Ce travail a pour objectif de développer de nouveaux microcapteurs à onde acoustique de surface (SAW) capables de détecter le dioxyde de souffre (SO₂) à l’échelle de traces par l’intermédiaire d’une couche sensible à base d’un polymère fonctionnel. Une famille originale de cinq polyuréthaneimides (PUIs) à blocs contenant un nombre contrôlé de sites amines tertiaires de structures différentes a été synthétisée et caractérisée. Ces matériaux présentent des propriétés originales, en solution et à l’état solide, qui sont dues essentiellement à la présence des sites basiques et à la structure à blocs associant des blocs souples polyéthers et des blocs rigides en partie fluorés. Leur excellent caractère filmogène a permis leur application en tant que couche sensible au SO₂ sur des microcapteurs SAW. Deux structures de microcapteurs à onde de Love, bicouche et tri-couche, ont été développées en respectant les conditions de génération de l’onde. La structure bicouche comporte le Quartz-ST 90° comme substrat et l’un des PUIs joue le double rôle de couche guidante et sensible. Cette structure génère bien l’onde de Love mais elle présente une forte sensibilité à la température, inconvénient majeur pour les capteurs de gaz. L’ajout d’une couche guidante à base de ZnO, dans une structure tri-couche, a permis de rendre le dispositif peu sensible à la température et donc compatible avec l’application visée. Les résultats des tests de détection du SO₂ montrent que tous les PUIs étudiés contribuent à une amélioration de la sensibilité comparativement au dispositif sans couche polymère. La présence des sites amines tertiaires conduit à une amélioration importante de la sensibilité qui n’est pas seulement gouvernée par leur basicité mais également par leur encombrement stérique dont le rôle apparaît déterminant / This work aimed at developing new surface acoustic wave (SAW) microsensors capable of detecting traces of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) through a sensitive layer based on a functional polymer. An original family of five polyurethaneimide (PUI) block copolymers containing a controlled number of tertiary amine sites with different chemical structures was synthesized and characterized. These materials exhibited original properties in solution and solid state, which were mainly due to the presence of the basic sites and the block structure combining polyether soft blocks and partially fluorinated hard blocks. Their excellent film-forming character allowed their application as SO₂ sensitive layers on SAW microsensors. Two bi-layer and three-layer structures of Love wave microsensors were developed by respecting the conditions of the Love wave generation. The bi-layer structure included the Quartz ST-90° as the piezoelectric substrate and one of the PUIs acting as both guiding and sensitive layer. This structure generated the Love wave but its high sensitivity to temperature was a major drawback for gas sensors. The addition of a ZnO guiding layer in a three-layer structure led to a microsensor almost insensitive to temperature and thus compatible with the targeted application. The experimental results for SO₂ detection showed that all the PUIs contributed to improve the sensitivity compared to the device without polymer layer. The presence of tertiary amine sites led to a significant improvement in gas sensitivity which was not only governed by their basicity but also by their steric hindrance which played a determining role

O dióxido de enxofre (SO2) é um dos principais poluentes atmosféricos e a busca por sistemas capazes de absorver, detectar e/ou quantificar este gás tem sido de grande interesse. Neste contexto, os líquidos iônicos (LI) têm demonstrado potencial aplicação em metodologias de captura e armazenamento de gases. Neste estudo, nosso maior interesse consiste em entender os principais fatores que governam as interações entre o SO2 e diferentes íons formadores de líquidos iônicos. Em particular, foi explorada a interação específica de transferência de carga entre ânions (base de Lewis) e o SO2 (ácido de Lewis). A abordagem deste trabalho foi baseada em uma investigação sistemática de LI formados pelo cátion 1-butil,3-metilimidazólio (BMI) e diferentes ânions, utilizando da espectroscopia vibracional (Raman e IR), sobretudo