No description available.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse a été consacré à l'étude de la protéine AdcA de Dictyostelium discoideum. Cette protéine a été identifiée sur la base de la présence d'un domaine arrestine. Ce coeur arrestine est jouxté par plusieurs domaines dont un motif FYVE et un motif répété trois fois contenant des clusters d'histidines. L'étude de la localisation subcellulaire de AdcA endogène ou de formes étiquetées couplée à l'utilisation de marqueurs de différents compartiments de la voie endocytaire ont permis de mettre en évidence un enrichissement majeur de AdcA au niveau des endosomes précoces. L'étude des différents domaines d'AdcA a mis en lumière le rôle du domaine FYVE dans sa localisation endocytaire et l'implication du domaine N-terminal riche en histidines dans son oligomérisation métal-dépendante. Mes travaux utilisant le mutant adcA nul indique que AdcA pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau d'une voie de recyclage entre les endosomes précoces et la membrane plasmique. Nous avons également pu montrer par des expériences de double hybride et de pull-down que AdcA est capable d'interagir avec la petite protéine G ArfA. Ceci est en accord avec un rôle de AdcA au niveau du recyclage où elle pourrait permettre en association avec ArfA un tri de protéines membranaires dans des vésicules de recyclage.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Nos eucariotos, a evolução dos sistemas de transporte molecular foi essencial pois seu alto grau de compartimentalização requer mecanismos com maior especificidade para a localização de proteínas. Com o estabelecimento das mitocôndrias e plastídeos como organelas da célula eucariota, grande parte dos genes específicos para sua atividade e manutenção foram transferidos ao núcleo. Após a transferência gênica, a maioria das proteínas passaram a ser codificadas pelo núcleo, sintetizadas no citosol e direcionadas às organelas por uma maquinaria complexa que envolve receptores nas membranas das organelas, sequências de direcionamento nas proteínas e proteínas citossólicas que auxiliam o transporte. A importação depende em grande parte de uma sequência na região N-terminal das proteínas que contém sinais reconhecidos pelas membranas organelares. No entanto, muito ainda não é compreendido sobre o transporte de proteínas organelares e fatores ainda desconhecidos podem influenciar o direcionamento sub-celular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização da General Regulatory Factor 9 (GRF9), uma proteína da família 14-3-3 de Arabidopsis thaliana potencialmente envolvida no direcionamento de proteínas organelares, e a geração de um genótipo para ser utilizado na obtenção de uma população mutante para genes que afetam o direcionamento da proteína Tiamina Monofosfato Sintetase (TH-1). Após experimentos in vivo e in planta, foi observado que GRF9 interage com as proteínas duplo-direcionadas Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase1 (MST1) e a Thiazole Biosynthetic Enzyme (THI1), e com a proteína direcionada aos cloroplastos TH-1. Experimentos de deleção e interação in vivo mostraram que a região Box1 de GRF9 é essencial para a interação com THI1 e MST1. Com a finalidade de dar continuidade a caracterização da GRF9 e para realização de testes com relação a sua função no direcionamento de proteínas organelares foi gerada uma linhagem homozigota que superexpressa GRF9. Plantas expressando o transgene TH-1 fusionado a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) em genótipo deficiente na TH-1 (CS3469/TH-1-GFP) foram obtidas para a geração de população mutante que possibilitará a descoberta de componentes genéticos ainda desconhecidos e responsáveis pelo direcionamento de proteínas aos cloroplastos. / In Eukaryotes, the evolution of molecular transport in the cell was essential due to their increase in compartmentalization, which requires more specific mechanisms for the correct localization of proteins. With the establishment of mitochondria and plastids as organelles, a great number of their genes, either specific for their metabolic functions or maintenance of their own transcription/translation processes, were transferred to the nucleus of the cell. These transfers caused most of the organellar proteins to be coded by the nucleus, then synthesized in the cytosol and targeted to the organelles by a complex machinery which involves membrane receptors in the organelles, targeting sequences in the proteins, and cytosolic proteins which assist them with the transport. Protein import depends greatly on an N-terminal sequence in proteins which has recognizable signals for the organellar membrane receptors. However, much is still not understood about the transport of organellar proteins, and unknown factors may still influence subcellular targeting. The goal of this work was the characterization of General Regulatory Factor 9 (GRF9), a protein of the 14-3-3 family in Arabidopsis thaliana potentially involved in the targeting of organellar proteins, and generating a genotype to be used in obtaining a mutant population for genes affecting the targeting of the protein Thiamine Requiring 1 (TH-1). After in vivo and in planta experiments it was observed that GRF9 interacts with the dual-targeted proteins Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase1 (MST1) and Thiazole Biosynthetic Enzyme (THI1), and with the chloroplast targeted protein TH-1. Deletion experiments followed by in vivo interaction assays showed that Box 1 region of GRF9 is essential for the interaction with THI1 and MST1. For the continuing characterization of GRF9 and for following tests of its function in the targeting of organellar proteins, a homozygous line was generated overexpressing GRF9. Plants expressing the transgene TH-1 fused to the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in a TH-1 deficient genotype (CS3469/TH-1-GFP) were obtained for the generation of a mutant population which will allow the discovery of genetic components still unknown responsible for targeting proteins to the chloroplasts.

