En kvalitativ studie har genomförts där studenterna har arbetat enligt baklängesmetoden med en induktiv ansats. Studenterna genomförde fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra influencers och en mellanhand för insamling av empiri. Detta för att kunna generera kunskap kring hur kedjan kring samarbetet ser ut och vad fördelarna respektive nackdelarna med influencer marknadsföring kan vara. Resultatet av studien visar att influencer marknadsföring kan vara fördelaktigt för företag för ökad försäljning och exponering hos nya kunder. Studien visar även att matchningen mellan företag och influencer är viktig för ett mer lyckat samarbete, därav är mellanhänder en viktig del i kedjan. / A qualitative study has been made by using the backwards method and with an inductive approach. Five semi structured-interviews with influencers and intermediaries were used as a method of data collection. This in order to generate knowledge about how the chain of cooperation looks and what the benefits and the respective disadvantages of influencer marketing can be. The main purpose with this study is to generate knowledge about how the chain of cooperation looks and what the benefits and the respective disadvantages of influencer marketing can be. The results of the study show that influencer marketing can be beneficial for companies to increase sales and to expose the brand to new customers. The study also shows that the match between companies and influencers is important for a more successful collaboration, of which intermediaries are an important part of the chain.

This thesis investigated the processing of emotional stimuli by the visual system, and how the processing of emotions interacts with visual awareness. Emotions have been given ‘special’ status by some previous research, with evidence that the processing of emotions may be relatively independent of striate cortex, and less affected by disruption to awareness than processing of emotionally neutral images. Yet the extent to which emotions are ‘special’ remains questionable. This thesis focused on the processing of emotional stimuli when activity in V1 was disrupted using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and whether emotional properties of stimuli can be reliably discriminated, or affect subsequent responses, when visibility is low. Two of the experiments reported in this thesis disrupted activity in V1 using TMS, Experiment 1 with single pulses in an online design, and Experiment 2 with theta burst stimulation in an offline design. Experiment 1 found that a single pulse of TMS 70-130 ms following a presentation of a body posture image disrupted processing of neutral but not emotional postures in an area of the visual field that corresponded to the disruption. Experiment 2 did not find any convincing evidence of disruption to processing of neutral or emotional faces. From Experiment 1 it would appear that emotional body posture images were relatively unaffected by TMS, and appeared to be robust to disruption to V1. Experiment 2 did not add to this as there was no evidence of disruption in any condition. Experiments 3 and 4 used visual masking to disrupt awareness of emotional and neutral faces. Both experiments used a varying interval between the face and the mask stimuli to systematically vary the visibility of the faces. Overall, the shortest SOA produced the lowest level of visibility, and this level of visibility was arguably outside awareness. In Experiment 3, participants’ ability to discriminate properties of emotional faces under low visibility conditions was greater than their ability to discriminate the orientation of the face. This was despite the orientation discrimination being much easier at higher levels of visibility. Experiment 4 used a gender discrimination task, with emotion providing a redundant cue to the decision (present half of the time). Despite showing a strong linear masking function for the neutral faces, there was no evidence of any emotion advantage. Overall, Experiment 3 gave some evidence of an emotion advantage under low visibility conditions, but this effect was fairly small and not replicated in Experiment 4. Finally, Experiments 5-8 used low visibility emotional faces to prime responses to subsequent emotional faces (Experiments 5 and 6) or words (Experiments 7 and 8). In Experiments 5, 7 and 8 there was some evidence of emotional priming effects, although these effects varied considerably across the different designs used. There was evidence for meaningful processing of the emotional prime faces, but this processing only led to small and variable effects on subsequent responses. In summary, this thesis found some evidence that the processing of emotional stimuli was relatively robust to disruption in V1 with TMS. Attempts to find evidence for robust processing of emotional stimuli when disrupted with backwards masking was less successful, with at best mixed results from discrimination tasks and priming experiments. Whether emotional stimuli are processed by a separate route(s) in the brain is still very much open to debate, but the findings of this thesis offers small and inconsistent evidence for a brain network for processing emotions that is relatively independent of V1 and visual awareness. The network and nature of brain structures involved in the processing of subliminal and low visibility processing of emotions remains somewhat elusive.