a espectroscopia Raman ressonante, aliada a cálculos teóricos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). Os resultados de espectroscopia vibracional Raman e IR, mostraram mudanças na posição e formato da banda referente ao modo de estiramento simétrico vs(SO2) dependendo do ânion e da concentração de SO2 em LI. Verificou-se deslocamentos significativos para menor número de onda em relação ao SO2 líquido puro (1145 cm-1) em menores concentrações de SO2 em LI. Na série dos haletos, Cl-, Br- e I-, quanto maior o ânion, maior o deslocamento (1138, 1133 e 1123 cm-1, respectivamente para a fração molar 0,5). No caso do tiocianato, considerado como um pseudo-haleto, a banda do modo vs(SO2) aparece em cerca de 1130 cm-1 na mesma fração molar, ou seja, em um valor intermediário entre o Br- e o I-. Esses deslocamentos observados podem ser interpretados de acordo com a interação específica de transferência de carga do ânion para o SO2. Um resultado observado que merece destaque consiste na dependência da banda Raman do modo vs(SO2) com a energia da radiação excitante, o que é denominado de dispersão Raman. Tal fenômeno pôde ser explicado utilizando o modelo de \"excitação seletiva do estado de solvatação\" em que foi possível caracterizar os diferentes estados de solvatação do SO2 em líquidos iônicos. / Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants and the search for systems capable of absorbing detect and/or quantify such gas has been of great interest. In this context, ionic liquids (IL) have shown potential application in capture methodologies and gas storage. In this study, our interest consists in the understanding of the main factors that govern the interactions between SO2 and diferents ions of ionic liquids. In particular, the charge transfer specific interaction was explored between anions (Lewis base) and SO2 (Lewis acid). The approach of this study was based on a systematic investigation of LI formed by 1-butyl cation, 3-methylimidazolium (BMI) and different anions, using vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), especially resonance Raman spectroscopy, allied with theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The vibrational spectroscopic results (Raman and IR) showed changes in the position and shape of the band assigned to the symmetric stretching mode vs(SO2) depending on the anion and SO2 concentration in LI. There were significant shifts to lower wavenumbers with respect to pure liquid SO2 (1145 cm-1) at lower SO2 concentrations in IL. In the series of halides, Cl-, Br- and I-, the bigger the anion, the larger the displacement (1138, 1133 and 1123 cm-1, respectively at 0.5 mole fraction). In the case of thiocyanate, regarded as a pseudo-halide, the band vs(SO2) appears at about 1130 cm-1 at the same molar fraction, i.e. at an intermediate value between the Br- and I-. The observed displacement can be interpreted accordingly to the specific interaction of charge transfer from the anion to SO2. A result that is worth mentioning is the dependence of the wavenumber of the Raman band vs(SO2) with the energy of the exciting radiation, which is called Raman scattering. This phenomenon could be explained using the model of \"solvation state selective excitation\" in which was possible to characterize the diferente solvation states of the SO2 in ionic liquids

O dióxido de enxofre (SO2) é um dos principais poluentes atmosféricos e a busca por sistemas capazes de absorver, detectar e/ou quantificar este gás tem sido de grande interesse. Neste contexto, os líquidos iônicos (LI) têm demonstrado potencial aplicação em metodologias de captura e armazenamento de gases. Neste estudo, nosso maior interesse consiste em entender os principais fatores que governam as interações entre o SO2 e diferentes íons formadores de líquidos iônicos. Em particular, foi explorada a interação específica de transferência de carga entre ânions (base de Lewis) e o SO2 (ácido de Lewis). A abordagem deste trabalho foi baseada em uma investigação sistemática de LI formados pelo cátion 1-butil,3-metilimidazólio (BMI) e diferentes ânions, utilizando da espectroscopia vibracional (Raman e IR), sobretudo a espectroscopia Raman ressonante, aliada a cálculos teóricos baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). Os