A pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre a superioridade dos analistas de mercado com relação aos modelos random walk na previsão de resultados futuros das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto a curto e longo prazo. A literatura tradicional indica superioridade irrestrita dos analistas de mercado sobre os modelos de séries temporais por conta das vantagens de tempo e informação desses agentes. No entanto, estudos recentes da literatura internacional apontam para a necessidade de reavaliação dessa superioridade indicando que, para determinadas características da empresa e principalmente para estimativas de longo prazo, não se verifica superioridade dos analistas com relação aos modelos de séries temporais. Partindo desses achados, essa pesquisa defende a TESE de que para o caso brasileiro a superioridade dos analistas não é irrestrita. Este trabalho avalia as previsões de lucro dos analistas e dos modelos random walk, simples e com crescimento, a curto e longo prazo, para as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto no período de 2010 a 2015. Os dados foram obtidos via plataforma da Thomson Reuters®, nas bases de dados do I/B/E/S® e Thomson Financial. Seguindo a literatura, foram utilizados testes de diferença de média. Como diferencial da pesquisa, foi realizada uma análise de dados em painel no sentido de permitir uma avaliação mais precisa sobre os determinantes da superioridade dos analistas para o caso brasileiro. Ainda, foi proposto um modelo de regressão linear simples para avaliar o conteúdo informacional das previsões dos analistas de mercado e dos modelos random walk. Os resultados indicam: i) maior acurácia de previsão paras os modelos random walk simples quando comparados com os modelos de random walk com crescimento; ii) para a amostra total, nota-se maior acurácia da previsão dos modelos random walk a curto e longo prazo, com superioridade dos analistas apenas para previsões com três meses de defasagem; iii) além da defasagem de previsão, a variabilidade dos lucros, a quantidade de analistas, a dispersão das estimativas dos analistas, o tamanho da empresa, o resultado positivo ou negativo, a listagem em índice de mercado e a idade da empresa no mercado de capitais são fatores que alteram a superioridade dos analistas para o caso brasileiro; iv) maior conteúdo informacional das previsões random walk para previsão de lucros futuros das empresas. Esses resultados são importantes nas decisões de investimento. Ainda, os achados são relevantes para pesquisas da área de finanças e contabilidade que utilizam essa variável para responder a diferentes questões de pesquisa, uma vez que, ao contrário do apontado pela literatura internacional, as evidências sugerem superioridade de previsão dos modelos random walk quando comparados às previsões dos analistas de mercado / The research presents a study regarding the superiority of market analysts in relation to the random walk models in the forecast of future results of Brazilian companies in the short and long term. The traditional literature indicates unrestricted superiority of market analysts on time series models because of the time and information advantages of these agents. However, recent studies in the international literature point to the need for a reassessment of this superiority, indicating that, for certain company characteristics and especially for long-term estimates, there is no superiority of analysts with respect to time series models. Based on these findings, this research advocates that in the case of Brazil, the superiority of analysts is not unrestricted. This paper evaluates the analysts\' forecasts and the random walk models, both simple and with growth, in the short and long term, for Brazilian publicly traded companies during the period from 2010 to 2015. Data was obtained via the Thomson Reuters® platform, in the I/B/E/S® and Thomson Financial®databases. Following the literature, mean-comparison tests (t-test) were used. As a research differential, a panel data analysis was carried out in order to allow a more precise evaluation of the determinants of analysts\' superiority for the case of Brazil. Furthermore, a simple linear regression model was proposed to evaluate the informational content of market analysts\' forecasts and random walk models. The results indicate: i) greater accuracy of prediction for the simple random walk models, when compared to the random walk models with growth ii) that for the total sample, we can see a greater accuracy of the forecast of random walk models in the short and long term, with analyst superiority only for forecasts with a 3-month lag; (iii) in addition to forecast lag, profit variability, analyst size, dispersion of analysts\' estimates, company size, positive or negative result, market index listing and age of the company in the capital market are factors that alter the superiority of the analysts in the case of Brazil; iv) greater informational content of the random walk forecasts for the prediction of future companies\' profits. These results are important for investment decisions. Moreover, the findings are relevant for research in the field of finance and accounting that use this variable to answer different research questions, since, contrary to the international literature, the evidence suggests forecasting superiority of the random walk models when compared to the market analysts\' forecasts.

