本研究旨在瞭解青少年子女壓力因應行為的成因，除了以Maccoby & Martin(1983)的父母教養方式為獨變項之外，還引入Block & Block(1980)提出的自我控制與自我韌性再加上自尊做為中介變項，以探討父母教養方式與青少年子女壓力因應方式的關連影響，以及自我控制、自我韌性、自尊的中介效果。 研究對象為台北縣市之日間部高中學生，共計8所高中653位學生，施以父母教養方式量表、自我控制量表、自我韌性量表、自尊量表、壓力因應策略量表，並將調查所得資料以描述統計、推論統計、結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析。 研究結果顯示：(1)受試者知覺到父母親在反應向度和要求向度上都偏高，其中父母要求又多於父母反應，若父母要求高反應卻低時可能對自尊有不利影響。(2)受試者使用最多的因應策略是情緒取向積極因應，次之為問題取向積極因應，再次之為問題取向消極因應，最少使用的是情緒取向消極因應。高反應高要求的父母教養方式有助於讓子女使用較多的積極因應、較少的消極因應。(3)父母反應對子女的積極因應有直接影響，也會透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程而間接影響，父母反應對子女的消極因應則是完全透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程來間接影響。(4)父母要求對子女的積極因應有直接影響，但對子女的消極因應則沒有直接影響，也都無法透過自我控制、自我韌性、自尊為中介歷程而間接影響子女的積極因應或消極因應。(5)模式的契合度指標大部份都在可接受的範圍內，但模型不夠簡約無法完美描述觀察資料，且父母教養的要求向度在模式中並非一個理想的預測變項，將來需要更進一步修改模式，使模式更精簡更能契合資料。 最後，本研究依據研究結果進行討論並提出建議，做為未來研究與親職教育、學校教育之參考。

Thesis (M. A. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2003 / Refer to document

Two distinct stress coping strategies, proactive and reactive, have been stated in various animal studies, each associated with a set of behavioural and physiological characteristics. In a given challenging situation, proactive animals show more aggression, a higher general activity and a predominant sympathetic reaction. In contrast, the reactive copers respond more with immobility and avoidance, and a predominant parasympathetic/hypothalamic activation. This divergence in coping has also been indicated in salmonid fish. Interestingly, many of the differences reported between sea-ranched and wild fish resembles characteristics that differentiate proactive and reactive copers. In the present thesis it is shown that individuals with divergent stress coping styles are identifiable in several brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Further, the results show that the distribution of individuals displaying these distinct stress coping strategies differs between populations. This strongly indicates that these traits are heritable and that the variation in selection regime in the native rivers influences these traits. In addition, the results show that populations with hatchery origin are biased towards having higher frequencies of trout displaying a proactive style than populations having wild origin. Also, even though the frequency of early sexual maturation, known as a viable alternative life history in salmonids, differs between populations of brown trout, no link between stress coping strategy and early sexual maturation were found. However, this thesis show that maternal contribution, in the form of egg size, is of major importance whether the progeny will sexually mature early and that it also might be of importance for stress coping strategy. Further, correlations of traits commonly associated with stress coping strategies and behavioural syndromes across context and over time is investigated. The results show that individuals with a strong sympathetic reactivity are more prone to change their behaviour than others.

