INTRODUÇÃO: Em junho de 2009 a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarou pandemia de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Esse novo vírus teve grande impacto na saúde mundial, foi responsável por 90% dos casos de influenza no mundo com apresentação clínica diferente da sazonal, acometendo indivíduos jovens e causando milhares de óbitos. O Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foi referência para atendimento de casos graves. Por se tratar de um vírus novo houve controvérsias em relação a medidas de precaução e em relação ao afastamento dos profissionais de saúde (PAS). Devido a elevada incidência de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 também ocorreram casos entre os profissionais da área da saúde (PAS). OBJETIVOS: Geral: Avaliar os fatores de risco para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 entre profissionais da área da saúde. Específico: Comparar características clínicas e de exposição dos casos de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em comparação a outros casos sintomáticos respiratórios entre profissionais da área da saúde MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle no qual foram criados três grupos e divididos em: sintomático respiratório H1N1-positivo, sintomático respiratório H1N1-negativo e controle assintomático. RESULTADOS: 274 PAS foram avaliados: 52 sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo, 120 sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-negativo e 102 controles assintomáticos. Na análise multivariada que comparou sintomático respiratório H1N1-positivo com assintomáticos, presença de comorbidades/fatores de risco (OR=16,31; IC de 95%; 4,08-65,07) e contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em outro Hospital (OR=12,77; IC de 95%; 1,35-121,52) foram fatores de risco independentes para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Contato social ou com colega de trabalho suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (OR=0,11; IC de 95%; 0,04-0,28) e uso de transporte público (OR=0,19; IC de 95%; 0,07-0,50) foram considerados fatores protetores para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Ao comparar os grupos sintomáticos, as variáveis residir com criança de 5 anos até 12 anos, febre e conjuntivite foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo e coriza e dor de garganta foram mais frequentes no grupo sintomático respiratório H1N1-negativo. Quatro hospitalizações e 1 óbito ocorreram entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo e 1 hospitalização e nenhum óbito nos sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-negativo. CONCLUSÕES: presença de comorbidade/fatores de risco e contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 em outro hospital foram considerados fatores de risco para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Uso de transporte público e contato social ou com colega de trabalho suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 foram fatores protetores. Ter contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em outro hospital, ser da categoria profissional médica, ter tido contato com caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em casa, residir com criança de 5 anos até 12 anos, hospitalização e óbito e os sintomas febre e conjuntivite foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1 positivo. Dor de garganta e coriza foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1 negativo / INTRODUCTION: In June 2009 the World Health Organization declared influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 pnademic. This new virus had great impact on global health and accounted for 90% of cases of influenza in the world. It affected young people and caused thousands of deaths. The Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo was a reference for the treatment of severe cases. Because it was a new virus there were controversies regarding the precautions and HCW sick leave policies. OBJECTIVE: General-To evaluate risk factors for acquisition of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 among health care workers (HCW). Specific: To compare clinical and exposure characteristics of cases of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 with other respiratory symptomatic infections among HCW. METHODS: Case-control study with three groups: symptomatic H1N1-positive cases, symptomatic H1N1-negative cases and asymptomatic controls. RESULTS: 274 HCW were evaluated: 52 symptomatic H1N1-positive cases, 120 symptomatic H1N1-negative cases and 102 asymptomatic controls. In the multivariate analysis that compared H1N1- symptomatic H1N1-positive cases with asymptomatic controls, comorbidities/risk factors (OR=16.31; 95% CI 4.08-65.07) and unprotected contact during caring for a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital (OR=12.77, 95% CI; 1.35- 121.52) were independent risk factors for pandemic influenza infection among HCW. Social contact or contact with co-worker with confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (OR=0.11; 95% CI, 0.04- 