resultados de espectroscopia vibracional Raman e IR, mostraram mudanças na posição e formato da banda referente ao modo de estiramento simétrico vs(SO2) dependendo do ânion e da concentração de SO2 em LI. Verificou-se deslocamentos significativos para menor número de onda em relação ao SO2 líquido puro (1145 cm-1) em menores concentrações de SO2 em LI. Na série dos haletos, Cl-, Br- e I-, quanto maior o ânion, maior o deslocamento (1138, 1133 e 1123 cm-1, respectivamente para a fração molar 0,5). No caso do tiocianato, considerado como um pseudo-haleto, a banda do modo vs(SO2) aparece em cerca de 1130 cm-1 na mesma fração molar, ou seja, em um valor intermediário entre o Br- e o I-. Esses deslocamentos observados podem ser interpretados de acordo com a interação específica de transferência de carga do ânion para o SO2. Um resultado observado que merece destaque consiste na dependência da banda Raman do modo vs(SO2) com a energia da radiação excitante, o que é denominado de dispersão Raman. Tal fenômeno pôde ser explicado utilizando o modelo de \"excitação seletiva do estado de solvatação\" em que foi possível caracterizar os diferentes estados de solvatação do SO2 em líquidos iônicos. / Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants and the search for systems capable of absorbing detect and/or quantify such gas has been of great interest. In this context, ionic liquids (IL) have shown potential application in capture methodologies and gas storage. In this study, our interest consists in the understanding of the main factors that govern the interactions between SO2 and diferents ions of ionic liquids. In particular, the charge transfer specific interaction was explored between anions (Lewis base) and SO2 (Lewis acid). The approach of this study was based on a systematic investigation of LI formed by 1-butyl cation, 3-methylimidazolium (BMI) and different anions, using vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), especially resonance Raman spectroscopy, allied with theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The vibrational spectroscopic results (Raman and IR) showed changes in the position and shape of the band assigned to the symmetric stretching mode vs(SO2) depending on the anion and SO2 concentration in LI. There were significant shifts to lower wavenumbers with respect to pure liquid SO2 (1145 cm-1) at lower SO2 concentrations in IL. In the series of halides, Cl-, Br- and I-, the bigger the anion, the larger the displacement (1138, 1133 and 1123 cm-1, respectively at 0.5 mole fraction). In the case of thiocyanate, regarded as a pseudo-halide, the band vs(SO2) appears at about 1130 cm-1 at the same molar fraction, i.e. at an intermediate value between the Br- and I-. The observed displacement can be interpreted accordingly to the specific interaction of charge transfer from the anion to SO2. A result that is worth mentioning is the dependence of the wavenumber of the Raman band vs(SO2) with the energy of the exciting radiation, which is called Raman scattering. This phenomenon could be explained using the model of \"solvation state selective excitation\" in which was possible to characterize the diferente solvation states of the SO2 in ionic liquids

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T15:13:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Maria Nery de Barros Goes.pdf: 1347795 bytes, checksum: 24168cc057093f00ff74643a016d16ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T15:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Maria Nery de Barros Goes.pdf: 1347795 bytes, checksum: 24168cc057093f00ff74643a016d16ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In global aquaculture, shrimp farming has stood out as a highly profitable activity, contributing to the economic growth of agribusiness. In Brazil, the activity performs well, mobilizing large investments and generating jobs mainly in the Northeast, whose production is largely destined for exports. In this context, the quality of the product assumes fundamental importance, being necessary the use of additives. Sodium metabisulfite is the most widely used preservative in shrimp farming, acting as a molecular oxygen inhibiting agent, preventing the melanose reaction. In this way, the objective was to contribute to the reduction