Because of the outcomes associated with employee turnover, few areas have been researched as extensively in the field of Industrial/Organizational Psychology (Cotton&Tuttle, 1986). Correlates and consequences of employee turnover have been widely examined, though less expansive research has been dedicated to identifying (and potentially screening) turnover prone candidates. To address this concern, the comparative utility of three personality measures for predicting voluntary turnover in law enforcement was assessed. Self-report predictor measures consisted of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, the most widely used instrument in this industry, and the Personality Research Form-E. The implicit personality measure for this investigation was the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (James, 1998). In line with previous research (e.g., Hough, 1998), self-report job applicant scores indicated a defensive or self-presentation bias, whereas the CRT-A did not. Normative and comparative data for all predictor measures are presented to further knowledge for the researcher and practitioner. The importance of context, in this case the influence of the economy on attrition rates, is also discussed.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-37).

O objetivo central desse trabalho é entender as reais possibilidades de participação de elementos subliminares no processo de persuasão publicitária. Para isso, o modelo AIDA foi utilizado em conjunto com estudos científicos que evidenciam e esclarecem as reações de um indivíduo exposto a estímulos subliminares utilizados como estímulos preparatórios para a recepção de estímulos conscientes. / The main goal of this research is to clarify the actual limits of subliminal elements in advertising persuasiveness. For that matter, the AIDA model was used combined with scientific studies in order to provide better understading of an individual\'s reaction to subliminal stimuli used as primes for regular, conscious stimuli.

Fictional narratives of 68 female undergraduates classified as either high or low on sex-guilt were rated for libidinal content following subliminal exposure to either a sex-related or a neutral stimulus. Separate dependent measures were obtained for libidinal derivatives bearing either a transparently "close" or a symbolically "distant" relationship to the sex-related stimulus. Subjects in the sex-related stimulus condition expressed significantly fewer close libidinal derivatives than subjects in the neutral condition. High sex-guilt subjects' distant derivative production revealed a near-significant trend toward repression in the neutral condition, but the greatest amount of expression in the sex-related condition. Type of defenses employed are discussed as a function of subliminally perceived stimulus threat.

This study is focused on the potence of the use of smell in marketing. Subliminal perception, report of C.I.A. and legislation in Czech republic around subliminal advertising.

Silverman's technique of subliminal psychodynamic activation via tachistoscope has been demonstrated to facilitate competitive performance in college males when a sanctioned oedipal gratification fantasy stimulus is utilized. This effect is presumed to result from a decrease in unconscious neurotic conflict. The cognitive component of Meichenbaum's Cognitive Behavior-Modification has been shown effective in reducing test anxiety. This effect is presumed to stem from conscious identification and modification of negative self-statements. The hypothesis that a combination of the two approaches would prove more effective than the cognitive group therapy alone in reducing test anxiety was tested. Thirty-four test-anxious male students attended 10 sessions wherein they received subliminal stimulation and cognitive group therapy. Half of the students were presented active, and half neutral stimuli subliminally via tachistoscope. All received the cognitive group therapy. Therapists conducting the groups were blind to the hypothesis being tested and the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups. Subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions in order to control for group and therapist effects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Maria Moro do Nascimento.pdf: 2500275 bytes, checksum: 2cb82c4e9a7074a7faa61e51253aa1fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The classical interpretation of Subliminal is that there is a powerful seduction and manipulation widened by the presence of some components placed below perception, which freely reach the subconscious level, to the point of affecting emotions. This happens because such messages go into the recipient s mind, beneath the threshold of his conscious alertness, without any filtering, so as to allow for the effects intended by the originating source to take the individual to act regardless of his own will and with no evaluation. Through the concepts of C. S. Peirce s semiotics, this study aims at understanding the functioning of the process of apprehension of subliminal materials in perception, and intends to contribute to the update of this concept by adding a semiotic direction and a treatment as a language study. Printed advertisements in nationwide magazines are analyzed to view the evidence they carry of the elements that are at stake in the articulation of visual and verbal elements, a play with signs which escape to the sight and perceptual judgment of the recipient. The concept of subliminal is discussed in the bases of the definitions of perception and perceptual judgment, with emphasis to the fact that the subliminal works as an apprehension underneath the perceptual judgment. The theoretical and methodological bases are enhanced by further definitions from Peirce s sign theory, covering the concepts of first, other phenomenological categories, triad sign structure, notion of consciousness, collateral experience, beyond the associations by similarity and contiguity as present in the various language approaches / A interpretação clássica de Subliminar é de que há um certo potencial de sedução e manipulação ampliado com a presença, nas mensagens, de componentes apresentados de forma sub-reptícia, velada, atingindo livremente o subconsciente a ponto de afetar as emoções. Isso ocorre porque tais mensagens penetram na mente do receptor, abaixo do limiar da consciência, sem que haja a ação de algum tipo de filtro. E, desse modo, são capazes de produzir os efeitos intencionados pela fonte codificadora - de levar o indivíduo a direcionar sua vontade sem um mínimo grau de avaliação. À luz da semiótica peirceana, este estudo busca compreender o funcionamento do processo de apreensão dos materiais subliminares na percepção e pretende oferecer abordagens de atualização desse conceito, no momento em que lhe é conferido um enfoque semiótico e um tratamento como linguagem. São analisados anúncios publicitários impressos, veiculados em revistas de circulação nacional, nos quais se pode evidenciar, na articulação entre os elementos visuais e verbais, um jogo na construção sígnica que escapa ao olhar e ao julgamento perceptivo do receptor. A noção de subliminar é discutida tendo, como foco, as definições de percepção e julgamento perceptivo, com destaque para o fato de que o subliminar se manifesta como uma apreensão situada abaixo do julgamento perceptivo. A base teórico-metodológica é reforçada com definições existentes na teoria dos signos enunciada pelo referido autor, englobando os conceitos de primeiridade, demais categorias fenomenológicas, relação triádica do signo, noção de consciência, de experiência colateral, além das associações por similaridade e contigüidade presentes nos enfoques de linguagem