0.28) and use of public transportation (OR= 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07- 0.50) were protective. Comparing symptomatics groups, unprotected contact during caring for a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital, to be a medical doctor, contact for or a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 at home, reside with child from 5 to 12 years, fever and conjunctivitis were more common among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases and coryza and sore throat were more frequent symptomatic H1N1-negative cases. Four hospitalizations and one death occurred among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases and one hospitalization and no deaths in symptomatic H1N1-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity/risk factors and unprotected contact during caring for confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital were considered risk factors for acquisition of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09. Use of public transportation and social contact or contact with co-worker with confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 were protective factors. To live with child from 5 to 12 years, hospitalization and death and the symptoms of fever and conjunctivitis were more frequent among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases. Sore throat and coryza more frequent among patients with symptomatic H1N1-negative cases

Introdução: Durante o inverno de 2009, o vírus influenza A(H1N1)09pdm surgiu e se espalhou globalmente. A infecção por este vírus pode induzir a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) em alguns pacientes. O dano alveolar difuso (DAD), padrão histopatológico principal da SDRA, tem etiologia multifatorial, sendo possível que a imunopatologia seja diferente nas várias apresentações do DAD. Objetivo: Descrever, quantificar e comparar a imunopatologia viral (influenza A (H1N1) pdm09) e não-viral em casos de autópsia com dano alveolar difuso. Métodos: Foram analisados tecidos pulmonares de autopsia de 44 pacientes, sendo divididos em 3 grupos: grupo H1N1 (n=15), caracterizado por DAD secundário à influenza A(H1N1)pdm09; grupo SDRA (n=13), caracterizado por pacientes com DAD exsudativo de causas não-pulmonares; e o grupo de controle (n=16) com indivíduos que faleceram de causas não-pulmonares. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de imunohistoquímica e análise de imagem para quantificar, no parênquima pulmonar e nas pequenas vias aéreas, os marcadores de células imunes. Resultados: Foi observada uma elevada densidade celular de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+, células Natural Killer CD57+, células dendríticas CD83+ e granzima A+ no parênquima pulmonar do grupo H1N1 (p < 0,05) em relação aos outros grupos. Na análise das pequenas vias aéreas, observou-se uma menor densidade célular de mastócitos (triptase), células dendríticas (CD207), e um aumento de IL-17 nos grupos H1N1 e SDRA, além de um aumento do número de granzimas A+ e diminuição de celulas dendríticas (CD83) apenas no grupo H1N1 (p < 0,05). Conclusão: O DAD causado pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 está associado com um fenótipo citotóxico inflamatório diferente do DAD de causas não-virais, com uma resposta parcialmente divergente no parênquima pulmonar em relação às pequenas vias aéreas / Rationale: The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in 2009 and spread globally. This virus infection can induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in some patients. Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), which is the histological surrogate for ARDS, has a multifactorial etiology. Therefore, it is possible that the immunopathology differs among the various presentations of DAD. Objectives: To compare the lung immunopathology of viral (influenza A(H1N1)pdm09) to non-viral, extrapulmonary etiologies in autopsy cases with DAD. Methods: The lung tissue of 44 patients, was divided into 3 groups: the H1N1 group (n=15) characterized by DAD due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection; the ARDS group (n=13), characterized by patients with exudative DAD due to non-pulmonary causes; and the control group (n=16), consisting of patients with non-pulmonary causes of death. Measurements and main results: Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to quantify, in the lung parenchyma and small airways, several immune cell markers. There was higher expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD83+ dendritic cells, granzyme A+ and natural killer+ cell density in the lung parenchyma of the H1N1 group (p < 0,05). In the small airways, there was a lower cell density of tryptase+ mast cells and dendritic+ cells and an increase of IL-17 in both DAD groups, with an increased number of granzyme A in H1N1 group (p < 0,05). Conclusion: DAD due to viral A(H1N1)pdm09 is associated with a cytotoxic inflammatory phenotype that is different from non-viral causes of DAD, with partially divergent responses in the parenchyma relative to the small airways.