of the residual content of this preservative in cultivated prawns destined to the external and internal market. Shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei classification 81/100 were submitted to ten concentrations of sodium metabisulphite (from 1 to 10%) during five exposure times (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) in order to establish the relationship Between the preservative concentration and the immersion time of the shrimp. The different methods of measuring SO2 concentration in shrimps and the residual levels of SO2 in frozen shrimps were also evaluated during the 1-month period. The results were statistically analyzed using multiple linear models. Concentrations of metabisulfite, above 4%, exceeded the maximum limits permitted by current legislation for cold and frozen shrimp (100 ppm residual SO2) being inappropriate for practical use. The shrimp submitted to concentration 1% showed good conservation during the first 20 days, however after this period the onset of melanose was detected. Concentrations 2 and 3% adequately preserved the product for a period of 30 days, with satisfactory SO2 levels. Storage time did not significantly influence (P <0.05) sulfite levels. The adapted Adolfo Lutz titration method presented great sensitivity for the detection of free and combined sulphites, not the same with the methods of cold titration and the reactive tape, in order of sensitivity for free sulfites. The antimicrobial action was directly proportional to the preservative concentration. It is concluded that the concentrations of sodium metabisulphite currently used in practice are excessively high, leading to wastage of preservative and capital in production and generating high levels of SO2 in shrimp / Na aqüicultura mundial, a carcinicultura tem se destacado como uma atividade de grande rentabilidade, contribuindo para o crescimento econômico do agronegócio. No Brasil, a atividade apresenta excelente desempenho, mobilizando grandes investimentos e gerando empregos principalmente na região Nordeste, cuja produção em grande parte é destinada às exportações. Neste contexto, a qualidade do produto assume importância fundamental, sendo necessário o uso de aditivos. O metabissulfito de sódio é o conservante de maior aplicação na carcinicultura atuando como agente inibidor do oxigênio molecular, impedindo a reação de melanose. Desta forma, objetivou-se contribuir para a diminuição do teor residual deste conservante em camarões cultivados destinados ao mercado externo e interno. Camarões da espécie Litopenaeus vannamei de classificação 81/100, foram submetidos a dez concentrações de metabissulfito de sódio (de 1 a 10%) durante cinco tempos de exposição (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 min) buscando-se estabelecer a relação entre a concentração do conservante e tempo de imersão dos camarões. Avaliaram-se também os diferentes métodos de mensuração da concentração de SO2 nos camarões e os níveis residuais de SO2 nos camarões congelados, durante o período de 1 mês. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando-se modelos lineares múltiplos. As concentrações de metabissulfito, acima de 4% excederam os limites máximos permitidos pela legislação vigente para camarão resfriado e congelados (100 ppm de SO2 residual) estando inapropriadas para utilização na prática. Os camarões submetidos à concentração 1% apresentaram boa conservação durante os 20 primeiros dias, todavia após este período foi detectado início de melanose. Asconcentrações 2 e 3% conservaram adequadamente o produto pelo período de 30 dias, com níveis de SO2 satisfatórios. O tempo de armazenamento não influenciou significativamente (P<0,05) nos níveis de sulfito. O método da titulação Adolfo Lutz adaptado apresentou grande sensibilidade para detecção de sulfitos livres e combinados, não ocorrendo o mesmo com os métodos da titulação iodométrica a frio e da fita reativa, em ordem de sensibilidade para sulfitos livres. A ação antimicrobiana foi diretamente proporcional à concentração do conservante. Conclui-se que as concentrações de metabissulfito de sódio atualmente utilizadas na prática estão excessivamente altas, ocasionando desperdício de conservante e capital na produção e gerando elevados níveis de SO2 nos camarões.