H προβολή υποσυνείδητων μηνυμάτων είναι η διαδικασία έκθεσης ερεθισμάτων κάτω από το κατώφλι της συνειδητοποίησης. Με τον τρόπο αυτό μπορεί να επηρεαστούν οι σκέψεις, τα συναισθήματα και ενέργειες του ανθρώπου. Η υποσυνείδητη αντίληψη συμβαίνει όταν οι πληροφορίες αποθηκεύονται στο ανθρώπινο μυαλό, χωρίς ο δέκτης να έχει συνειδητά επίγνωση του προβλήματος. Οι πληροφορίες φτάνουν στο μυαλό, γιατί ενώ δεν είναι συνειδητά αντιληπτές, γίνονται αντιληπτές από το υποσυνείδητο κομμάτι του εγκεφάλου. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η αποτίμηση των πιθανών διαφορών στις καταγραφές ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος (ΕΕG) και προκλητών δυναμικών (ERPs) κατά την υποβολή ενός ατόμου σε οπτικά υποσυνείδητα ερεθίσματα σε σύγκριση με καταγραφές χωρίς ερέθισμα. Στην εργασία χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα ερευνητικό πρωτόκολλο το οποίο εξετάζει το πώς επηρεάζουν τα υποσυνείδητα ερεθίσματα τη λήψη αποφάσεων και την εγκεφαλική λειτουργία. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας (κεφάλαια 1 και 2) γίνεται μια συνοπτική αναφορά στις κυριότερες μεθόδους απεικόνισης εγκεφάλου, όπως το ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα και την λειτουργική απεικόνιση Μαγνητικού Συντονισμού καθώς και στον συνδυασμό τους για πιο ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα. Το κεφάλαιο 3 αναφέρεται κυρίως σε θέματα σχετικά τα προκλητά δυναμικά, καθώς και την υποσυνείδητη αντίληψη. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφεται η πειραματική διαδικασία και η μετρητική διάταξη που χρησιμοποιήθηκε καθώς και η παρουσίαση της επεξεργασίας των μετρήσεων μέσω του eeglab. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο 5 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της επεξεργασίας σε διαγράμματα προκλητών δυναμικών και φασματικής ισχύος καθώς επίσης και τα συμπεράσματα της εργασίας αυτής. / The display of subliminal messages is the process of stimuli exposure below the threshold of awareness. Through this procedure the thoughts, feelings and actions of a human can be influenced. The subliminal perception occurs when information stored in the human mind without the receiver being consciously aware of it. The information reaching the brain is perceived by the subconscious part of the brain. The object of this diploma thesis is to assess the possible differences in electroencephalogram (EEG) and event - related potentials (ERPs) recordings during the presentation of visual subliminal stimuli compared to non – subliminal conditions. A protocol that examines how subliminal stimuli influence the decision making and the cerebral operation is used. In the first part of the thesis (chapters 1 and 2) there is a brief review of the main brain imaging methods such as EEG and fMRI as well as the combination of them. Chapter 3 reveals issues about event - related potentials and mostly about subliminal perception. In chapter 4, the experiment and the measuring devices used are described, and there is also a presentation of the analysis by using the eeglab. Finally, chapter 5 includes the results of analysis on event - related potential and spectral power graphs, as well as the conclusions of this work.