<p>Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of developing malignant lymphoma, although details about this association remain unclear. The aims of this thesis were to investigate risk factors for lymphoma in patients with RA and to characterize these lymphomas regarding subtype, presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), clinical manifestations and prognosis. </p><p>The Swedish hospital discharge register and the cancer register were used to identify RA patients with lymphoma. Two case-control studies were performed, one smaller including RA patients with lymphoma hospitalised in Uppsala health care region 1964-1983 (n=41) and one larger study of hospitalised RA patients with lymphoma in Sweden 1964-1995 (n=378). RA patients from the same cohorts, but without lymphoma, were matched as controls. Medical records for cases and controls were scrutinized for exposure information. The lymphoma tissues were reclassified according to the WHO classification, and presence of EBV was analysed by EBER in situ hybridisation.</p><p>The most important risk factor for lymphoma development was high RA disease activity. No association was determined between treatment with traditional disease modifying drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, peroral and intra-articular corticosteroids and lymphoma risk. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was more frequent in RA patients than in lymphoma patients in the general population and displayed stronger association with RA disease activity than other lymphoma subtypes. RA patients with DLBCL had increased extranodal involvement and more advanced lymphoma stage at presentation than DLBCL patients in general, and the prognosis was poor. </p><p>A further subdivision of DLBCL into germinal centre (GC) and non-GC subtypes by the expression patterns of CD10, bcl-6 and IRF-4 showed a predominance of the non-GC subtype. This suggested peripheral activated B-cells as the cells of origin in these lymphomas. </p><p>The presence of EBV was low in lymphomas in RA patients (12%). </p>

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of developing malignant lymphoma, although details about this association remain unclear. The aims of this thesis were to investigate risk factors for lymphoma in patients with RA and to characterize these lymphomas regarding subtype, presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), clinical manifestations and prognosis. The Swedish hospital discharge register and the cancer register were used to identify RA patients with lymphoma. Two case-control studies were performed, one smaller including RA patients with lymphoma hospitalised in Uppsala health care region 1964-1983 (n=41) and one larger study of hospitalised RA patients with lymphoma in Sweden 1964-1995 (n=378). RA patients from the same cohorts, but without lymphoma, were matched as controls. Medical records for cases and controls were scrutinized for exposure information. The lymphoma tissues were reclassified according to the WHO classification, and presence of EBV was analysed by EBER in situ hybridisation. The most important risk factor for lymphoma development was high RA disease activity. No association was determined between treatment with traditional disease modifying drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, peroral and intra-articular corticosteroids and lymphoma risk. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was more frequent in RA patients than in lymphoma patients in the general population and displayed stronger association with RA disease activity than other lymphoma subtypes. RA patients with DLBCL had increased extranodal involvement and more advanced lymphoma stage at presentation than DLBCL patients in general, and the prognosis was poor. A further subdivision of DLBCL into germinal centre (GC) and non-GC subtypes by the expression patterns of CD10, bcl-6 and IRF-4 showed a predominance of the non-GC subtype. This suggested peripheral activated B-cells as the cells of origin in these lymphomas. The presence of EBV was low in lymphomas in RA patients (12%).

No description available.

No description available.