<div>Comparisons provide an important tool for exploring the syntax and semantics of gradable properties. American Sign Language (ASL) appears to have several such constructions, but they have yet to receive much linguistic analysis. This study establishes basic empirical facts concerning clausal boundaries, constituency structure, compatibility with various indicators for the presence of degrees, and composition of the standard of comparison for the MORE- and BEAT-construction in ASL. Such facts are needed for any formal syntactic or semantic treatment of the constructions. Motivated by typological observations, this study proposes that a reasonable set of initial hypotheses is that the ASL MORE-construction is a comparison of degrees and that the BEAT-construction is a comparison of individuals (as both terms are defined in Kennedy 2007). Results from the tests conducted in this study are largely consistent with those analyses, but also show where there is room for further refinement. Results additionally demonstrate that both more and beat qualify as explicit rather than implicit comparatives, confirming previous work in Wilbur et al. (2018) concerning the latter. An incidental finding of this study involves the distributional patterns for</div><div>two modifiers frequently used with gradable properties, intensive aspect and Y-OO, indicating both have a semantics distinct from that of the English very even though</div><div>frequently translated between English and ASL with that modifier. Finally, this study contributes to the discussion of comparison constructions cross-linguistically by illustrating</div><div>the need to conduct cross-linguistic work that looks beyond what is considered the default comparison of the languages under investigation.</div>

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This paper concerns the subject of air superiority; what it is, and most importantly which factors that contributes to the air superiority. A number of air power theorists and researchers have since the beginning of air warfare been pointing out the importance of air superiority and what this can lead to. It is often stated that air superiority sometimes is a must for success and once achieved victory is almost guaranteed. A number of underlying factors that can lead to air superiority has been listed earlier in previous studies and theoretical frameworks, but no systematic analyzes has ever been conducted before on how air superiority is achieved and to which extent these underlying factors lead to air superiority. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors who contributed to the achievement of air superiority in the cases of Operation Desert Storm and Operation Deliberate Force. The result shows that all of the pre-known factors appeared in both of the two cases to some extent, but it also showed other previously unknown factors which contributed to the air superiority campaign. Out of these the most important is targeting and to neutralize the enemy air defense. Further this studie shows the importance of supporting air roles like surveillance, electronic warfare and air refueling. However, none of this can be conducted without professional and skilled personnel.

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Eleni-Ioanna Malafouri, International Migration and Ethnic Relations, University of Malmö.Abstract of Master's Thesis, Submitted 22 May 2015: Who are they and why are they here? A media analysis of the negative portrayal of immigrants in the mainstream Greek press. This study is an initial attempt to investigate the negative depiction of immigrants in the mainstream Greek press of the 2000s. Our goal is to identify the dimensions of negativeimage-making and discuss the dichotomy of the ''identity'' and the ''otherness'' projected in the contemporary press. In order to accomplish that, data, collected from selected articles in a number of best-selling Greek newspapers, were scrutinised with regards to their content, style of writing, presentation as well as their readability and triggering of a wider social discourse at the time of their publication. Using a retroductive approach, to wit travelling back and forth from the general phenomenon to specific incidents, we showed that via the presentation of the negative association of the immigrants with a) criminality, b) the obscure market and c) their unworthiness to bear national symbols, the mainstream Greek press intensifies the presence of certain dichotomies. Such dichotomies, as they appeared in the text and presentation of the articles, are the “identity” versus the “otherness”, “we” versus “they”, as well as one’s race “superiority” versus the “inferiority” of the other, “locals” versus “immigrants”.

This thesis is a postcolonial discussion about stereotype imagery of the third world, asconveyed by aid organization, and the implications of such images. Stereotyping is ahuman rights issue because it concerns inferiority and superiority, and can in the end beboiled down to a matter of equality. It is therefore an issue that needs to be up for constant review in aid organizations, who mainly claim human rights as their value base.The thesis is a single case study, looking intensely into the phenomenon of stereotypingas located within aid organizations. It looks through the lens of postcolonial theory,as it is a perspective that revolves mainly around concepts like identity, racism and stereotyping. It is constructed in two major parts, where the first part goes through the history of imperialism and the representations of ‘the Other’ it produced, and the seconddetermines through empirical observations that aid organizations do convey stereotypicimages, albeit more in terms of how they deal with the images than what they contain.The results of the empirical investigation matches well with the explanations of postcolonial theory, as the way the images are dealt with by aid organizations contributes to establish the aid receivers as ‘the Other’. Research also show that advertisement canfunction to both strengthen and alter previously established perceptions, which calls fororganizations to design ads and information material with caution. It is however also agood thing, as it is possible to begin the process of reversing stereotypes.The conclusion is that postcolonial theory can provide awareness for the origins andmechanisms of stereotyping, which is an issue any organization who claim human rightsas their value base should engage in a debate about. If we truly care about equality thisis an area of the work that needs review.

This essay provides an in-depth analysis of E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India through the lens of postcolonial criticism, with a specific focus on Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism. It explores the complexities of colonial relationships in India during the British Raj, examining themes of power dynamics, cultural dominance, and racial discrimination. By drawing from key postcolonial theorists such as Edward Said and Frantz Fanon and other writers like Albert Memmi, the essay explains how Forster’s narrative exposes the influence of Western superiority and the perpetuation of cultural disparities between the colonizer and the colonized. It underscores the portrayal of Chandrapore as a microcosm of colonial tensions, where privileged English settlers dominate over the marginalized native population. The essay also discusses Forster’s critique of colonial conditions and the accidental reinforcement of Orientalist stereotypes. Ultimately, it concludes that A Passage to India effectively portrays the clash between Eastern and Western cultures within the colonial context, thereby highlighting the expressed urgent and significant desire for autonomy.