Darbo objektas. sportinių šokių šokėjų patiriamas stresas, jo įtaka savęs vertinimui ir jo įveikimo būdai. Darbo problema: kuo ypatingas streso poveikis sportinių šokių šokėjams ir kokie yra galimi jo įveikimo būdai? Darbo tikslas: nustatyti streso poveikį, jo įtaką savęs vertinimui ir jo įveikimo būdus sportinių šokių šokėjams. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti streso poveikį sportinių šokių šokėjams. 2. Identifikuoti streso įveikimo būdus. 3. Nustatyti sportinių šokių šokėjų patiriamo streso įtaką jų savęs vertinimui. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė. 2. Statistinių duomenų analizė. (Taikant SPSS statistinių duomenų apdorojimo programą) 3. Anketinė apklausa. Tiriamieji klausimai: - Kuo yra išskirtinis stresas kaip reiškinys? - Kokie yra šokėjų patiriamo streso teoriniai pagrindai? - Koks yra streso poveikis sportinių šokių šokėjų savęs vertinimui? Išvados. 1. Sportinių šokių šokėjos dažniau nei šokėjai patiria stresą (p=0,040). Tiek vyrai, tiek ir moterys dažniausiai stresą patiria profesinėje veikloje – šokiuose (p=0,225). Dauguma sportinių šokių šokėjų šokdami stresą jaučia kartais (p=0,653). Sportinių šokių šokėjams dažniau nei šokėjoms stresą labiausiai kelia integruojančios arba ribinės funkcijos (p=0,002). Tiek vyrams, tiek ir moterims stresą dažniausiai kelia siekis būti geriausiu (p=0,773). Sportinių šokių šokėjoms dažniau nei šokėjams stresą kelia psichiniai stresoriai (p=0,002), o šokėjams vyrams dažniau nei moterims pasireiškia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of this paper. Stress experienced by dance sport dancers, its influence to their self assessment and stress coping techniques. Problem of this paper: what is the speciality of stress experienced by dance sport dancers and what are possible its coping techniques. Aim of this paper: to identify effect of stress, its influence to self assessment and stress coping techniques to dance sport dancers. Tasks of this paper: 1st – to assess stress effect to dance sport dancers. 2nd – to identify stress coping techniques. 3rd – to identify influence of stress effect to dance sport dancers self assessment. Research methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature . 2. Analysis of Statistical Data. (Using SPSS statistical data processing program) 3. Questionnaire survey. Research questions: - What is an exclusivity of stress phenomenon? - What are theoretical frameworks of dancers experienced stress? - What is the effect of stress to dance sport dancers self-assessment? Conclusions. 1. Sport dance dancers female more often than male feel stress (p = 0.040). Both male and female tend to suffer stress in their profession activities - dancing (p = 0.225). Most of dance sport dancers sometimes feel stress (p = 0.653). Dance sport dancers male more often then female integrative functions cause stress (p = 0.002). Often stress is caused by aspiration to be the best to both dance sport dancers female and male (p = 0.773). Stress is caused by mental stressors more often to dance sport... [to full text]

