Informal street trading has played a role in the decline of the inner city. In restoring the inner city to its splendor and attracting people plus investments back into it, there has been an acknowledgement of informal street trading and a move to organise the activity. The City of Johannesburg has taken action towards dealing with informal street trading within the CBD by having trading and non-trading zones, constructing markets and providing stalls along pavements in busy streets from where traders can sell. This study was carried out as a response to the major issue at hand of cleaning up the city and ridding the streets of informal traders and only letting them trade in a controlled manner preferably in enclosed markets. While not dwelling on matters of whether regulating traders is good or bad, the main purpose of the study was to probe into the systemisation of informal street trading in the CBD, further investigating the alternative of a street market as that which can be done in other parts of the inner city as a means of keeping the vibrancy of the city through the provision of minimal infrastructure. Hence, this study explored the functionality of a street market plus certain issues pertaining to informal street trading in terms of what is being done in regulating the activity, whether trading permits are being issued and whether traders are more secure trading from designated trading areas. The outcomes were then used to outline any lessons learned from the case study that can in turn be applied or be used as an insight to other parts of the inner city. In analysing informal street trading in the inner city and Kerk Street, street market it was shown that the provision of minimal infrastructure through a street market enables informal street trading to be controlled and managed in a well organised open environment while maintaining a vibrant area in which both traders and passer-bys are able to interact.

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South Africa currently faces challenges such as high levels of unemployment, inequality and poverty. The skills deficiency in South Africa is one of the biggest obstacles to finding employment and poverty reduction. According to McGrath (2012), the TVET sector needs to be strengthened in order to provide access to high quality technical vocational education for all. This dissertation investigates the potential of a TVET college as a catalytic public building to uplift its community through both secular and educational functions. Humans are makers, everything around us are either made by humans or nature. By possessing the necessary skills to shape things, we also have the skill to shape our futures. This project investigation will specifically look at skills as intangible heritage and how collaboration can empower communities in shaping their own futures in a resilient manner. / Suid-Afrika ervaar huidiglik uitdagings soos ho? vlakke van werkloosheid, ongelykheid en armoede. Die vaardighede tekort in Suid-Afrika is een van die grootste struikelblokke om werk te kry asook om armoede te bestry. Volgens McGrath (2012), moet die TVET sektor versterk word om toegang te voorsien tot ho? gehalte tegniese beroepsonderwys vir almal. Die verhandeling ondersoek die potensiaal van 'n TVET kollege, as 'n katalitiese openbare gebou, om sy gemeenskap op te hef deur beide sekul?re en opvoedkundige funksies. Mense is makers, alles rondom ons is of deur die mens of die natuur gemaak. Deur die nodige vaardighede te h? om te kan maak, het ons ook die vaardigheid om ons toekoms te vorm. Hierdie projek-ondersoek sal spesifiek kyk na vaardighede as ontasbare erfenis en hoe samewerking gemeenskappe kan bemagtig in die vorming van hul eie toekoms in 'n veerkragtige manier. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

This thesis investigates an informally self-organized street market, Porta Portese, in Rome, Italy. As a response to the contemporary phenomenon of migration, of people and goods, Porta Portese reflects the city’s evolving urban, cultural and social dynamics under the impact of global forces. Based on fieldwork executed from 2007-2009, this thesis builds on the idea of scoring in an attempt to establish a framework of tangible notations, using mediums ranging from time-lapse photography to pattern mapping. The language of architecture is adapted to render visible the spatial dynamics in the fabrication of the market. Despite its lack of representation, Porta Portese leaves its mark as a layer of the invisible city of Rome. One can trace its terrain through palpable memories of a collective urban and cultural experience, for it transports ideas, images and values between different worlds based on universal understandings. Ultimately, this thesis advocates for an interpretive representation of places like Porta Portese as valuable urban spaces that celebrate and satisfy the needs of direct human experience. This is achieved through enabling the neglected voice of a place that can strike a resonating chord of dialogue amongst differences - and it all begins from a story about Porta Portese.

This thesis investigates an informally self-organized street market, Porta Portese, in Rome, Italy. As a response to the contemporary phenomenon of migration, of people and goods, Porta Portese reflects the city’s evolving urban, cultural and social dynamics under the impact of global forces. Based on fieldwork executed from 2007-2009, this thesis builds on the idea of scoring in an attempt to establish a framework of tangible notations, using mediums ranging from time-lapse photography to pattern mapping. The language of architecture is adapted to render visible the spatial dynamics in the fabrication of the market. Despite its lack of representation, Porta Portese leaves its mark as a layer of the invisible city of Rome. One can trace its terrain through palpable memories of a collective urban and cultural experience, for it transports ideas, images and values between different worlds based on universal understandings. Ultimately, this thesis advocates for an interpretive representation of places like Porta Portese as valuable urban spaces that celebrate and satisfy the needs of direct human experience. This is achieved through enabling the neglected voice of a place that can strike a resonating chord of dialogue amongst differences - and it all begins from a story about Porta Portese.