L’épidémie du VIH-1 dure maintenant depuis plus de 25 ans. La grande diversité génétique de ce virus est un obstacle majeur en vue de l’éradication de cette pandémie. Au cours des années, le VIH-1 a évolué en plus de cinquante sous-types ou formes recombinantes. Cette diversité génétique est influencée par diverses pressions de sélection, incluant les pressions du système immunitaire de l’hôte et les agents antirétroviraux (ARV). En effet, bien que les ARV aient considérablement réduit les taux de morbidité et de mortalité, en plus d’améliorer la qualité et l’espérance de vie des personnes atteintes du VIH-1, ces traitements sont complexes, dispendieux et amènent leur lot de toxicité pouvant mener à des concentrations plasmatiques sous-optimales pour contrôler la réplication virale. Ceci va permettre l’émergence de variantes virales portant des mutations de résistance aux ARV. Ce phénomène est encore plus complexe lorsque l’on prend en considération l’immense diversité génétique des différents sous-types. De plus, le virus du VIH est capable de persister sous forme latente dans diverses populations cellulaires, rendant ainsi son éradication extrêmement difficile. Des stratégies pouvant restreindre la diversité virale ont donc été préconisées dans le but de favoriser les réponses immunes de l’hôte pour le contrôle de l’infection et d’identifier des variantes virales offrant une meilleure cible pour des stratégies vaccinales ou immunothérapeutiques. Dans cet esprit, nous avons donc étudié, chez des sujets infectés récemment par le VIH-1, l’effet du traitement ARV précoce sur la diversité virale de la région C2V5 du gène enveloppe ainsi que sur la taille des réservoirs. En deuxième lieu, nous avons caractérisé la pression de sélection des ARV sur des souches virales de sous types variés non-B, chez des patients du Mali et du Burkina Faso afin d’évaluer les voies d’échappement viral dans un fond génétique différent du sous-type B largement prévalent en Amérique du Nord. Notre étude a démontré la présence d’une population virale très homogène et peu diversifiée dans les premières semaines suivant l’infection, qui évolue pour atteindre une diversification de +0,23% à la fin de la première année. Cette diversification est plus importante chez les sujets n’ayant pas initié de traitement. De plus, ceci s’accompagne d’un plus grand nombre de particules virales infectieuses dans les réservoirs viraux des cellules mononucléées du sang périphérique (PBMC) chez ces sujets. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’initiation précoce du traitement pourrait avoir un effet bénéfique en retardant l’évolution virale ainsi que la taille des réservoirs, ce qui pourrait supporter une réponse immune mieux ciblée et potentiellement des stratégies immunothérapeutiques permettant d’éradiquer le virus. Nous avons également suivi 801 sujets infectés par des sous-types non-B sur le point de débuter un traitement antirétroviral. Bien que la majorité des sujets ait été à un stade avancé de la maladie, plus de 75% des individus ont obtenu une charge virale indétectable après 6 mois d’ARV, témoignant de l’efficacité comparable des ARV sur les sous-types non-B et B. Toutefois, contrairement aux virus de sous-type B, nous avons observé différentes voies moléculaires de résistance chez les sous type non-B, particulièrement chez les sous-types AGK/AK/K pour lesquels les voies de résistances étaient associées de façon prédominante aux TAM2. De plus, bien que la divergence entre les virus retrouvés chez les patients d’une même région soit faible, nos analyses phylogénétiques ont permis de conclure que ces mutations de résistance se sont produites de novo et non à partir d’un ancêtre commun porteur de résistance. Cependant, notre dernière étude au Mali nous a permis d’évaluer la résistance primaire à près de 10% et des études phylogénétiques seront effectuées afin d’évaluer la circulation de ces souches résistantes dans la population. Ces études suggèrent qu’un contrôle de la réplication virale par les ARV peut freiner la diversité du VIH et ainsi ouvrir la voie à un contrôle immunologique ciblé, utilisant de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales ou immunothérapeutiques. Toutefois, une thérapie antirétrovirale sous-optimale (adhérence, toxicité) peut conduire à l’échappement virologique en favorisant l’émergence et la dissémination de souches résistantes. / The HIV epidemic has been ongoing for 25 years. The striking genetic diversity of this virus is a formidable obstacle to the eradication of the pandemic. Throughout the years, HIV-1 has evolved in more than fifty subtypes and circulating recombinants forms. This evolution is shaped