This research program represents the first systematic exploration of the subjective experience of alogia, anhedonia, attention problems, avolition, and emotional blunting, and its relation to other objective and subjective factors in schizophrenia. Using a combined rational-empirical approach, a vulnerability-stress-coping model of adjustment to the 5 negative symptoms was developed and tested. Three aspects of appraisal were examined, the primary appraisals of symptom severity and distress, and the secondary appraisal of control. The dimensions of coping with individual symptoms were initially examined using a rational approach, and then empirically using exploratory factor analyses. The Appraisal and Coping with Negative Symptoms Interview Schedule (ACNSIS) was developed for use in Study 1. Both qualitative and quantitative appraisal and coping data were examined for 20 people with negative symptoms. Responses to the ACNSIS demonstrated that appraisals and coping responses varied across participants and individual negative symptoms. Previously employed categorisations of coping behaviour were used to examine and quantify coping. Negative symptom-specific differences were found in awareness of negative symptom presence, degree of agreement with objective ratings, appraisals, reliance on different types of coping, and relations with participant characteristics. Participant coping responses from Study 1 were used to construct the self-report measure used in subsequent studies. Study 2 involved the development, administration, and evaluation of the self-report Appraisal and Coping with Negative Symptoms Questionnaire (ACNSQ). Both an electronic and paper version of the ACNSQ were developed. The ACNSQ was administered to 120 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Participants were required to make severity, distress and control appraisals for each negative symptom they believed they were suffering from. Following symptom appraisals, a number of symptom-specific and general coping items were presented for each negative symptom. In Study 2A, the multidimensionality of coping responses and the nature of empirically derived subscales were explored individually for each negative symptom. Factor analyses of data from 119 participants resulted in 3 underlying coping dimensions for each symptom. These dimensions, which formed the basis of the ACNSQ coping subscales, were labelled as active, emotional, or avoidant forms of coping. Coping subscales were found to be moderately similar across symptoms. The subscales were shown to be internally consistent and largely independent within symptoms. It was found that the degree of reliance on particular coping subscales was negative symptom-specific, although participant coping was related across symptoms. In Study 2B, the nature of negative symptom appraisals and the psychometric properties of the ACNSQ were examined. There was evidence that the nature of appraisals varied according to negative symptom. Retest reliability analyses indicated that overall, ACNSQ appraisals had a low to moderate degree of reliability while coping subscales demonstrated a moderate to high degree of reliability. Differential associations between appraisal and coping and a range of theoretically related variables provided evidence of the construct validity of the ACNSQ. Study 3 used exploratory techniques to conduct cross-sectional tests of a vulnerability-stress-coping model of adjustment to individual negative symptoms based on the data of the 119 participants. Associations between the objective indicator of negative symptom stressor level, and the subjective experience variables of insight, appraisal and coping were examined in relation to adjustment using a multidimensional approach. Two models of the relations between negative symptom predictors and 3 separate domains of adjustment were investigated. Study 3A provided moderate support for a direct effects model for each of the 5 negative symptoms. Objective negative symptom level, insight, primary appraisals and coping subscales all had significant direct effects on one or more domains of adjustment. In general, higher objective negative symptom levels, higher severity and distress appraisals, and greater reliance on avoidant forms of coping were associated with poorer adjustment. The direct effects of active and emotional forms of coping were less consistent and varied across symptoms and adjustment domains. Study 3B extended these findings by providing a limited amount of support for a mediated effects model. Appraisal and coping were found to act as mediators in some of the relations between objective indicators and subjective experience variables for alogia, attention problems and avolition. There was evidence that the impact of insight on coping was partly mediated by control appraisals. Coping partly mediated the relation between stress and adjustment, and appraisal and adjustment. Overall, this series of exploratory studies make a unique contribution to understanding the subjective experience of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The proposed vulnerability-stress-coping model demonstrated utility in identifying variables important in the prediction of adjustment to individual negative symptoms, and in delineating the nature of associations between variables. Further research is required to improve the psychometric properties of the ACNSQ. However, it offers promise as an instrument with which to assess negative symptom appraisals and coping responses, in both clinical and research settings. The present findings have important theoretical and clinical implications concerning the role of subjective and objective factors involved in adjustment to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This research program provides a valuable foundation for future research to test the vulnerability-stress-coping model in its entirety.

This study compared the clinical effectiveness of cognitively oriented stress-coping training with and without biofeedback training to biofeedback training only in the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction (MPDS). These groups were also compared to a fourth treatment consisting of pseudo-biofeedback plus stress-coping training. Subjects were 32 adults suffering from MPDS who had failed to previously profit from other treatments. Subjects averaged 33.5 years of age and 58.7 months of myofascial pain. Treatement consisted of 10 individual sessions over a five-week period. Stress-coping training was designed to teach subjects to monitor their congitive responses to stress-eliciting situations and to learn cognitive coping skills. Biofeedback training was designed to provide relaxation skills that would enable subjects to reduce masseter muscle tension (EMG). Subjects receiving pseudo-biofeedback training did not receive veridical feedback training.

The thesis with title „Stress Evaluation, Coping and Reduction“ is dealing with this nowadays and often discussed problems focused on possibly purposes of work stress, influence of stress on health and techniques of stress coping. The theoretical part concerns on stress and relate topics. In the practical part I have made an analysis of stress load on some employees of dm drogerie markt limited liability company. In conclusion I have suggested proposals leading to stress reduction on this workplace.