O estudo da reprodução sexual de plantas e uma área de crescente interesse devido a importância de sementes e frutos em nossa dieta diária, ambos resultantes do desenvolvimento de partes do pistilo, apos fertilização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar um novo gene F-box expresso no pistilo de N. tabacum. Proteínas F-box atuam na interação proteína-proteína, geralmente direcionando proteínas alvo para degradação pela via ubiquitina-proteassomo. Foram identificados cinco genes de função desconhecida que codificam putativas proteínas F-box, em duas bibliotecas de cDNAs de estigmas/estiletes de N. tabacum (DEPAOLI, 2006; QUIAPIM et al., 2009) previamente construídas em nosso laboratório. A expressão de cada um destes genes foi analisada nos diferentes órgãos de N. tabacum, por qRT-PCR. O clone 085H05 da biblioteca TOBEST (QUIAPIM et al., 2009) apresentou expressão preferencial nos órgãos florais. Este clone foi selecionado para uma caracterização funcional mais detalhada. O padrão de expressão deste gene foi avaliado no estigma/estilete durante os 12 estádios do desenvolvimento floral de N. tabacum (KOLTUNOW et al., 1990). O resultado revelou que sua expressão e regulada durante o desenvolvimento, atingindo o maior nível de expressão na antese (estádio 12). Isto sugere que este gene esteja envolvido no desenvolvimento do estigma/estilete. A sequência codificadora do gene correspondente a 085H05 foi determinada e, apos amplificação e clonagem, este gene foi denominado S/S_F-box (Stigma/Style_F-box). Para compreender a função da proteína de S/S_F-box, plantas transgênicas de superexpressao e de silenciamento (por RNAi) deste gene foram geradas. As plantas de RNAi apresentaram o estilete e o ovário reduzidos quando comparados ao controle SR1. Em concordância, as plantas de superexpressao produziram flores com o estilete mais alongado do que o controle, alem do estigma e do ovário de maior tamanho. Altas concentrações de exudato foram observadas na superfície do estigma destas plantas, a partir do estádio 7 tardio. No controle SR1, concentrações equivalentes apenas são observadas nos estádios finais do desenvolvimento. Os fenótipos observados nas plantas transgênicas sugerem que a proteína codificada por S/S_F-box esteja envolvida com o desenvolvimento do pistilo e com o controle do tamanho deste órgão. Adicionalmente, as plantas de RNAi apresentaram o fenótipo de perda da dominância apical. Os níveis de expressão do gene S/S_F-box foram avaliados em plantas que tiveram aumento na produção de auxina no estigma/estilete (plantas STIG1prom::iaaM), revelando que este gene não e regulado, a nível transcricional, por este hormônio. Experimentos de localização subcelular, realizados por expressão transitória da sequência de S/S_F-box fusionada a sequência dos genes repórteres GFP e YFP (S/S_F-box::GFP; S/S_F-box::YFP), indicaram que a proteína S/S_F-box esta localizada no citoplasma e no núcleo celular. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o screening de uma biblioteca de cDNAs de estigma/estilete, construída no sistema de duplo-hibrido, para investigar proteínas candidatas a interagirem com a proteína de S/S_F-box. Os resultados indicaram interação da proteína S/S_F-box com SKP1, confirmando a participação de S/S_F-box no complexo SCF, que promove a degradação de proteínas alvo pela via ubiquitina-proteassomo. Duas proteínas candidatas a alvo foram identificadas: os fatores de transcrição VOZ1 e SIP1, ambos envolvidos com a proliferação celular. Em suma, e possível propor que a proteína codificada por S/S_F-box tenha função relacionada