (imposed by the operator) or when her playout buffer empties. The main goal of the work is to suggest to an operator how to optimally replicate content to minimize the load on the core network. The main contributions are: (i) Modelling. We model the above scenario considering heterogeneous content size, generic mobility and a number of other system parameters. (ii) Optimization. We formulate some optimization problems to calculate allocation policies under different models and constraints. (iii) Performance analysis. We build a MATLAB simulator to validate the theoretical findings through real trace-based simulations. We show that, even with low technology penetration, the proposed caching policies are able to offload more than 50 percent of the mobile traffic demand.

These last years, streaming services (for music, podcasts, TV shows and movies) have been under the spotlight by disrupting traditional media consumption platforms. If the technical implications of streaming huge amounts of data are well researched, much remains to be done to analyze the wealth of data collected by these services and exploit it to its full potential in order to improve them. Using raw data about users’ interactions with the music streaming service Spotify, this thesis focuses on three main concepts: streaming context, user attention and the sequential analysis of user actions. We discuss the importance of each of these aspects and propose different statistical and machine learning techniques to model them. We show how these models can be used to improve streaming services by inferring user sentiment and improving recommender systems, characterizing user sessions, extracting behavioral patterns and providing useful business metrics. / De senaste åren har strömningtjänster (för musik, podcasts, TV-serier och filmer) varit i strålkastarljuset genom att förändra synen på hur vi konsumerar media. Om det tekniska impikationerna av att strömma stora mängder data är väl utforskat finns det mycket kvar i att analysera de stora datamängderna som samlas in för att förstå och förbättra tjänsterna. Genom att använda rådata om hur användarna interagerar med musiktjänsten Spotify, fokuserar den här uppsatsen på tre huvudkoncept: strömmandets kontext, användares uppmäksamhet samt sekvensiell analys av användares handlingar. Vi diskuterar betydelsen av varje koncept och föreslår en olika statistiska och maskininlärningstekniker för att modellera dem. Vi visar hur dessa modeller kan användas för att förbättra strömmningstjänster genom att antyda användares sentiment, förbättra rekommendationer, karaktärisera användarsessioner, extrahera betendemönster och ta fram användbar affärsdata.

When watching interactive branched video, the viewer is given the opportunity to tailor the storyline of the video playback. This type of video puts the users in control of their viewing experiences and provides content creators with great flexibility how to personalize the viewing experience for individual viewers. When it comes to regular linear videos, the concept of having a playback bar visually presenting the playback is a well established implementation used for most (if not all) video players, but for interactive branched videos, that is not the case. Instead, most branched video implementations are typically custom-made on a per-video basis (e.g., see custom-made Netflix and BBC movies) and do not use a playback bar. With the goal to fill this void, a branched video player with a generalized playback bar that visualizes the tree-like video structure was developed in 2018 by students of the Information Technology program at Linköping University and will be made public with a publication in the near future. Within the preparatory work prior to making this branched video player public, this project included a three-phase user study, where we evaluated the playback bar and its implemented features and compared the video player with alternative designs. With this thesis, we highlight the value of a branched video playback bar and provide interesting insights into how it, and other design customization features, may best be integrated into a branched video player. Furthermore, we present an improved version of the video player in which the new implementations are based on, and motivated by, the results from the user study. Finally, we describe how further investigations may be done to evaluate the improved version of the video player.

Technology advancement increases the usage of the internet day by day. One of the most used internet services is video streaming. The major advantage of video streaming is that it allows long distance communication between people without any delay. It is known that streaming video is one of the fastest growing industries, and it has been very beneficial to the world. As the use of video streaming is increasing rapidly, it is essential to have security for video streaming. A lot of methods to secure video streaming came into existence like authentication, protocol, or some secure web hosting sites. Every method is to secure the transmission of video streaming, so these methods use either key or any other additional things to secure it. Our approach is to have a secure video streaming method without using any additional key or software. So, the method here is to encrypt the video directly and then encode it to be in the streaming format. The encryption of the video is done by a method called obscuring method. And the performance evaluation is done to the method so as to check the stability and feasibility of the system.