This thesis represents a speculation for the improvement of the Alianza Market located in the city of Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. Torreon is part of a tri-city entity with a population of 1.2 million residents. The Alianza market was the first marketplace in the city, founded about 100 years ago. The site is located in an area with a high level of poverty across the entire district. Due to corruption and negligence on the part of the government, the social and economic standing of the market has suffered a tremendous decline in the past 30 years. Through the careful study of the existing site, this thesis proposes the reorganization of the market to improve its spatial qualities. The market represents the social and economic heart of its community which is kept alive solely by its members. By proposing the design of a public open square within the market site I intend to provide a space for the celebration of public life. Reviving the market will help to create economic life as well as improve street level life in the surrounding community.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Street markets are socio-cultural phenomena that go beyond the commercial character, they are held in market squares weekly turning a continuum habit despite all changes introduced by capitalist system. In these places new relationship ways are made, stories are built in a web of conversations that connects a variety of people and situations. This research, like many others, went through doubts and methods that have been designed as long as I tried and changed my attitudes towards the field study. In this dissertation I narrated experiences lived while visiting Castelo Branco district street market, discussions that have permeated the master s program such as ways of thinking, how to do research, challenges, stories, conversations, questions, curiosities, in short, life experiences turned this research. There were many everyday life moments in loco trying to investigate practices and relationships among people who attend this place. The visit focused on Duquinha and Meire, fateiras newsstands traders, where stories were built, conversations and interactions watched that show the dynamics of fairs and their relationships. From this experience at the fair, some questions concerning the way the relations in our society were built highlighting the constitution of the individual and intimate subject, the formation of non-passage places and places of residence, the control of urban space and a way of understanding how human relationships are processed and meetings modulated. The street market was seen as a curious place to understand relationships in a specific urban area, a place full of tradition and biographies of its passers-by whose stories express a collective memory. This study aimed to observe how relationships between those who are part of Castelo Branco district fair. This study faces the problem of individuation in urban society and the process of fragmentation / homogenization between social groups, as it searches for meaning through the complexities of the trade processes and social relations in this urban marketplace territory. From these considerations, it was possible to understand a little about the universe of street markets, as well as the importance of openness to the unexpected of meetings and their opportunities to build relationships that mark so many lives in a unique way. t / A feira livre é um fenômeno sócio-cultural que vai além do caráter comercial, chama as pessoas a permanecerem em um local de passagem que se transforma semanalmente, construindo um costume que permanece apesar das mudanças na vida introduzidas na sociedade capitalista. Neste local se inventam modos de se relacionar, constroem-se histórias em meio a uma emaranhada rede conversas,que conecta uma diversidade de pessoas e situações. Esta pesquisa, como muitas,passou por dúvidas e percursos que foram se delineando na medida em que eu experimentava e transformava minha postura diante do campo. Narrei nesta dissertação as experiências vividas nas visitas à feira livre do bairro Castelo Branco, as discussões que perpassaram o mestrado como os modos de se fazer e pensar pesquisa, os desafios, as histórias, as conversas, as dúvidas, as curiosidades, enfim, conto da vida que se faz em pesquisa. Foram muitos os momentos de convivência com o cotidiano da feira querendo investigar as práticas e relações entre as pessoas que frequentavam esse lugar. As visitas na feira se concentraram nas bancas das fateiras Meire e Duquinha, onde se construíram histórias, observou-se conversas e interações que mostraram a dinamicidade desta feira e suas relações. Diante das experiências na feira, algumas questões que dizem respeito ao modo como as relações se construíram na nossa sociedade foram salientadas como a constituição do sujeito individual e intimista, a constituição de não-lugares de passagem e lugares de permanência, o controle do espaço urbano e um modo de compreender como as relações humanas são construídas e modulam encontros. A feira livre se mostrou um lugar curioso para compreender como se dão as relações num espaço urbano específico, carregado de tradição e biografias de seus habitantes cujas narrativas expressam uma memória coletiva. Esta pesquisa que teve por objetivo observar como se davam as relações entre aqueles que fazem parte da feira do bairro Castelo Branco. Este estudo importa ao enfrentamento da problemática da individualização na sociedade urbana e do processo de fragmentação/homogeneização entre grupos sociais, pois busca sentidos sobre as complexidades dos processos de trocas e relações sociais neste território urbano. A partir destas reflexões, foi possível compreender um pouco do universo da feira livre, bem como a importância da abertura para o inesperado dos encontros e suas oportunidades em construir relações que marcam tantas vidas de modo singular.