a proliferação celular e ao desenvolvimento dos órgãos vegetais, incluindo o pistilo. / The study of sexual reproduction in plants is an area of increasing interest due to the importance of seeds and fruits in our daily diet, both resulting from the development of parts of the pistil, after fertilization. The aim of this study was to characterize a new F-box gene expressed in the N. tabacum pistil. F-box proteins act in protein-protein interactions, generally directing target proteins to degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome. Five genes of unknown function coding for putative F-box proteins were identified at two cDNAs libraries from N. tabacum stigmas/styles (DEPAOLI, 2006; QUIAPIM et al., 2009), previously constructed in our laboratory. The expression of each of these genes was analyzed in the different N. tabacum organs, by qRT-PCR. The 085H05 clone from the TOBEST library (QUIAPIM et al., 2009) showed preferential expression in floral organs. This clone was select for a more detailed functional characterization. The expression pattern of this gene was evaluated in the stigma/style during the 12 N. tabacum flower developmental stages (KOLTUNOW et al., 1990). The result revealed that its expression is regulated during development, reaching the highest expression level at anthesis (stage 12). It suggests that this gene is involved in the stigma/style development. The coding sequence of the gene corresponding to 085H05 was determined and, after amplification and cloning, the gene was named S/S_F-box (Stigma/Style_F-box). To understand the S/S_F-box protein function, transgenic plants either overexpressing or silencing (by RNAi) the S/S_F-box gene were generated. The RNAi plants showed reduced style and ovary when compared to the control SR1. In accordance, the overexpressing plants produced flowers with a style more elongated than the control, besides an ovary and a stigma of larger size. High concentrations of exudate were observed on the stigma surface of these plants, since the later stage 7. In the control SR1, equivalent concentrations are only observed at the later stages of development. The phenotypes observed in the transgenic plants suggest that the protein encoded by S/S_F-box is involved with pistil development and with the control of pistil size. Additionally, the RNAi plants showed the phenotype of loss of apical dominance. The expression levels of the S/S_F-box gene were evaluated in plants with increased auxin production in the stigma/style (plants STIG1prom::iaaM), showing that this gene is not transcriptionally regulated by this hormone. Subcellular localization experiments, carried out by transient expression of the S/S_F-box sequence fused to the reporter genes GFP and YFP V (S/S_F-box::GFP; S/S_F-box::YFP), showed that the S/S_F-box protein is localized in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Additionally, the screening of a stigma/style cDNA library constructed on the yeast two hybrid system was performed, to investigate candidate proteins for S/S_F-box protein interaction. The results indicated interaction between S/S_Fbox and the SKP1 protein, confirming the involvement of the S/S_F-box protein in the SCF complex, which promotes degradation of target proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome. Two candidates for target proteins were identified: the transcription factors VOZ1 and SIP1, both involved in cell proliferation. In summary, it is possible to propose that the protein encoded by S/S_F-box has functions related to cell proliferation and organ development, including the pistil.