Le SO2 est un additif utilisé en oenologie pour ses propriétés antiseptiques,antioxydantes et antioxydasiques. Il est introduit dans les vins en grandes quantités en raisonde son fort pouvoir de combinaison avec les dérivés carbonylés, ce qui limite son activité. Leproblème est que les teneurs maximales de SO2 autorisées ne permettent pas toujours uneprotection suffisante du vin contre les phénomènes de refermentation. L'objectif principal dece projet était de réduire la concentration en dioxyde de soufre dans les vins en éliminant unepartie des dérivés carbonylés responsables de la combinaison bisulfitique. La méthoderetenue a été l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE). Elle fait intervenir des interactions entre unephase liquide et un support solide poreux modifié avec une fonction extractive. Les travauxantérieurs ont permis de sélectionner l’hydrazine et la sulfonylhydrazine comme agentsd’extraction. Ces fonctions ont été fixées sur des supports polymères organiques selon deuxvoies : la fonctionnalisation de résines sulfoniques commerciales et la copolymérisation ensuspension de méthacrylate de glycidyle suivie d’une fonctionnalisation. Les supports solidesobtenus ont été caractérisés afin de valider la fonctionnalisation. Ils ont ensuite été testés surdes solutions modèles du vin et le procédé a prouvé son efficacité. La présence decontaminants dans les solutions a été recherchée avant d’appliquer la méthode sur du vin. / SO2 is an additive used in enology for its antiseptic, antioxidant and antioxydasic properties. It is introduced in wines in large quantities due to its high binding power with carbonyl compounds, which limits its activity. The maximum SO2 content authorized is notalways enough to avoid fermentative phenomena during wine storage. The main objective of this project was to develop a method to reduce the sulfur dioxide concentration in wines byeliminating some of carbonyl compounds responsible for the SO2 binding. The method used was solid-phase extraction (SPE). It involves interactions between a liquid and a porous solid support modified with an extractive function. Previous work allowed to select hydrazine andsulfonylhydrazine as extractive reagents. These functions were fixed on organic polymersupports according to two routes : functionnalization of commercial sulfonic resins and suspension copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (followed by the functionnalization). The solid supports obtained were characterized in order to validate the functionnalization.Then selective extractions were executed on model solutions. The diminution of carbonylcompounds concentration and SO2 content was showed by those experiments. The presence of contaminants in the solutions was investigated before applying the method to wine.

No description available.

As aminas heterocíclicas alifáticas, piperidina, piperazina e pirrolidina, interagem com o dióxido de enxofre, gasoso ou líquido, dando origem a uma série de compostos em diferentes estequiometrias, os quais foram investigados fundamentalmente por técnicas espectroscópicas vibracionais, infravermelho e Raman, utilizando-se como técnicas auxiliares a espectroscopia eletrônica, espectros de massas e de ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados obtidos caracterizam as espécies estudadas como complexos moleculares formados entre as aminas e o SO2, especialmente devido aos deslocamentos de frequências observados nos espectros Raman, para os modos vibracionais de estiramento simétrico e deformação angular do dióxido de enxofre. Os dados indicam no sentido do estabelecimento de intensas ligações de hidrogênio, as quais devem desempenhar importante papel na estabilização dos complexos. Os deslocamentos observados nos espectros Raman encontram-se de acordo com o comportamento previsto para a interação de transferência de carga, em que o LUMO do SO2 apresenta caráter antiligante em relação à ligação S-O e ligante em relação à interação O-O. / The interaction of alifatic heterocyclic amines piperidine, piperazine and pyrrolidine, with sulfur dioxide yields a variety of products of different stoichiometry. The investigation of the formed species were carried out mainly by vibrational spectroscopic techniques, infrared and Raman, and electronic spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used as auxiliary techniques. The obtained results indicate that the studied species are charge transfer molecular complexes due to the frequency shifts of the symmetric stretching and angular deformation modes of sulfur dioxide in the Raman spectra. The data are in agreement with an S-O antibonding and a O-O bonding character of the LUMO of SO2. Hydrogen bonds play an important role in the complex stabilization.

