Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique Lacerda Stutz.pdf: 1850440 bytes, checksum: 6bf9163a71562438af833a79cb8fc8c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-21 / In 1969 the film critic P.A.Sitney said that, suddenly, a cinema structure "had emerged." Although imprecise, his observations were responsible for triggering a long process of discussions about a kind of cinema that, in general, was characterized by self-reflectiveness and antiillusionist processes. The exploration of the filmstrip's materiality, of the alternative projection and camera-capture methods, of the different editing processes and articulation between sound and image, as well as a number of other procedures that called attention to the cinematic structure, were taken as central features of those "structural films." In the search of a genealogical approach of the facts and building on key authors of the genealogical method, especially Nietzsche and Benjamin, alongside with the help of historicaldocumentary data, this research has made clear that the emergence of a dedicated cinematography to its own structure, had derived from a historical development marked by the emancipation of cinema as art, as well as from the development for developing alternatives to the set of cinematic codes agreed by the film industry. From the avant-garde of the 1920s to the artistic movements of the postwar 1950s, the will to acquire an "essential cinematic language have mobilized artists and filmmakers to produce experimental works that questioned such codes, giving rise to the structural films. New York, London and Vienna, altogether saw the development of a filmic production that prioritized to discuss the structural basis of cinematic experience and cinematic discourse from the visual perception phenomena, to cognitive processes during the view. Heterogeneously, the so-called structural works not only cast new light on the film practice itself, expanding its limits; but also demonstrated the possibility of using cinema as an useful instrument for philosophical speculation. Making "films about films", the structural filmmakers completed the avant-garde project of employing film as an autonomous art-form, turning its attention to its own structure, and thereby making the structure of things, the man and his thought more and more visible / Em 1969 o critico de cinema P.A.Sitney alertou para o fato de que, de súbito, um cinema da estrutura havia emergido . Apesar de imprecisas, suas observacões foram responsáveis por desencadear um longo processo de discussões acerca de um tipo de cinema que, em sintese, caracterizava-se por ser auto-reflexivo e anti-ilusionista. A exploracao da materialidade da pelicula fotoquimica, dos métodos alternativos de projecao e captacao, dos sistemas matemáticos de montagem e articulacao entre som e imagem, bem como de uma série de outros procedimentos que chamavam a atencao para a estrutura do cinematografo, foram tomados como caracteristicas centrais daqueles filmes estruturais . Buscando uma visao genealogica dos fatos e tomando como base autores fundamentais do método genealogico, especialmente Nietzsche e Benjamin, aliados a investigacao de dados historico-documentais, esta pesquisa tornou explicito que a emergencia de uma cinematografia voltada para sua propria estrutura derivou do desdobramento historico de um processo marcado pela emancipacao do cinema como arte e, consequentemente, pela elaboracao de alternativas ao conjunto de codigos convencionados pela indústria cinematográfica. Das vanguardas da década de 1920 aos movimentos artisticos do pos-guerra dos anos 1950, a vontade pela aquisicao de uma linguagem essencialmente cinematográfica mobilizou artistas e cineastas a produzirem obras experimentais que problematizaram tais codigos, fazendo emergir o cinema estrutural. A partir de Nova Iorque, Londres e Viena, desenvolveu-se um tipo de producao que priorizou discutir as bases constituintes da experiencia e do discurso cinematográfico - da percepcao visual aos processos cognitivos. De modo heterogeneo, as chamadas obras estruturais nao apenas lancaram novas luzes sobre o proprio fazer-cinema, expandindo seus limites; mas também demonstraram a possibilidade de utilizá-lo como um meio útil para a especulacao filosofica. Fazendo filmes sobre filmes , os realizadores estruturais completaram o projeto vanguardista de encarar o cinema como arte autônoma que, voltando-se para sua propria estrutura, também tornou visiveis a estrutura das coisas, do homem, e de seu pensamento

This project explores the question of originality and appropriation in the creative world by using mashup video as a medium. How can old repetitive stories be deconstructed and transformed into something new? I have created alphabetically ordered montages of shots/scenes containing words/letters from superhero films. By doing so, I do not provide a concrete answer to what is really original in today’s world, but rather encourage the audience to actively participate in the viewing experience of the carefully structured ontology and see the infinite possibility of the modern-day mashup culture.

Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Privilégiant une approche généalogique et intertextuelle, cette étude interroge le dispositif du plan-séquence fixe à travers ses moments phares dans l’histoire du cinéma et démontre que son usage vise autant à renouer avec le cinéma des premiers temps qu’à poursuivre les préoccupations des cinéastes expérimentaux. Chez Andy Warhol, le plan-séquence fixe s’inscrit dans un rapport de redécouverte et d’enchantement du cinéma des premiers temps. Avec Jeanne Dielman, Chantal Akerman prolonge les traits du modernisme bazinien et de l’avant-garde new-yorkaise. Avec l’avènement de la vidéosurveillance, il se transforme en une esthétique carcérale qui pose dès lors des problèmes éthiques et esthétiques (voyeurisme, degré zéro de la mise en scène, etc.), questionnés dans les documentaires News from Home et Délits flagrants. Forme commune et majeure dans le cinéma d’auteur contemporain de même que dans la culture populaire et amateur (web film, série télé, etc.), le plan-séquence fixe permet d’analyser un ensemble de pratiques et de réalités du cinéma, de l’usine Lumière à YouTube. / Favouring an approach at once genealogical and intertextual, this study explores the practice of the "static sequence shot" (plan-séquence caméra fixe) in cinema. It offers an overview of its significant moments in film history. It tries to show how its use since the 70's can be seen as a reappraisal of early cinema technique, and can also find strong echos in the works of experimental filmmakers, in particular structural filmmaking. For Andy Warhol, the static sequence shot was both a rediscovery and an enchantment of early cinema. In Jeanne Dielman Chantal Akerman's static shots extended Bazinian Modernism into the New York Avant-garde. Since the 80's, with the advent of video surveillance, the static sequence shot becomes associated with a carceral apparatus, posing ethical and aesthetic issues (voyeurism, degree zero mechanisms, etc.). These issues are at the core of the documentary films News from Home and Délits flagrants. Today, we can witness that the static sequence shot has become increasingly important and almost dominant in certain branches of auteur cinema as well as in contemporary popular media culture (web films, T.V. series, etc.) This master's thesis thus claims it allows us to analyse current as well as early practices of cinema, from the Lumière' s factory to YouTube.

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Privilégiant une approche généalogique et intertextuelle, cette étude interroge le dispositif du plan-séquence fixe à travers ses moments phares dans l’histoire du cinéma et démontre que son usage vise autant à renouer avec le cinéma des premiers temps qu’à poursuivre les préoccupations des cinéastes expérimentaux. Chez Andy Warhol, le plan-séquence fixe s’inscrit dans un rapport de redécouverte et d’enchantement du cinéma des premiers temps. Avec Jeanne Dielman, Chantal Akerman prolonge les traits du modernisme bazinien et de l’avant-garde new-yorkaise. Avec l’avènement de la vidéosurveillance, il se transforme en une esthétique carcérale qui pose dès lors des problèmes éthiques et esthétiques (voyeurisme, degré zéro de la mise en scène, etc.), questionnés dans les documentaires News from Home et Délits flagrants. Forme commune et majeure dans le cinéma d’auteur contemporain de même que dans la culture populaire et amateur (web film, série télé, etc.), le plan-séquence fixe permet d’analyser un ensemble de pratiques et de réalités du cinéma, de l’usine Lumière à YouTube. / Favouring an approach at once genealogical and intertextual, this study explores the practice of the "static sequence shot" (plan-séquence caméra fixe) in cinema. It offers an overview of its significant moments in film history. It tries to show how its use since the 70's can be seen as a reappraisal of early cinema technique, and can also find strong echos in the works of experimental filmmakers, in particular structural filmmaking. For Andy Warhol, the static sequence shot was both a rediscovery and an enchantment of early cinema. In Jeanne Dielman Chantal Akerman's static shots extended Bazinian Modernism into the New York Avant-garde. Since the 80's, with the advent of video surveillance, the static sequence shot becomes associated with a carceral apparatus, posing ethical and aesthetic issues (voyeurism, degree zero mechanisms, etc.). These issues are at the core of the documentary films News from Home and Délits flagrants. Today, we can witness that the static sequence shot has become increasingly important and almost dominant in certain branches of auteur cinema as well as in contemporary popular media culture (web films, T.V. series, etc.) This master's thesis thus claims it allows us to analyse current as well as early practices of cinema, from the Lumière' s factory to YouTube. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.