O estudo da reprodução sexual de plantas e uma área de crescente interesse devido a importância de sementes e frutos em nossa dieta diária, ambos resultantes do desenvolvimento de partes do pistilo, apos fertilização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar um novo gene F-box expresso no pistilo de N. tabacum. Proteínas F-box atuam na interação proteína-proteína, geralmente direcionando proteínas alvo para degradação pela via ubiquitina-proteassomo. Foram identificados cinco genes de função desconhecida que codificam putativas proteínas F-box, em duas bibliotecas de cDNAs de estigmas/estiletes de N. tabacum (DEPAOLI, 2006; QUIAPIM et al., 2009) previamente construídas em nosso laboratório. A expressão de cada um destes genes foi analisada nos diferentes órgãos de N. tabacum, por qRT-PCR. O clone 085H05 da biblioteca TOBEST (QUIAPIM et al., 2009) apresentou expressão preferencial nos órgãos florais. Este clone foi selecionado para uma caracterização funcional mais detalhada. O padrão de expressão deste gene foi avaliado no estigma/estilete durante os 12 estádios do desenvolvimento floral de N. tabacum (KOLTUNOW et al., 1990). O resultado revelou que sua expressão e regulada durante o desenvolvimento, atingindo o maior nível de expressão na antese (estádio 12). Isto sugere que este gene esteja envolvido no desenvolvimento do estigma/estilete. A sequência codificadora do gene correspondente a 085H05 foi determinada e, apos amplificação e clonagem, este gene foi denominado S/S_F-box (Stigma/Style_F-box). Para compreender a função da proteína de S/S_F-box, plantas transgênicas de superexpressao e de silenciamento (por RNAi) deste gene foram geradas. As plantas de RNAi apresentaram o estilete e o ovário reduzidos quando comparados ao controle SR1. Em concordância, as plantas de superexpressao produziram flores com o estilete mais alongado do que o controle, alem do estigma e do ovário de maior tamanho. Altas concentrações de exudato foram observadas na superfície do estigma destas plantas, a partir do estádio 7 tardio. No controle SR1, concentrações equivalentes apenas são observadas nos estádios finais do desenvolvimento. Os fenótipos observados nas plantas transgênicas sugerem que a proteína codificada por S/S_F-box esteja envolvida com o desenvolvimento do pistilo e com o controle do tamanho deste órgão. Adicionalmente, as plantas de RNAi apresentaram o fenótipo de perda da dominância apical. Os níveis de expressão do gene S/S_F-box foram avaliados em plantas que tiveram aumento na produção de auxina no estigma/estilete (plantas STIG1prom::iaaM), revelando que este gene não e regulado, a nível transcricional, por este hormônio. Experimentos de localização subcelular, realizados por expressão transitória da sequência de S/S_F-box fusionada a sequência dos genes repórteres GFP e YFP (S/S_F-box::GFP; S/S_F-box::YFP), indicaram que a proteína S/S_F-box esta localizada no citoplasma e no núcleo celular. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o screening de uma biblioteca de cDNAs de estigma/estilete, construída no sistema de duplo-hibrido, para investigar proteínas candidatas a interagirem com a proteína de S/S_F-box. Os resultados indicaram interação da proteína S/S_F-box com SKP1, confirmando a participação de S/S_F-box no complexo SCF, que promove a degradação de proteínas alvo pela via ubiquitina-proteassomo. Duas proteínas candidatas a alvo foram identificadas: os fatores de transcrição VOZ1 e SIP1, ambos envolvidos com a proliferação celular. Em suma, e possível propor que a proteína codificada por S/S_F-box tenha função relacionada a proliferação celular e ao desenvolvimento dos órgãos vegetais, incluindo o pistilo. / The study of sexual reproduction in plants is an area of increasing interest due to the importance of seeds and fruits in our daily diet, both resulting from the development of parts of the pistil, after fertilization. The aim of this study was to characterize a new F-box gene expressed in the N. tabacum pistil. F-box proteins act in protein-protein interactions, generally directing target proteins to degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome. Five genes of unknown function coding for putative F-box proteins were identified at two cDNAs libraries from N. tabacum stigmas/styles (DEPAOLI, 2006; QUIAPIM et al., 2009), previously constructed in our laboratory. The expression of each of these genes was analyzed in the different N. tabacum organs, by qRT-PCR. The 