O objetivo central desse trabalho é entender as reais possibilidades de participação de elementos subliminares no processo de persuasão publicitária. Para isso, o modelo AIDA foi utilizado em conjunto com estudos científicos que evidenciam e esclarecem as reações de um indivíduo exposto a estímulos subliminares utilizados como estímulos preparatórios para a recepção de estímulos conscientes. / The main goal of this research is to clarify the actual limits of subliminal elements in advertising persuasiveness. For that matter, the AIDA model was used combined with scientific studies in order to provide better understading of an individual\'s reaction to subliminal stimuli used as primes for regular, conscious stimuli.

Because of the outcomes associated with employee turnover, few areas have been researched as extensively in the field of Industrial/Organizational Psychology (Cotton&Tuttle, 1986). Correlates and consequences of employee turnover have been widely examined, though less expansive research has been dedicated to identifying (and potentially screening) turnover prone candidates. To address this concern, the comparative utility of three personality measures for predicting voluntary turnover in law enforcement was assessed. Self-report predictor measures consisted of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, the most widely used instrument in this industry, and the Personality Research Form-E. The implicit personality measure for this investigation was the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (James, 1998). In line with previous research (e.g., Hough, 1998), self-report job applicant scores indicated a defensive or self-presentation bias, whereas the CRT-A did not. Normative and comparative data for all predictor measures are presented to further knowledge for the researcher and practitioner. The importance of context, in this case the influence of the economy on attrition rates, is also discussed.

This research project assesses the role played by political sophistication in terms of itsimpact on the voters’ resort to cognitive shortcuts, with reference both to the consciousand non-conscious components of voting decisions. The investigation scrutinisesempirically the way both sophisticated and unsophisticated individuals make politicaljudgments when prompted with cognitive cues in three different settings. In each ofthem a specific type of cue impinges on the political judgment of individuals at adifferent level and leads to a specific decisional outcome. The overall findings castdoubts on the virtues of heuristic reasoning as effective remedy for voters who have tofind their bearings in the ballot box, but they also downplay the importance of politicalsophistication when visual or subliminal cues are involved in the decision. / Aquest projecte de recerca avalua el paper exercit per la sofisticació política en termesdel seu impacte sobre el recurs dels votants als atalls cognitius, amb referència tant alscomponents conscients i no conscients de les decisions de vot. La investigació examinaempíricament la manera com ambdós individus sofisticats i no sofisticats fan judicispolítics quan si li estimuli amb senyals cognitives de tres tipus diferents. En cada und'ells un tipus específic de atall incideix en el judici polític dels individus en un nivelldiferent i condueix a un resultat específic de presa de decisions. Els resultats generalsposen en dubte les virtuts del raonament heurístic com a remei eficaç per als votants ques’han d'orientar a les urnes, sinó que també minimitzen la importància de la sofisticaciópolítica, quan senyals visuals o subliminals estan involucrats en la decisió.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-37).

O objetivo central desse trabalho é entender as reais possibilidades de participação de elementos subliminares no processo de persuasão publicitária. Para isso, o modelo AIDA foi utilizado em conjunto com estudos científicos que evidenciam e esclarecem as reações de um indivíduo exposto a estímulos subliminares utilizados como estímulos preparatórios para a recepção de estímulos conscientes. / The main goal of this research is to clarify the actual limits of subliminal elements in advertising persuasiveness. For that matter, the AIDA model was used combined with scientific studies in order to provide better understading of an individual\'s reaction to subliminal stimuli used as primes for regular, conscious stimuli.

Fictional narratives of 68 female undergraduates classified as either high or low on sex-guilt were rated for libidinal content following subliminal exposure to either a sex-related or a neutral stimulus. Separate dependent measures were obtained for libidinal derivatives bearing either a transparently "close" or a symbolically "distant" relationship to the sex-related stimulus. Subjects in the sex-related stimulus condition expressed significantly fewer close libidinal derivatives than subjects in the neutral condition. High sex-guilt subjects' distant derivative production revealed a near-significant trend toward repression in the neutral condition, but the greatest amount of expression in the sex-related condition. Type of defenses employed are discussed as a function of subliminally perceived stimulus threat.

This study is focused on the potence of the use of smell in marketing. Subliminal perception, report of C.I.A. and legislation in Czech republic around subliminal advertising.

I approach artmaking with a sense of intrigue, portraying the human condition as seen through my own eyes. The results that surface are female forms combined with subliminal subjective symbolism--a fusion of my personal experiences and influences created through a partially subconscious process. I use this artistic process to help me understand myself and I dare my viewers to seek their own answers within the implied narratives I choose to paint.