Localizadas no Agreste alagoano e sergipano, respectivamente, as cidades de Arapiraca e Itabaiana, são portadoras de uma dinâmica singular, despontando como centros regionais no interior do Nordeste brasileiro. A gênese do processo que resultou nesse quadro de referência alicerça-se, sobretudo, na feira livre que assumiu relevância e se refletiu na expansão do comércio e no surgimento de diversas iniciativas industriais. Por conseguinte, contribuindo à criação de uma gama de novos e diversificados serviços e o consequente crescimento das suas economias. No caso de Arapiraca a feira ganha impulso com o desenvolvimento da cultura fumageira, enquanto em Itabaiana o caminhão é o responsável direto pela expansão da feira livre. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho propõe analisar essa gênese ancorada no papel da feira, combinada com outros eventos como as atividades agrícolas, considerando a força e o espírito de iniciativa do povo agrestino. Destarte, foi essencial revisitar os eventos que marcaram cada período na história econômica dos seus respectivos estados e a influência na economia de Arapiraca e Itabaiana, ao tempo em que buscou fazer relação da feira livre com a proposta dos dois circuitos da economia urbana (SANTOS, [1979] 2008). O uso de um referencial teórico-metodológico centrado no entendimento de variáveis como feira livre, desenvolvimento econômico e regional, industrialização, economia natural e de mercado, dinamicidade e centralidade, a partir das concepções de autores como Andrade (1979 e 1998), Braudel (1998), Bispo (2013), Carvalho (2012), Carvalho e Costa (2012), Guedes (1999), Lima (1965), Mamigonian (1965, 2009), Melo (1980), Rangel (1959, 2012c), Santos ([1980] 2010), Santos e Silveira (2010) entre outros, mostrou-se imprescindível nesta investigação. Trilhando por este caminho, a concreção da investigação deu-se mediante o trabalho de campo, que contou com aplicação de questionários com feirantes, consumidores, caminhoneiros e empresários/industriais das duas cidades analisadas. Assim, foi possível constatar um desenvolvimento centrado nas iniciativas locais, com surgimento de pequenos negócios originados do circuito inferior, onde a mão de obra local, o capital próprio e as técnicas não tão modernas, foram a base para o sucesso de iniciativas em diversos ramos. Dessa forma, refletindo-se decisivamente no desenvolvimento econômico desses dois importantes centros regionais do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. / The Arapiraca and Itabaiana cities, which are localized in the agreste from Alagoas and Sergipe, have a single dynamic highlighting itself owing to its regional centers in the Brazilian northeast town. The reason of such prominence is, above all, the street market, which gained relevance and it was responsible for commerce expansion and onset of several industrial initiatives. Moreover, it has contributed to the creation of new and range services and subsequent growth of their economies. In the case of Arapiraca the street market gains momentum with the development of the tobacco culture, while in Itabaiana the truck is directly responsible for the expansion of the street market. In this perspective, this study aims to analyze this genesis based in the free market role, combined with other events such as agricultural activities, considering the strength and spirit of initiative of the agreste citizens. Thus, it was essential to revisit the events that marked each period in the economic history of their respective states and influence in Arapiraca and Itabaiana economy at the same time it tried to connect the free market to the proposal of the two circuits of the urban economy (SANTOS, [1979] 2008). The theoretic-methodological referential use centered on the comprehension of variables like street market, economic and regional development, industrialization, natural and market economy, dynamism and centrality, from the ideas of authors such as Andrade (1979 and 1998), Braudel ( 1998), Bishop (2013), Carvalho (2012), Carvalho and Costa (2012), Guedes (1999), Lima (1965), Mamigonian (1965, 2009), Melo (1980), Rangel (1959, 2012c), Santos ([1980] 2010), Santos and Silveira (2010) among others, proved to be essential on this investigation. Treading on this path, the concretion of research took place through fieldwork, which included questionnaires with merchants, consumers, truckers and businessmen analyzed the two cities. Thus, there has been development centered on local initiatives, with the appearance of small business originated from the lower circuit where local labor, equity and techniques not quite as modern, were the basis for the success of initiatives in several fields. Therefore, reflecting decisively on economic development of these two important regional centers in the country towns of the Brazilian Northeast.