085H05 clone from the TOBEST library (QUIAPIM et al., 2009) showed preferential expression in floral organs. This clone was select for a more detailed functional characterization. The expression pattern of this gene was evaluated in the stigma/style during the 12 N. tabacum flower developmental stages (KOLTUNOW et al., 1990). The result revealed that its expression is regulated during development, reaching the highest expression level at anthesis (stage 12). It suggests that this gene is involved in the stigma/style development. The coding sequence of the gene corresponding to 085H05 was determined and, after amplification and cloning, the gene was named S/S_F-box (Stigma/Style_F-box). To understand the S/S_F-box protein function, transgenic plants either overexpressing or silencing (by RNAi) the S/S_F-box gene were generated. The RNAi plants showed reduced style and ovary when compared to the control SR1. In accordance, the overexpressing plants produced flowers with a style more elongated than the control, besides an ovary and a stigma of larger size. High concentrations of exudate were observed on the stigma surface of these plants, since the later stage 7. In the control SR1, equivalent concentrations are only observed at the later stages of development. The phenotypes observed in the transgenic plants suggest that the protein encoded by S/S_F-box is involved with pistil development and with the control of pistil size. Additionally, the RNAi plants showed the phenotype of loss of apical dominance. The expression levels of the S/S_F-box gene were evaluated in plants with increased auxin production in the stigma/style (plants STIG1prom::iaaM), showing that this gene is not transcriptionally regulated by this hormone. Subcellular localization experiments, carried out by transient expression of the S/S_F-box sequence fused to the reporter genes GFP and YFP V (S/S_F-box::GFP; S/S_F-box::YFP), showed that the S/S_F-box protein is localized in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Additionally, the screening of a stigma/style cDNA library constructed on the yeast two hybrid system was performed, to investigate candidate proteins for S/S_F-box protein interaction. The results indicated interaction between S/S_Fbox and the SKP1 protein, confirming the involvement of the S/S_F-box protein in the SCF complex, which promotes degradation of target proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome. Two candidates for target proteins were identified: the transcription factors VOZ1 and SIP1, both involved in cell proliferation. In summary, it is possible to propose that the protein encoded by S/S_F-box has functions related to cell proliferation and organ development, including the pistil.

La qualité de l'eau du lac Saint-Pierre (LSP), le plus grand lac fluvial du fleuve Saint-Laurent, est notamment compromise par le déversement d’une mixture composée de métaux et de pesticides provenant des rejets des industries, des effluents municipaux et de l’exploitation des terres agricoles dans son bassin versant. Cette contamination est d'autant plus importante dans les zones du lac caractérisées par une végétation dense favorisant la rétention et la sédimentation de la matière en suspension. Or, ces herbiers aquatiques, qui occupent de vastes étendues du LSP, servent de frayère pour plusieurs poissons, dont la perchaude (Perca flavescens). Cette espèce est donc particulièrement affectée par la dégradation des habitats aquatiques du LSP. À la suite d’un déclin important de ses populations depuis la fin des années 1990 en raison de son important intérêt commercial et sportif, un moratoire de cinq ans sur la pêche de la perchaude a été imposé en 2012 et reconduit jusqu’en 2022, puisque l’incapacité de rétablissement des populations de perchaudes semble persister. La présente étude vise à évaluer l'hypothèse que cette incapacité de rétablissement, qui se reflète par un recrutement déficient, soit en partie attribuable à l'impact de la contamination chimique sur la reproduction, soit par des effets toxiques potentiels sur les femelles ovigères, sur les œufs ou sur les jeunes larves pendant les premiers mois. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué l’hypothèse que le glyphosate, herbicide à large spectre et ingrédient actif de la formulation Roundup®, ait un impact indirect sur les jeunes perchaudes en décimant les communautés de biofilms périphytiques, source d’alimentation des invertébrés dont se nourrissent les jeunes larves. Cette suite d’effets contribuerait à l’accroissement de la mortalité hivernale des jeunes de l’année, due à une insuffisance de ressources énergétiques. Or, nos résultats démontrent que peu importe l’âge, et par le fait même l’épaisseur des biofilms, le glyphosate, en concentrations environnementales réalistes, ne semble pas impacter négativement la composition des communautés ou le métabolisme de la chlorophylle des biofilms. Seul l’âge (2 mois, 1 an, 20 ans) de ces derniers semblait en effet influencer la composition taxonomique des communautés. Nous avons cependant observé une augmentation de l’abondance relative d’Anabaena, un taxon de cyanobactérie toxique qui possède une forme résistante rare de l’enzyme EPSPS, cible principale du mode d’action du glyphosate. Cette étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances sur les effets de l’herbicide le plus utilisé à l’échelle mondiale, actuellement au cœur de préoccupations d’intérêt international. Nous avons également évalué le potentiel de toxicité associé au transfert maternel du mercure et du sélénium chez la perchaude à l’aide de techniques de fractionnement subcellulaire. Le mercure est un contaminant d’intérêt en raison de son omniprésence dans l’environnement ainsi que de ses effets néfastes sur la reproduction des poissons à de très faibles concentrations. Il a également été démontré que des ratios molaires Se:Hg supérieurs à 1 atténuaient les effet néfastes du mercure. Nos résultats démontrent une évidence de transfert maternel de la femelle à ses œufs, mais également aux mitochondries gonadiques, principales composantes sensibles de la cellule. Le transfert maternel représentant la source d’exposition aux contaminants la plus importante pour les embryons, nos observations pourraient contribuer à expliquer le recrutement déficient des jeunes perchaudes au LSP. Nous avons également mesuré des ratios molaires Se:Hg systématiquement supérieurs à 1 dans les différentes fractions subcellulaires hépatiques et gonadiques, résultats novateurs qui laissent sous-entendre un effet protecteur du Se. Puisque nous avons confirmé l’occurrence d’un transfert maternel du mercure, l’étape logique subséquente était d’évaluer la bioaccumulation de ce contaminant au sein des différents stades ontogéniques du cycle de vie de la perchaude. Les stades embryo-larvaires et juvéniles précoces sont en effet des phases particulièrement sensibles aux contaminants organiques et inorganiques. Nos résultats démontrent que les concentrations de MeHg décroissent suivant un patron ontogénique, avec les plus hautes concentrations mesurées chez les juvéniles et les plus basses dans les masses d’œufs. Nous avons également démontré que presque 100% du mercure était présent sous forme de MeHg, forme toxique et bioamplifiable, chez les larves et les juvéniles. Les ratios molaires Se:Hg étaient quant à eux systématiquement supérieurs à 1, résultats comblant d’importantes lacunes au niveau des effets antagonistes entre le mercure et le sélénium chez les poissons. Les résultats découlant des présents travaux de recherche ont un impact important sur la science de l’écotoxicologie en raison de leur caractère novateur. Tout d’abord, nous avons contribué à l’avancement des connaissances sur l’impact de concentrations environnementales de glyphosate sur des biofilms d’âge très contrasté. Ensuite, nous avons, pour la première fois, utilisé des outils de fractionnement subcellulaire afin d’évaluer le potentiel de toxicité lié au transfert maternel du mercure. Enfin, nous rapportons les premières données liées à la bioaccumulation simultanée du mercure et du sélénium aux stades de vie clés du développement de la perchaude. La présente thèse s’avère ainsi nécessaire afin de contribuer au progrès du savoir sur le devenir de certains contaminants d’intérêt au sein des écosystèmes aquatiques. / Lake Saint Pierre (LSP) is the largest fluvial lake in the Saint Lawrence River. Water quality in LSP is heavily affected by inputs of nutrients and chemical pollution from tributaries which drain agricultural watersheds, from municipal effluents and from industrial discharges. This contamination is amplified in areas of LSP with dense vegetation because aquatic plants promote the retention and sedimentation of dissolved and particulate matter. Several fish species, including Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), use these aquatic vegetation beds as their spawning grounds