En kvalitativ studie har genomförts där studenterna har arbetat enligt baklängesmetoden med en induktiv ansats. Studenterna genomförde fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra influencers och en mellanhand för insamling av empiri. Detta för att kunna generera kunskap kring hur kedjan kring samarbetet ser ut och vad fördelarna respektive nackdelarna med influencer marknadsföring kan vara. Resultatet av studien visar att influencer marknadsföring kan vara fördelaktigt för företag för ökad försäljning och exponering hos nya kunder. Studien visar även att matchningen mellan företag och influencer är viktig för ett mer lyckat samarbete, därav är mellanhänder en viktig del i kedjan. / A qualitative study has been made by using the backwards method and with an inductive approach. Five semi structured-interviews with influencers and intermediaries were used as a method of data collection. This in order to generate knowledge about how the chain of cooperation looks and what the benefits and the respective disadvantages of influencer marketing can be. The main purpose with this study is to generate knowledge about how the chain of cooperation looks and what the benefits and the respective disadvantages of influencer marketing can be. The results of the study show that influencer marketing can be beneficial for companies to increase sales and to expose the brand to new customers. The study also shows that the match between companies and influencers is important for a more successful collaboration, of which intermediaries are an important part of the chain.

La modélisation de l’expérience de l’utilisateur dans les Interactions Homme-Machine est un enjeu important pour la conception et le développement des systèmes adaptatifs intelligents. Dans ce contexte, une attention particulière est portée sur les réactions émotionnelles de l’utilisateur, car elles ont une influence capitale sur ses aptitudes cognitives, comme la perception et la prise de décision. La modélisation des émotions est particulièrement pertinente pour les Systèmes Tutoriels Émotionnellement Intelligents (STEI). Ces systèmes cherchent à identifier les émotions de l’apprenant lors des sessions d’apprentissage, et à optimiser son expérience d’interaction en recourant à diverses stratégies d’interventions. Cette thèse vise à améliorer les méthodes de modélisation des émotions et les stratégies émotionnelles utilisées actuellement par les STEI pour agir sur les émotions de l’apprenant. Plus précisément, notre premier objectif a été de proposer une nouvelle méthode pour détecter l’état émotionnel de l’apprenant, en utilisant différentes sources d’informations qui permettent de mesurer les émotions de façon précise, tout en tenant compte des variables individuelles qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la manifestation des émotions. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé une approche multimodale combinant plusieurs mesures physiologiques (activité cérébrale, réactions galvaniques et rythme cardiaque) avec des variables individuelles, pour détecter une émotion très fréquemment observée lors des sessions d’apprentissage, à savoir l’incertitude. Dans un premier lieu, nous avons identifié les indicateurs physiologiques clés qui sont associés à cet état, ainsi que les caractéristiques individuelles qui contribuent à sa manifestation. Puis, nous avons développé des modèles prédictifs permettant de détecter automatiquement cet état à partir des différentes variables analysées, à travers l’entrainement d’algorithmes d’apprentissage machine. Notre deuxième objectif a été de proposer une approche unifiée pour reconnaître simultanément une combinaison de plusieurs émotions, et évaluer explicitement l’impact de ces émotions sur l’expérience d’interaction de l’apprenant. Pour cela, nous avons développé une plateforme hiérarchique, probabiliste et dynamique permettant de suivre les changements émotionnels de l'apprenant au fil du temps, et d’inférer automatiquement la tendance générale qui caractérise son expérience d’interaction à savoir : l’immersion, le blocage ou le décrochage. L’immersion correspond à une expérience optimale : un état dans lequel l'apprenant est complètement concentré et impliqué dans l’activité d’apprentissage. L’état de blocage correspond à une tendance d’interaction non optimale où l'apprenant a de la difficulté à se concentrer. Finalement, le décrochage correspond à un état extrêmement défavorable où l’apprenant n’est plus du tout impliqué dans l’activité d’apprentissage. La plateforme proposée intègre trois modalités de variables diagnostiques permettant d’évaluer l’expérience de l’apprenant à savoir : des variables physiologiques, des variables comportementales, et des mesures de performance, en combinaison avec des variables prédictives qui représentent le contexte courant de l’interaction et les caractéristiques personnelles de l'apprenant. Une étude a été réalisée pour valider notre approche à travers un protocole expérimental permettant de provoquer délibérément les trois tendances ciblées durant l’interaction des apprenants avec différents