As aminas heterocíclicas alifáticas, piperidina, piperazina e pirrolidina, interagem com o dióxido de enxofre, gasoso ou líquido, dando origem a uma série de compostos em diferentes estequiometrias, os quais foram investigados fundamentalmente por técnicas espectroscópicas vibracionais, infravermelho e Raman, utilizando-se como técnicas auxiliares a espectroscopia eletrônica, espectros de massas e de ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados obtidos caracterizam as espécies estudadas como complexos moleculares formados entre as aminas e o SO2, especialmente devido aos deslocamentos de frequências observados nos espectros Raman, para os modos vibracionais de estiramento simétrico e deformação angular do dióxido de enxofre. Os dados indicam no sentido do estabelecimento de intensas ligações de hidrogênio, as quais devem desempenhar importante papel na estabilização dos complexos. Os deslocamentos observados nos espectros Raman encontram-se de acordo com o comportamento previsto para a interação de transferência de carga, em que o LUMO do SO2 apresenta caráter antiligante em relação à ligação S-O e ligante em relação à interação O-O. / The interaction of alifatic heterocyclic amines piperidine, piperazine and pyrrolidine, with sulfur dioxide yields a variety of products of different stoichiometry. The investigation of the formed species were carried out mainly by vibrational spectroscopic techniques, infrared and Raman, and electronic spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used as auxiliary techniques. The obtained results indicate that the studied species are charge transfer molecular complexes due to the frequency shifts of the symmetric stretching and angular deformation modes of sulfur dioxide in the Raman spectra. The data are in agreement with an S-O antibonding and a O-O bonding character of the LUMO of SO2. Hydrogen bonds play an important role in the complex stabilization.

The foci of this thesis are the metal oxides Cu2O, ZnO and Fe3O4 and their interaction with water and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The intention is to study SO2-induced atmospheric corrosion on a molecular level. All studies are based on photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements. The band structure of Cu2O in the Γ-M direction has been probed by angle-resolved PES (ARPES). It reveals a more detailed picture of the bulk band structure than earlier data and gives the first experimental evidence of a dispersive hybridized Cu 3d-Cu 4s state. The experimental data is compared to band structure calculations. The structure of clean metal oxide surfaces and impact of sample preparation have been studied. Oxygen vacancies can form a (√3x√3)R30° reconstruction on Cu2O(111). Oxygen atoms adjacent to copper vacancies, steps or kinks are shown to be adsorption sites for both water and SO2. Annealing temperature influences the defect density and hydrogen content in ZnO, which can have large impact on the surface properties of ZnO(0001). Water is shown to adsorb dissociatively on ZnO(0001) and partly dissociatively on Cu2O(111). The dissociation occurs at undercoordinated oxygen sites on both surfaces. Water stays adsorbed on ZnO(0001) at room temperature but on Cu2O(111), all water has desorbed at 210 K. SO2 interacts with one or two undercoordinated O-sites on all studied oxide surfaces forming SO3 or SO4 species respectively. SO4 on Fe3O4(100) follows the (√2x√2)R45° reconstruction. On Cu2O(111) and ZnO(0001), SO2 adsorbs on defect sites. An SO3 to SO4 transition is observed on Cu2O(111) when heating an SO3 adsorbate layer from 150 K to 280K. Coadsorption of water and SO2 on ZnO(0001) and Fe3O4(100) has been studied briefly. Water blocks SO2 adsorption sites on ZnO(0001). On Fe3O4(100) and on one type of reduced ZnO(0001) sample, SO2 dissociation to atomic sulfur or sulfide occurs to a higher extent on water exposed surfaces than on clean surfaces. Water thus appears to increase the charge density on some surfaces. Further studies are needed to reveal the cause of this unexpected effect. / <p>QC 20110516</p>

One of the most common ways to produce heat and electricity in Europe today is by the incineration of waste or combustion of coal. These materials can be very sulfurous and during combustion sulfur dioxide is produced. This is an environmental and health related toxic substance which is why power plants have strict regulations on removing it from the flue gas. Sulfur dioxide is removed from the flue gas by adding a limestone reagent. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the limestone and the synthetic product obtained is “Flue Gas Desulfurization gypsum”. This byproduct, from combustion, provides an environmentally friendly solution when used in building material such as plasterboards. The FGD gypsum that is being used in different types of building materials does not derive from waste incinerated power plants. We have more than 30 of these in Sweden and some of them get FGD gypsum as a byproduct. The purpose of this thesis was to find out whether a particular waste incineration plant in Sweden can reuse their gypsum waste instead of disposing it at landfill.