and are therefore particularly affected by the contamination of aquatic habitats in LSP. This study therefore tests the hypothesis that chemical contamination in Yellow Perch (YP) during their early life stages can help explain this species’ lack of resilience despite the implementation of a fishing moratorium in 2012. This moratorium was extended until 2022 since populations are still undergoing a recruitment failure and a decline in juvenile abundance populations. The phosphonate herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Roundup®, is currently the most widely used herbicide in the world. Glyphosate-based herbicides are sprayed on food and feed crops during cultivation and are thus subject to leaching to streams and rivers. In aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are important primary producers and are often the first trophic level to be in contact with runoff waters. Thus, a trophic cascade could occur if these biofilms are negatively impacted by glyphosate, potentially leading to larval fish mortality due to resource limitation. Results showed that submersion period (2 months, 1 year, 20 years) was the only significant contributor to community structure. However, the glyphosate-resistant Cyanobacteria Anabaena was found to be favoured by the use of glyphosate. This freshwater Cyanobacteria commonly forms toxic blooms, raising concern regarding the use of glyphosate. For all colonization stages, and therefore different thicknesses, chlorophyll a did not show an unequivocal decline over time. This study therefore provides an interesting snapshot of the biological processes related to periphytic biofilms’ exposure to environmental concentrations of glyphosate. As this herbicide is currently of international concern, it is imperative to contribute to the advancement of knowledge about its effects. Mercury (Hg) is a trace element of particular concern since it is ubiquitous in the environment and because its methylated form (MeHg) readily bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food webs. This latter process leads to elevated Hg concentrations in fish and thus induces toxicity. Maternal transfer of bioaccumulated contaminants to offspring is a suggested mechanism of impaired reproductive success in fish. We therefore assessed the toxicity potential of Hg during maternal transfer in YP from LSP using a sub-cellular partitioning approach. Results showed a strong relationship between Hg bioaccumulation in the liver and Hg concentrations in gonadal mitochondria, which corroborates the potential toxicity of maternal transfer. As selenium is a well-studied Hg antagonist, we also measured the Se:Hg molar ratios in all subcellular fractions. We found that these ratios were systematically above 1, which is the suggested threshold for Hg toxicity alleviation through sequestration by Se. Since early developmental stages in aquatic biota are particularly sensitive to Hg, and after confirming the evidence of maternal transfer, we subsequently addressed Hg bioaccumulation in all parts of YP life cycle. This study is the first of its kind to follow Hg and Se during YP ontogenetic development, from the gravid female to the juvenile. Results show that MeHg follow an ontogenetic pattern, with concentrations decreasing from the juveniles to egg masses. We also found that nearly 100% of THg was measured as the toxic form MeHg in larvae and juveniles. Lastly, Se:Hg molar ratios were systematically above 1, suggesting a potentially protective effect of Se on Hg bioaccumulation. This study will thus provide much needed information on the changes in bioaccumulation patterns during the most sensitive life cycle stages of this declining fish population. Results issued from the present research have significant impact when it comes to the advancement of knowledge in Ecotoxicology due to their novel characteristics. First, we have contributed to the advancement of knowledge on the effects of environmental concentrations of glyphosate on highly age-contrasted biofilms. Also, it is the first time that subcellular partitioning techniques are used in order to assess the toxicity potential of mercury during maternal transfer. Finally, we provide the very first results on the simultaneous bioaccumulation of mercury and selenium in key life stages of YP development. Therefore, this thesis is of particular interest when aiming to assess the fate of certain contaminants of interest within aquatic ecosystems.