environnements d’apprentissage. Enfin, notre troisième objectif a été de proposer de nouvelles stratégies pour influencer positivement l’état émotionnel de l’apprenant, sans interrompre la dynamique de la session d’apprentissage. Nous avons à cette fin introduit le concept de stratégies émotionnelles implicites : une nouvelle approche pour agir subtilement sur les émotions de l’apprenant, dans le but d’améliorer son expérience d’apprentissage. Ces stratégies utilisent la perception subliminale, et plus précisément une technique connue sous le nom d’amorçage affectif. Cette technique permet de solliciter inconsciemment les émotions de l’apprenant, à travers la projection d’amorces comportant certaines connotations affectives. Nous avons mis en œuvre une stratégie émotionnelle implicite utilisant une forme particulière d’amorçage affectif à savoir : le conditionnement évaluatif, qui est destiné à améliorer de façon inconsciente l’estime de soi. Une étude expérimentale a été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’impact de cette stratégie sur les réactions émotionnelles et les performances des apprenants. / Modeling the user’s experience within Human-Computer Interaction is an important challenge for the design and development of intelligent adaptive systems. In this context, a particular attention is given to the user’s emotional reactions, as they decisively influence his cognitive abilities, such as perception and decision-making. Emotion modeling is particularly relevant for Emotionally Intelligent Tutoring Systems (EITS). These systems seek to identify the learner’s emotions during tutoring sessions, and to optimize his interaction experience using a variety of intervention strategies. This thesis aims to improve current methods on emotion modeling, as well as the emotional strategies that are presently used within EITS to influence the learner’s emotions. More precisely, our first objective was to propose a new method to recognize the learner’s emotional state, using different sources of information that allow to measure emotions accurately, whilst taking account of individual characteristics that can have an impact on the manifestation of emotions. To that end, we have developed a multimodal approach combining several physiological measures (brain activity, galvanic responses and heart rate) with individual variables, to detect a specific emotion, which is frequently observed within computer tutoring, namely : uncertainty. First, we have identified the key physiological indicators that are associated to this state, and the individual characteristics that contribute to its manifestation. Then, we have developed predictive models to automatically detect this state from the analyzed variables, trough machine learning algorithm training. Our second objective was to propose a unified approach to simultaneously recognize a combination of several emotions, and to explicitly evaluate the impact of these emotions on the learner’s interaction experience. For this purpose, we have developed a hierarchical, probabilistic and dynamic framework, which allows one to track the learner’s emotional changes over time, and to automatically infer the trend that characterizes his interaction experience namely : flow, stuck or off-task. Flow is an optimal experience : a state in which the learner is completely focused and involved within the learning activity. The state of stuck is a non-optimal trend of the interaction where the learner has difficulty to maintain focused attention. Finally, the off-task behavior is an extremely unfavorable state where the learner is not involved anymore within the learning session. The proposed framework integrates three-modality diagnostic variables that sense the learner’s experience including : physiology, behavior and performance, in conjunction with predictive variables that represent the current context of the interaction and the learner’s personal characteristics. A human-subject study was conducted to validate our approach through an experimental protocol designed to deliberately elicit the three targeted trends during the learners’ interaction with different learning environments. Finally, our third objective was to propose new strategies to positively influence the learner’s emotional state, without interrupting the dynamics of the learning session. To this end, we have introduced the concept of implicit emotional strategies : a novel approach to subtly impact the learner’s emotions, in order to improve his learning experience. These strategies use the subliminal perception, and more precisely a technique known as affective priming. This technique aims to unconsciously solicit the learner’s emotions, through the projection of primes charged with specific affective connotations. We have implemented an implicit emotional strategy using a particular form of affective priming namely : the evaluative conditioning, which is designed to unconsciously enhance self-esteem. An experimental study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of this strategy on the learners’ emotional reactions and performance.