by selective pressures including the host immune responses and sub-optimal HAART treatment. In the era of HAART, HIV associated morbidity and mortality has decreased dramatically and significantly improved the life expectancy of infected individuals. However, treatments are complex, expensive and are associated with toxicity. When viral replication is not fully contained, drug mutations arise which further complicate treatment options. This phenomenon is even more complex when taking into account the great genetic diversity of various HIV-1 subtypes. HIV also has the capacity to persist in different cellular population and thus eradication is extremely difficult to achieve. Strategies aiming at limiting viral diversity and improving the host immune responses to control HIV replication are needed. The identification of conserved viral variants could ultimately be useful in vaccine design or as an immunotherapeutic target. Thus, we have studied the effects early HAART during primary HIV infection has on viral diversity in the C2V5 region of the env gene and on the size of viral reservoir. We then characterized the selective pressure of ARV on non-B subtype and evaluated drug resistance pathways in non-B HIV genetic background in infected subjects from Mali and Burkina Faso as they initiated treatment. Our study demonstrated a homogenous viral population during the first weeks post infection. Viral diversity did increase during the first year to reach +0.23% at the end of the first year post infection. Patients not initiating treatment exhibited a higher magnitude of viral diversity, and the size of their viral reservoir as determined by the number of infectious units per million PBMC’s also reached higher values. Our results suggest that early treatment, by slowing viral evolution and size of viral reservoir, could permit strong immune system responses against contemporaneous viruses and could help achieved eradication. In another study, we followed 801 patients infected with non-B subtype who were about to start antiretroviral therapy. The majority of these patients were at advanced stages of the infection. Nevertheless, more than 75% achieved undetectable viral load after 6 months of therapy. This very encouraging result led us to conclude that antiretroviral therapy was efficient in controlling replication in non-B subtype infection at similar level than in subtype B infection. In contrast to subtype B infection, we observed different molecular resistance pathways in non-B subtypes, particularly in the AGK/AK/K subtype for which mutations were predominantly associated with the TAM2 pathway. Although our phylogenetic analysis showed a very closely related viral population in our population, we were able to determine that those mutations were not from a common ancestral virus transmitted in this population but rather were emerging de novo in those patients. We conducted another study in Mali and our results showed a primary drug resistance frequency of 10%. We are now conducting phlylogenetic studies to evaluate the prevalence of drug resistance virus transmission in this population. Our studies suggest that controlling viral replication by treatment could delay viral evolution. A slower viral diversity could have a beneficial effect on the immune system and could lead to the development of new vaccines or immunotherapeutics strategies. However, sub-optimal drugs concentrations (poor adherence, toxicitiy) could lead to viral escape and emergence of virus bearing drug resistance mutations which could further be disseminated in the population.

Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (pnascimento@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-01-02T16:53:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ronaldo-dias.pdf: 887777 bytes, checksum: a3e14dd05362cb54ee5b6b1de1a81dd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-02T16:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ronaldo-dias.pdf: 887777 bytes, checksum: a3e14dd05362cb54ee5b6b1de1a81dd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O uso de métodos moleculares tem sido apontado como uma das principais ferramentas para o diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas. Dentre as técnicas disponíveis, a PCR em tempo real tem sido uma das mais amplamente utilizadas. A partir dos achados das inúmeras pesquisas desenvolvidas em virtude da epidemia de Influenza A H1N1 em 2009, tal metodologia foi preconizada pelo CDC como sendo a mais eficiente para a confirmação desta patologia na população. A rápida disseminação da epidemia de 2009, em território Brasileiro, evidenciou a necessidade de adoção de uma alternativa de teste em âmbito nacional, cujos custos fossem mais compatíveis com os recursos de que dispõe o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Esta dissertação buscou estabelecer um protótipo de produto para a Vigilância epidemiológica de Influenza A H1N1 a partir de uma plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real, visando contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma rede de vigilância epidemiológica baseada em ensaios moleculares, com a definição de uma matriz de extração semiautomatizada e um equipamento para a realização de PCR em Tempo Real. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio da comparação de matrizes de extração e de equipamentos de PCR em tempo real dos principais fornecedores internacionais. A empresa que obteve a melhor avaliação segundo os critérios descritos foi a Biotools®, por ter apresentado uma proposta competitiva quanto aos custos das plataformas e insumos necessários, além de um atraente pacote de transferência de tecnologia. Após a definição dos equipamentos e insumos, foi iniciada a aferição de um protótipo de modelo nacionalizado de diagnóstico. Em paralelo, buscou-se ainda a melhoria do desempenho do modelo brasileiro, com a avaliação de diferentes composições da mistura de reação, tendo sido também testadas regiões genômicas diferentes daquelas do padrão de referência para o diagnóstico, além da possibilidade do uso de sondas purificadas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a extração semiautomatizada e aquela realizada pelo método manual apresentam um padrão semelhante de eficiência. Também foi comprovada a capacidade de extração do equipamento, inclusive em diluições de amostra pura até uma concentração de 1024 vezes, além da eficiência da purificação de sondas pela técnica de HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography). Ficou evidenciada a equivalência da reação de PCR em tempo real desenvolvida pelo consórcio IBMP/Bio-Manguinhos quando comparada à reação de PCR em tempo real desenvolvida pelo CDC-EUA, considerado padrão de referência para o diagnóstico molecular de influenza A H1N1. Concomitantemente, o modelo de equipamentos da Biotools(Labturbo/Liongene) oferece, como vantagens, a possibilidade de eliminar a etapa manual de extração indicada pelo protocolo do CDC, e de agregar ao processo a realização de uma extração semiautomatizada, o que facilita a execução do protocolo e amplia o quantitativo de amostras que podem ser examinadas a cada ciclo de trabalho. / Nowadays, molecular tools appear as the main alternatives for diagnosis of infectious diseases. Among the available techniques, Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) has been widely used, coupled to extraction matrices. In view of the findings obtained from several researches conducted due to the Influenza A H1N1 epidemic, this technique is considered by the CDC as the most efficient method to confirm this pathology in an affected population. The rapid expansion of the 2009 epidemic in Brazil evidenced the need of a nationalized alternative diagnostic option, without requiring materials from international (foreign) suppliers, and that could be costeffective to Brazilian National Health System (SUS). The present work aimed at the establishment of a product prototype that could meet such requirements. The choice of an instrument setting based on the Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) platform contributes to an epidemiological surveillance network of molecular assays, and enhances Bio- Manguinhos participation in this field.Other factors that were taken into account concern the economic viability of such instruments, as well as the respective installation and validation protocols and clearance by the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). According to the aforesaid criteria, the best ranked supplier was BioTools Company, which presented a competitive proposal for cost of platform and consumables, as well as an attractive technology transfer proposal. Different formulations of the reaction mixture were evaluated in order to improve the test performance. It was found that the Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) assay developed by the IBMP/Bio-Manguinhos consortium presented a better efficacy than that of the CDC-USA, which is the reference standard for Influenza A H1N1 molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, BioTools instruments, which were chosen for the tests, have the advantage of eliminating the manual extraction step in the CDC protocol and include a semi-automated extraction, which facilitates the performance and increases the amount of samples processed (throughput of samples).