[pt] As tecnologias digitais para a gravação de música e sua distribuição em suportes físicos como o CD iniciou modificações nas dinâmicas profissionais de musicistas desde as duas últimas décadas do século passado. Com a virada do milênio, somaram-se a elas as tecnologias digitais de interação e comunicação online, promovidas especialmente pela chegada e popularização da internet. Juntas, as tecnologias digitais de gravação e as digitais online de interação e comunicação, vêm impondo ressignificações a toda uma ordem de relacionamentos canonizada há anos, que modifica papéis de praticamente todos/as os/as atores/atrizes deste campo. Neste estudo, pesquisei consequências destas tecnologias digitais e online sobre as práticas profissionais de músicos/as, à luz de teorias da comunicação, especialmente num olhar mais pragmático para o qual fui buscar referências em teóricos da Ecologia das Mídias. Pesquisei também a produção acadêmica brasileira do campo da comunicação sobre TICs e música, dos primeiros 20 anos deste século. Fui ao campo e entrevistei em profundidade 22 profissionais da música, de diferentes idades, gêneros musicais e principalmente estágios de usos destas novas tecnologias procurando entender o que há de significativo e recorrente em suas práticas profissionais contemporânea neste novo mundo da música. Em 40 anos muita coisa mudou, desde uma indústria que perdeu hegemonias mantidas ao redor da comercialização de música em suportes físicos, até os/as musicistas que passaram a compor, produzir, distribuir e divulgar suas canções de dentro de seus quartos, em seus modernos e acessíveis home studios, mediando seus processos de forma autônoma para todos os cantos do mundo. Há um novo musicista na cena. Digital, online, multidisciplinar, conectado a economias de escala, desfiando os paradigmas da velha indústria, encantado/a e motivado/a por uma suposta nova democracia. / [en] Digital technologies for recording music and distributing it on physical media such as CDs initiated changes in the professional dynamics of musicians since the last two decades of the last century. With the turn of the millennium, digital technologies for online interaction and communication were added to them, especially promoted by the arrival and popularization of the internet. Together, digital recording technologies and digital online interaction and communication technologies have been imposing new meanings on a whole order of relationships canonized for years, which modifies the roles of practically all actors/actresses in this field. In this study, I researched the consequences of these digital and online technologies on the professional practices of musicians, in the light of communication theories, especially in a more pragmatic look for which I sought references in theorists of Media Ecology. I also researched the Brazilian academic production in the field of communication about ICTs and music, from the first 20 years of this century. I went to the field and interviewed in depth 22 music professionals, of different ages, musical genres and mainly stages of use of these new technologies, trying to understand what is significant and recurrent in their contemporary professional practices in this new world of music. In 40 years a lot has changed, from an industry that lost hegemonies maintained around the sale of music on physical media, to musicians who began to compose, produce, distribute and promote their songs from inside their rooms, in their modern and affordable home studios, mediating their processes autonomously for all corners of the world. There is a new musician on the scene. Digital, online, multidisciplinary, connected to economies of scale, unraveling the paradigms of the old industry, delighted and motivated by a supposed new democracy.

This project was done for a company called Anchr that develops a location based mobile application for listing nearby hangouts in a specified area. For this, they integrate a number of services which they send requests to in order to see if there are any nearby locations listed for these services. One of these services is Meetup, which is an application where users can create social events and gatherings. The problem this project aims to solve is that a large number of requests are sent to Meetup’s service in order to get information about the events, so that they then can be displayed in the application. This is a problem since only a limited number of requests can be sent within a specified time period before the service is locked. This means that Meetup’s service cannot be integrated into the application as it is now implemented, as the feature will become useless if no requests can be sent. The purpose of this project is therefore to find an alternative way of collecting the events from the service without it locking. This would enable the service to be integrated into the application. The hypothesis is that instead of using the current method of sending requests to get events, implement a listener that listens for incoming events from Meetup’s stream, to directly get updates whenever an event is created or updated. The result of the project is that there now exists a system which listens for events instead of repeatedly sending requests. The issue with the locking of the service does not exist anymore since no requests are sent to Meetup’s service. / Detta projekt genomfördes för ett företag som heter Anchr som utvecklar en platsbaserad mobilapplikation för att lista närliggande sociala platser inom ett specificerat område. För detta integrerade de ett antal tjänster som de skickar förfrågningar till för att se om det finns några närliggande platser listade för dessa tjänster. En av dessa tjänster är Meetup som är en applikation där användare kan skapa sociala evenemang. Problemet detta examensarbete syftar till att lösa är att ett stort antal förfrågningar skickas till Meetups tjänst för att få information om evenemangen så att de kan visas i applikationen. Detta är ett problem då endast ett begränsat antal förfrågningar kan skickas till deras tjänst inom ett visst tidsintervall innan tjänsten spärras. Detta betyder att Meetups tjänst inte kan integreras in i applikationen såsom den är implementerad i nuläget, eftersom funktionen kommer bli oanvändbar om inga förfrågningar kan skickas. Syftet med detta projekt är därför att hitta ett alternativt sätt att samla in evenemang från tjänsten utan att den spärras. Detta skulle göra så tjänsten kan integreras in i applikationen. Hypotesen är att istället för att använda den nuvarande metoden som går ut på att skicka förfrågningar för att få nya händelser, implementera en lyssnare som lyssnar efter inkommande händelser från Meetups stream, för att direkt få uppdateringar när ett evenemang skapas eller uppdateras. Resultatet av detta är att det nu finns ett system som lyssnar efter evenemang istället för att upprepningsvis skicka förfrågningar. Problemet med låsningen av tjänsten existerar inte längre då inga förfrågningar skickas till Meetup’s tjänst.