Les dysfonctions placentaires sont fortement associées aux complications de la grossesse et de plus en plus reliées à une augmentation de médiateurs inflammatoires endogènes, appelés alarmines ou motifs moléculaires associés aux dommages (« damage associated molecular patterns » (DAMPs). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), est un DAMP qui a été associé aux grossesses avec PE et accouchement prématuré. HMGB1 est une protéine nucléaire qui peut être sécrétée dans l’espace extracellulaire de façon passive ou active. Une fois dans l’espace extracellulaire, HMGB1 existe sous différents isoformes ayant des actions inflammatoires distinctes. Le rôle de HMGB1 et de ses isoformes à l’interface materno-fœtale est encore peu connu. L’objectif de mes travaux de maitrise était d’investiguer le rôle de HMGB1 à l’interface materno-fœtale, en déterminant sa localisation subcellulaire pendant la syncytialisation, ainsi que les actions pro-inflammatoires sur le placenta. Méthodes : Un modèle d’explants placentaires en conditions physiologiques fut utilisé afin de déterminer et de moduler la localisation subcellulaire de HMGB1. Le même modèle a été traité avec les différentes isoformes de HMGB1 (HMGB1-disulfide: D ou HMGB1-réduit: R) afin de déterminer leurs effets inflammatoires et leurs impacts sur la fonction placentaire. Des placentas de femmes ayant des grossesses sans complications, une prééclampsie (PE) ou une prééclampsie du postpartum (PPPE) ont été étudiés afin de déterminer la distribution de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs (Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) et Toll like receptor (TLR4)). Résultats : La localisation intracellulaire de HMGB1 est modulée pendant le processus de syncytialisation avec une localisation majoritairement cytoplasmique et extracellulaire par rapport à une localisation généralement nucléaire dans les trophoblastes différenciés. Favoriser l’export nucléaire de HMGB1 avec un inhibiteur d’histone déacétylase (HDAC), le sodium butyrate (NaB) augmente la concentration cytoplasmique de HMGB1 ainsi que la sécrétion de l’hormone chorionique gonadotrope (-hCG), signe de la différentiation des trophoblastes. L’isoforme disulfide de HMGB1 induit la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoire (IL-1, IL-6 et MCP-1) et a aussi un impact sur la différenciation des trophoblastes, tel qu’observé par une diminution de la sécrétion de -hCG. En conditions pathologiques, l’expression de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs RAGE et TLR4 est augmentée dans des conditions de prééclampsie du post-partum. Pour conclure, la localisation subcellulaire de HMGB1 est modulée pendant la syncytialisation, dans un contexte non-pathologique. L’accumulation cytoplasmique de HMGB1 est la première étape avant la sécrétion dans l’espace extracellulaire. Lorsque dans l’espace extracellulaire, une isoforme spécifique de HMGB1 (HMGB1-D) entraine l’augmentation de la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. L’expression de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs est augmentée et conditions pathologiques démontrant que ce DAMP peut jouer différents rôles tant dans un contexte inflammatoire et de dysfonctions placentaires ainsi que dans un contexte de différenciation des trophoblastes. / Sterile inflammation, caused by endogenous damaged-associated-molecular-patterns (DAMP), at the maternal fetal interface is frequently observed in pregnancy complications and leads to placental inflammation and dysfunction by unknown mechanisms. HMGB1 has been associated to preeclampsia, preterm birth and it can be released in the extracellular space and associated to increased inflammatory actions. Extracellular HMGB1 has two isoforms, (HMGB1-disulfide-D) inducing proinflammatory cytokines whilst the other (HMGB1-reduced-R) acts as a chemoattractant. The role of HMGB1 and its isoform at the maternal-fetal interface is mostly unknown. The objective of my master was to investigate the roles of HMGB1 at the maternal-fetal interface including its subcellular localisation during trophoblast differentiation and pro-inflammatory effects on the placenta. Methods: Term placental explants were used to determine the subcellular localisation of HMGB1 during trophoblast differentiation or treated with specific HMGB1 isoforms (HMGB1-D or HMGB1-R) to determine the impact on inflammation and placental function. Alongside, placentas from women with either normal term pregnancies, PE or PPPE were used to determine the distribution of HMGB1 and its receptor. Results: HMGB1 subcellular localisation is modulated during the syncytialisation process with major cytoplasmic and extracellular localisation to a more nuclear localisation in differentiated trophoblasts. Promoting HMGB1 nuclear export, using the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) NaB, increased HMGB1 cytoplasmic concentration leading to increase secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) in placental explants. HMGB1-D treatment of explants led to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 et MCP-1) and impacted trophoblasts differentiation observed by decreased -hCG secretion. In pathological conditions, HMGB1 and his receptors, RAGE and TLR4, expression is increased in PPPE compared to non-pathological pregnancy. To conclude, we demonstrated changes in the localisation of HMGB1 in association with trophoblast differentiation in uncomplicated pregnancies. Cytoplasmic accumulation of HMGB1 is the first step before its release in the extracellular space. We showed that a specific isoform of HMGB1 (disulfide isoform) induced inflammatory cytokines secretion which suggests a role of this DAMP in placental inflammation and function. Finally, HMGB1 and its receptors are increased in a pathological condition (PPPE) demonstrating that this DAMP may play different role in both inflammatory context and trophoblast differentiation.

博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University