INTRODUÇÃO: Em junho de 2009 a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarou pandemia de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Esse novo vírus teve grande impacto na saúde mundial, foi responsável por 90% dos casos de influenza no mundo com apresentação clínica diferente da sazonal, acometendo indivíduos jovens e causando milhares de óbitos. O Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foi referência para atendimento de casos graves. Por se tratar de um vírus novo houve controvérsias em relação a medidas de precaução e em relação ao afastamento dos profissionais de saúde (PAS). Devido a elevada incidência de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 também ocorreram casos entre os profissionais da área da saúde (PAS). OBJETIVOS: Geral: Avaliar os fatores de risco para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 entre profissionais da área da saúde. Específico: Comparar características clínicas e de exposição dos casos de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em comparação a outros casos sintomáticos respiratórios entre profissionais da área da saúde MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle no qual foram criados três grupos e divididos em: sintomático respiratório H1N1-positivo, sintomático respiratório H1N1-negativo e controle assintomático. RESULTADOS: 274 PAS foram avaliados: 52 sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo, 120 sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-negativo e 102 controles assintomáticos. Na análise multivariada que comparou sintomático respiratório H1N1-positivo com assintomáticos, presença de comorbidades/fatores de risco (OR=16,31; IC de 95%; 4,08-65,07) e contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em outro Hospital (OR=12,77; IC de 95%; 1,35-121,52) foram fatores de risco independentes para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Contato social ou com colega de trabalho suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (OR=0,11; IC de 95%; 0,04-0,28) e uso de transporte público (OR=0,19; IC de 95%; 0,07-0,50) foram considerados fatores protetores para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Ao comparar os grupos sintomáticos, as variáveis residir com criança de 5 anos até 12 anos, febre e conjuntivite foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo e coriza e dor de garganta foram mais frequentes no grupo sintomático respiratório H1N1-negativo. Quatro hospitalizações e 1 óbito ocorreram entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-positivo e 1 hospitalização e nenhum óbito nos sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1-negativo. CONCLUSÕES: presença de comorbidade/fatores de risco e contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 em outro hospital foram considerados fatores de risco para aquisição de influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. Uso de transporte público e contato social ou com colega de trabalho suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 foram fatores protetores. Ter contato desprotegido durante atendimento a caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em outro hospital, ser da categoria profissional médica, ter tido contato com caso suspeito e/ou confirmado para influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 em casa, residir com criança de 5 anos até 12 anos, hospitalização e óbito e os sintomas febre e conjuntivite foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1 positivo. Dor de garganta e coriza foram mais frequentes entre os sintomáticos respiratórios H1N1 negativo / INTRODUCTION: In June 2009 the World Health Organization declared influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 pnademic. This new virus had great impact on global health and accounted for 90% of cases of influenza in the world. It affected young people and caused thousands of deaths. The Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo was a reference for the treatment of severe cases. Because it was a new virus there were controversies regarding the precautions and HCW sick leave policies. OBJECTIVE: General-To evaluate risk factors for acquisition of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 among health care workers (HCW). Specific: To compare clinical and exposure characteristics of cases of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 with other respiratory symptomatic infections among HCW. METHODS: Case-control study with three groups: symptomatic H1N1-positive cases, symptomatic H1N1-negative cases and asymptomatic controls. RESULTS: 274 HCW were evaluated: 52 symptomatic H1N1-positive cases, 120 symptomatic H1N1-negative cases and 102 asymptomatic controls. In the multivariate analysis that compared H1N1- symptomatic H1N1-positive cases with asymptomatic controls, comorbidities/risk factors (OR=16.31; 95% CI 4.08-65.07) and unprotected contact during caring for a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital (OR=12.77, 95% CI; 1.35- 121.52) were independent risk factors for pandemic influenza infection among HCW. Social contact or contact with co-worker with confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (OR=0.11; 95% CI, 0.04- 0.28) and use of public transportation (OR= 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07- 0.50) were protective. Comparing symptomatics groups, unprotected contact during caring for a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital, to be a medical doctor, contact for or a confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 