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier l’incidence de la déficience visuelle sur l’estime de soi. Nous proposons une approche théorique de la théorie d’Alfred Adler « le complexe d’infériorité » afin d’étudier l’existence possible d’un complexe d’infériorité chez un malvoyant en raison de son infériorité organique. Grâce à l’approche de la psychologie interculturelle, cette recherche étudie les effets que la culture peut avoir sur l’estime de soi des malvoyants.Nous faisons l’hypothèse que la déficience visuelle a un effet négatif sur l’estime de soi, que les déficients visuels auraient un manque notable d’estime de soi, et que cela peut, parfois, se traduire par un complexe d’infériorité.Nous faisons également l’hypothèse que la variable culturelle représentée, en particulier, par les moyens qui favorisent l’autonomie et le regard de la société, joue un rôle important dans l’estime de soi des malvoyants.Les sujets de cette étude sont représentent 68 personnes malvoyantes et 112 personnes voyantes d’un âge moyen de 36 ans. L’Echelle Toulousaine de l’Estime de Soi a été utilisée pour mesurer l’estime de soi globale qui regroupe cinq domaines du soi.Les résultats révèlent un manque d’estime de soi chez les sujets malvoyants. Ils ne montrent pas de différences en ce qui concerne le sexe, ni la culture.Enfin, une approche clinique approfondie des études de cas confirme la théorie du complexe d’infériorité ; cette étude révèle, également, qu’un sentiment d’infériorité peut exister chez les malvoyants à cause de leur handicap. / The purpose of this research is to study the influence of visual impairment on the self-esteem. We propose a theoretical approach to the theory of Alfred Adler « the inferiority complex » in order to study the possible existence of an inferiority complex in the individuals with visual impairments because of their organic inferiority. In an approach to Cross-Cultural psychology, this research studies the effects which culture can have on the self-esteem of the visually impaired.Our hypothesis suggests that visual impairment has a negative effect on the self-esteem. That visually impaired would have a significant less self-esteem and that can, sometimes, to result in a inferiority complex. We also make the hypothesis that the cultural variable represented, in particular, by the means which support the autonomy and the glance of the society, plays an important role in self-esteem of the visually impaired.The subjects in this study consist of 68 visually impaired subjects and 112 subjects with normal vision (mean age = 36 years). The Toulouse Scale of Self-Esteem was used to measure the general self-esteem which gathers five fields of self-esteem.The results reveal a less self-esteem in blind subjects. They show no differences on this subject between the sexes, or between cultures. Finally, a clinical approach of clinical case study supports the theory of inferiority complex. It shows a feeling of inferiority that may exist among the visually impaired because of disability.

En situation de perception audiovisuelle de la parole (i.e., lorsque deux interlocuteurs communiquent face à face) et lorsque le signal acoustique est bruité, l‟intelligibilité des sons produits par un locuteur est augmentée lorsque son visage en mouvement est visible. L‟objectif des travaux présentés ici est de déterminer si cette capacité à « lire sur les lèvres » nous est utile seulement pour augmenter l‟intelligibilité de certains sons de parole (i.e., niveau de traitement pré-lexical) ou également pour accéder au sens des mots (i.e., niveau de traitement lexical). Chez l‟adulte, nos résultats indiquent que l‟information visuelle participe à l‟activation des représentations lexicales en présence d‟une information auditive bruitée (Etude 1 et 2). Voir le geste articulatoire correspondant à la première syllabe d‟un mot constitue une information suffisante pour contacter les représentations lexicales, en l‟absence de toute information auditive (Etude 3 et 4). Les résultats obtenus chez l‟enfant suggèrent néanmoins que jusque l‟âge de 10 ans, l‟information visuelle serait uniquement décodée à un niveau pré-lexical (Etude 5). Mots-clés : parole visuelle et audiovisuelle, reconnaissance de mots parlés, accès au lexique. / Seeing the facial gestures of a speaker enhances phonemic identification in noise. The goal of this research was to assess whether this visual information can activate lexical representations. We investigated this question in adults (Experiment 1 to 4) and in children (Experiment 5). First, our results provide evidence indicating that visual information on consonant (Experiment 1) and vowel identity (Experiment 2) contributes to lexical activation processes during word recognition, when the auditory information is deteriorated by noise. Then, we also demonstrated that the mere presentation of the first two phonemes – i.e., the articulatory gestures of the initial syllable– is enough visual information to activate lexical representations and initiate the word recognition process (Experiment 3 and 4). However, our data suggest that visual speech mostly contributes in pre-lexical phonological -rather than lexical- processing in children till the age of 10 (Experiment 5). Key words : speech, visual and audiovisual speech, spoken word recognition, lexical access.