Localizadas no Agreste alagoano e sergipano, respectivamente, as cidades de Arapiraca e Itabaiana, são portadoras de uma dinâmica singular, despontando como centros regionais no interior do Nordeste brasileiro. A gênese do processo que resultou nesse quadro de referência alicerça-se, sobretudo, na feira livre que assumiu relevância e se refletiu na expansão do comércio e no surgimento de diversas iniciativas industriais. Por conseguinte, contribuindo à criação de uma gama de novos e diversificados serviços e o consequente crescimento das suas economias. No caso de Arapiraca a feira ganha impulso com o desenvolvimento da cultura fumageira, enquanto em Itabaiana o caminhão é o responsável direto pela expansão da feira livre. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho propõe analisar essa gênese ancorada no papel da feira, combinada com outros eventos como as atividades agrícolas, considerando a força e o espírito de iniciativa do povo agrestino. Destarte, foi essencial revisitar os eventos que marcaram cada período na história econômica dos seus respectivos estados e a influência na economia de Arapiraca e Itabaiana, ao tempo em que buscou fazer relação da feira livre com a proposta dos dois circuitos da economia urbana (SANTOS, [1979] 2008). O uso de um referencial teórico-metodológico centrado no entendimento de variáveis como feira livre, desenvolvimento econômico e regional, industrialização, economia natural e de mercado, dinamicidade e centralidade, a partir das concepções de autores como Andrade (1979 e 1998), Braudel (1998), Bispo (2013), Carvalho (2012), Carvalho e Costa (2012), Guedes (1999), Lima (1965), Mamigonian (1965, 2009), Melo (1980), Rangel (1959, 2012c), Santos ([1980] 2010), Santos e Silveira (2010) entre outros, mostrou-se imprescindível nesta investigação. Trilhando por este caminho, a concreção da investigação deu-se mediante o trabalho de campo, que contou com aplicação de questionários com feirantes, consumidores, caminhoneiros e empresários/industriais das duas cidades analisadas. Assim, foi possível constatar um desenvolvimento centrado nas iniciativas locais, com surgimento de pequenos negócios originados do circuito inferior, onde a mão de obra local, o capital próprio e as técnicas não tão modernas, foram a base para o sucesso de iniciativas em diversos ramos. Dessa forma, refletindo-se decisivamente no desenvolvimento econômico desses dois importantes centros regionais do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. / The Arapiraca and Itabaiana cities, which are localized in the agreste from Alagoas and Sergipe, have a single dynamic highlighting itself owing to its regional centers in the Brazilian northeast town. The reason of such prominence is, above all, the street market, which gained relevance and it was responsible for commerce expansion and onset of several industrial initiatives. Moreover, it has contributed to the creation of new and range services and subsequent growth of their economies. In the case of Arapiraca the street market gains momentum with the development of the tobacco culture, while in Itabaiana the truck is directly responsible for the expansion of the street market. In this perspective, this study aims to analyze this genesis based in the free market role, combined with other events such as agricultural activities, considering the strength and spirit of initiative of the agreste citizens. Thus, it was essential to revisit the events that marked each period in the economic history of their respective states and influence in Arapiraca and Itabaiana economy at the same time it tried to connect the free market to the proposal of the two circuits of the urban economy (SANTOS, [1979] 2008). The theoretic-methodological referential use centered on the comprehension of variables like street market, economic and regional development, industrialization, natural and market economy, dynamism and centrality, from the ideas of authors such as Andrade (1979 and 1998), Braudel ( 1998), Bishop (2013), Carvalho (2012), Carvalho and Costa (2012), Guedes (1999), Lima (1965), Mamigonian (1965, 2009), Melo (1980), Rangel (1959, 2012c), Santos ([1980] 2010), Santos and Silveira (2010) among others, proved to be essential on this investigation. Treading on this path, the concretion of research took place through fieldwork, which included questionnaires with merchants, consumers, truckers and businessmen analyzed the two cities. Thus, there has been development centered on local initiatives, with the appearance of small business originated from the lower circuit where local labor, equity and techniques not quite as modern, were the basis for the success of initiatives in several fields. Therefore, reflecting decisively on economic development of these two important regional centers in the country towns of the Brazilian Northeast.

Drug use is a global pandemic with overdose-related deaths on the rise. Technological advances have made drug markets more commonly located online, indicating that Darknet markets will become the drug markets of the future. While Darknet markets have existed since the year 2010, research on the phenomena is scarce. The Wall Street Market (WSM) was established in 2016 and by 2017 it was the world´s largest international cryptomarket. Flugsvamp 3.0 is the most current Swedish domestic drug market on Darknet. This study examined WSM and Flugsvamp 3.0, regarding available drug types, number of advertisements, prices and countries of origin on WSM. The study also compared prices on these cryptomarkets with the street prices of Stockholm. During the research process, WSM was shut down by law enforcement. Therefore, an additional day of data collecting on Flugsvamp 3.0 was conducted. The study utilized a method of structured simple observation. A descriptive analysis, with uni- and bivariate analyses, was conducted. The most common drug on both markets was Pharmaceuticals, or prescription drugs. The market with the lowest prices was WSM, while street prices in Stockholm were the lowest of all three marketplaces. Germany most commonly shipped drugs to Sweden, via transactions through WSM. After the closure of WSM both number of advertisements and prices increased on Flugsvamp 3.0, in general. There is a pressing need for further research on Darknet drug markets, as the efficiency of law enforcement efforts to combat drug use depends on it.