at home, reside with child from 5 to 12 years, fever and conjunctivitis were more common among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases and coryza and sore throat were more frequent symptomatic H1N1-negative cases. Four hospitalizations and one death occurred among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases and one hospitalization and no deaths in symptomatic H1N1-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity/risk factors and unprotected contact during caring for confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in another hospital were considered risk factors for acquisition of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09. Use of public transportation and social contact or contact with co-worker with confirmed or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 were protective factors. To live with child from 5 to 12 years, hospitalization and death and the symptoms of fever and conjunctivitis were more frequent among symptomatic H1N1-positive cases. Sore throat and coryza more frequent among patients with symptomatic H1N1-negative cases

\\OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a imunogenicidade e a segurança a curto prazo da vacina H1N1 pandêmica em pacientes com artrite reumatóide (AR) e espondiloartrites [ESa - artrite psoriática (AP) e espondilite anquilosante (EA)] recebendo classes distintas de terapia anti-TNF, assim como comparação com pacientes que receberam drogas modificadoras de doenças reumáticas (DMARDs) e controles saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte pacientes (AR, n=41; EA, n=57 e artrite psoriática - AP, n=22) em uso de agentes anti-TNF (monoclonal, n=94 e receptor solúvel, n=26) foram comparados com 116 pacientes com artrite inflamatórias em uso de DMARDs e 117 controles saudáveis. Soroproteção (SP), soroconversão (SC), médias geométricas dos títulos (MGTs), fator de aumento (FI) das MGT e eventos adversos foram avaliados 21 dias após a vacinação. RESULTADOS: Após a imunização, as taxas de SC (58,2% vs 74,3%, p=0,017) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com espondiloartrites que receberam a terapia anti-TNF, enquanto nenhuma diferença foi observada em pacientes com AR que recebem esta terapia, em comparação com controles saudáveis (p=0,067). Pacientes com espondiloartrites que receberam anticorpos monoclonais (infliximabe/adalimumabe) tiveram uma taxa de SC significativamente menor em comparação com controles saudáveis (51,6% vs. 74,3%, p=0,002) ou para aqueles em uso de DMARDs (51,6% vs. 74,7%, p=0,005), por sua vez não houve diferença para pacientes em uso de etanercepte (86,7% vs. 74,3%, p=0,091). Uma análise dos pacientes com espondiloartrites que apresentaram SC e os que não apresentaram SC revelou que o primeiro grupo teve maior média de idade (p=0,003), maior frequência de anti-TNF (p=0,031) e anticorpos monoclonais (p=0,001), e uma menor frequência de metotrexate (p=0,028). Na regressão logística multivariada, apenas a idade avançada (p=0,015) e tratamento anticorpos monoclonais (p=0,023) permaneceram fatores importantes para a não SC em pacientes com espondiloartrites. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostrou um padrão distinto da resposta imune à vacina contra a gripe pandêmica em pacientes com artrite inflamatória que receberam agentes anti-TNF, com uma imunogenicidade reduzida apenas em pacientes com espondiloartrites usando anticorpos monoclonais / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the immunogenicity of the anti-influenza A H1N1/2009 vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis patients receiving distinct classes of anti-TNF agents compared with patients receiving DMARDs and healthy controls. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients (RA, n=41; ankylosing spondylitis - AS, n=57 and psoriatic arthritis - PsA, n=22) under anti-TNF agents (monoclonal, n=94 and soluble receptor, n=26) were compared to 116 inflammatory arthritis patients under DMARDs and 117 healthy controls. Seroprotection (SP), seroconversion (SC), geometric mean titre (GMT), factor increase (FI) in GMT and adverse events were evaluated 21 days after vaccination. RESULTS: After immunisation, SC rates (58.2% vs. 74.3%, p=0.017) were significantly lower in spondyloarthritis patients receiving anti-TNF therapy, whereas no difference was observed in RA patients receiving this therapy compared to healthy controls (p=0.067). Spondyloarthritis patients receiving monoclonal antibodies (infliximab/adalimumab) had a significantly lower seroconversion rate compared to healthy controls (51.6% vs. 74.3%, p=0.002) or to those under DMARDs (51.6% vs. 74.7%, p=0.005), whereas no difference was observed for patients under etanercept (86.7% vs. 74.3%, p=0.091). Further analysis of non-seroconverting and seronconverting spondyloarthritis patients revealed that the former group had a higher mean age (p=0.003), a higher frequency of anti-TNF (p=0.031) and monoclonal antibodies (p=0.001), and a lower frequency of methotrexate (p=0.028). In multivariate logistic regression, only older age (p=0.015) and monoclonal antibodies treatment (p=0.023) remained significant factors for nonseroconversion in spondyloarthritis patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a distinct disease pattern of immune response to the pandemic influenza vaccine in inflammatory arthritis patients receiving anti-TNF agents, illustrated by a reduced immunogenicity solely in spondyloarthritis patients using monoclonal antibodies