Stress, especially the chronic one, plays an essential role in the quality of human health, work, relationships and life in general. In recent years, scientific research in areas such as medicine, psychology or neuroscience has become increasingly interested in the effects of mindfulness training on the human psyche and health. In this context, clinical mindfulness-based training programs are usually examined. The aim of this work was to map the effect of the clinical program Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), which is widely used abroad, on the level of stress. The theoretical part focuses on the existing knowledge about the effects of the MBSR program on health and personal well-being and the proposed mechanisms of action. The research part, in turn, on the knowledge of the effects of this program on stress and quality of life of participants in this program through quantitative research aimed at measuring changes in stress levels and qualitative research, analyzing interviews with program participants. The main result of the research part is the finding that the effect of the MBSR program on stress is an important part of the effects of this intervention and its completion may lead to a reduction of perceived stress (N = 190, p < .001, d = 0.81). Qualitative research found that the...

Stress, especially the chronic one, plays an essential role in the quality of human health, work, relationships and life in general. In recent years, scientific research in areas such as medicine, psychology or neuroscience has become increasingly interested in the effects of mindfulness training on the human psyche and health. In this context, clinical mindfulness-based training programs are usually examined. The aim of this work was to map the effect of the clinical program Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), which is widely used abroad, on the level of stress. The theoretical part focuses on the existing knowledge about the effects of the MBSR program on health and personal well-being and the proposed mechanisms of action. The research part, in turn, on the knowledge of the effects of this program on stress and quality of life of participants in this program through quantitative research aimed at measuring changes in stress levels and qualitative research, analyzing interviews with program participants. The main result of the research part is the finding that the effect of the MBSR program on stress is an important part of the effects of this intervention and its completion may lead to a reduction of perceived stress (N = 190, p < .001, d = 0.81). Qualitative research found that the...

Stress is something that affects women throughout their lives and has a huge effect on wellbeing. The negative consequences of gender inequality make it harder for women to improve their lives and be a part of the labour market because of responsibilities with children and housework. Women experience high levels of stress, which creates a burden affecting their health. The study aims to understand how gender roles, living and working conditions affect stress and stress coping for working Kosovo Albanian mothers in Sweden and Kosovo. The main focus is to understand how work-home relations affect these women in different societies. The study is based on theories of stress, stress coping, theory of gender and determinants of health. A qualitative study was carried out with individual semi-structured interviews concentrating on the phenomenological perspective with an in-depth insight into the women's experiences. Five women living in Sweden and five women living in Kosovo were interviewed digitally. The results show that personality, working and living conditions and social and community networks affect the experience and interpretation of stress and the choice of stress coping for the women depending on the context. / Stress är något som påverkar kvinnorna genom hela livet och har en stor påverkan på hälsan. Negativa effekten av ojämlika könsroller gör det svårare för kvinnor att förbättra deras liv, vara en del av arbetsmarknaden och samtidigt ta hand om barnen och hushållsarbeten. Kvinnor upplever högre mängder av stress, vilket skapar en börda som påverkar hälsan. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur könsroller, boende och arbetsförhållanden påverkar stress och stresshantering för arbetande Kosovoalbanska mammor i Sverige och Kosovo. Huvudfokus ligger i förståelse om hur arbets- och hemförhållanden påverkar kvinnorna i dessa två olika samhällen. Studien är baserat på teorierna stress, stresshantering, teorin om genus och hälsans determinanter. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes med individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med fokus på fenomenologisk perspektiv med en fördjupadperspektiv på kvinnornas erfarenheter. Fem kvinnor i Sverige och fem kvinnor i Kosovo var intervjuade digitalt. Resultaten visar att personlighet, arbets- och livsförhållanden och sociala och samhälleliga nätverk påverkar upplevelsen och tolkningen av stress och den valda hanteringsmetoden av kvinnorna beroende av kontexten.