No description available.

Classic studies found advantages of pictures over words in memory (picture superiority effect). This paper applied the picture superiority effect to road signs to examine whether people remembered picture road signs better than word road signs. People remembered picture road signs better than word road signs, as evidenced on a recognition test. However, in real driving situations drivers do not need to remember the meaning of one road sign for a long time; rather, they need to continuously update information from sequentially encountered road signs. Therefore, Experiment 2 explored the differences in updating memory between pictures and words. Memory for the most recently viewed road signs was different depending on the form (picture, word) of the previously encountered road sign. Previously encountered picture items impaired memory significantly more than previously encountered words. These findings demonstrate that superior picture memory sometimes can be detrimental, especially when remembering recent information.

Att kunna ge uttryck för emotioner och förstå andra individers emotionella signaler kan vara skillnaden mellan liv och död eller mellan social gemenskap och utanförskap. Det finns inom forskningen spridda resultat om hur emotioner upplevs i män och kvinnors ansikten samt motstridigheter i forskningen om vilka emotioner som har företrädesrätt, även kallad superiority effect. Viss forskning visar att arga ansikten har en dominerande företrädesrätt något som kan kopplas till överlevnadsmekanismen. Andra studier visar motsatsen, att glada ansikten går före arga ansikten. Två syften skapades för studien, det första var att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i hur män och kvinnors glada respektive arga ansikten upplevs. Det andra syftet var att undersöka om det fanns en superiority effect bland arga och glada ansikten. I undersökningen deltog 23 universitetsstudenter som fick i uppgift att skatta arga, glada och neutrala ansikten på VAS-skalor i ilska, sorg, vänlighet och glädje. Analyser på insamlad data gjordes med beroende ANOVA-test. Resultaten visade att mäns arga ansikten upplevdes som argare än kvinnors arga ansikten samt att kvinnors ansikten upplevdes som vänligare i jämförelse med männens ansikten. Diskussionen förklarade resultaten i förhållande till forskning om genusskillnader, män och kvinnors ansiktsformer samt hur glädje och ilska relateras till män och kvinnor. En förklaring till resultaten kan vara att män oftare förknippas med negativa egenskaper som ilska och hot samt att kvinnor förknippas med omhändertagande och vänlighet. Forskning behöver göras i ett bredare perspektiv där stereotyper, status och teorier om drifters eventuella samband undersöks närmare.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Christopher Vahl / Non-inferiority trials have been widely used in many medical areas. The goal of a non-inferiority trial is to show that a new test therapy is either better or not too much worse than the active control rather than showing the test therapy is superior to a negative control (i.e. placebo). The appeal of a non-inferiority trial is that it is often unethical to give some patients a treatment with no therapeutic benefit. When designing a non-inferiority trial, the issues of assay sensitivity, sample size, constancy condition, and a suitable non-inferiority margin need to be considered. A poor choice of the non-inferiority margin is a major reason that many non-inferiority trials fail. A numerical example is presented to show how to estimate the non-inferiority margin without historical data.

For decades nations have debated how to successfully employ air power. In 1943 the United States and Great Britain launched a massive strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The two sides agreed to a flawed plan due to the fundamental differences on bombing doctrine. As a result, the campaign was fraught with issues that remained largely unresolved in 1943. Without a clearly defined plan, the Allies were unable to determine which commands or targets received priority throughout the offensive. This ultimately led to a confused and unfocused campaign. High losses and inconclusive results derailed the American bombing effort. By November, the two sides agreed that the entire bombing offensive was either behind schedule or had failed entirely.

No description available.

Axiomet lokal överlägsenhet har en särställning i svensk armétaktik. Det är utifrån lokal överlägsenhet gårdagens, dagens och morgondagens militära chefer utbildas. Det är också enligt lokal överlägsenhet morgondagens strider är tänkta att föras. Nu när hotbilden från en kvalificerad, reguljär motståndare genomgår en rennäsans undersöks därför den svenska taktikens grunder i den här studien. Dessa grunder har tydligt influerats av  de finska krigserfarenheterna från krigen 1939-1944 och det är först efter andra världskriget axiomet lokal överlägsenhet dyker upp i svenska reglementen.   Analysen har gjorts genom en fallstudie på tre taktiska nivåer, utifrån tre olika stridssätt och på tre olika finska strider under fortsättningskriget. Dessa har analyserats utifrån principerna bakom lokal överlägsenhet. Resultatet visar axiomets nära relation till anfallet, viktiga bakomliggande faktorer samt den stora variation i växelverkan som sker mellan de ingående principerna. Resultatet visar också på att det inte finns någon principiell skillnad i hur lokal överlägsenhet förstods på olika taktiska nivåer. / The axiom local superiority has a superior position in Swedish military tactics. It is from local superiority both the officers of today and tomorrow are trained and educated. It is also from this perspective the battles of the future are intended to take place. This study aims to, now when the threat from a qualified, regular opponent undergoes a renaissance, investigate and examine the fundamentals of the Swedish tactics and military approach. These foundation stones have been strongly influenced by the finish war experience obtained during the Second World War, and it is first after the war the axiom local superiority is to be found in the Swedish military’s regulations.   The study has been carried out through a case study on three tactical levels. These levels have been based on three distinguished battle techniques and three different Finnish battles during the Continuation War. These battles have been analyzed from the principles of local superiority. The result shows the axiom’s close relationship to the attack, important underlying factors and the great variety in interaction between the fundamental principles. The result also shows that there is no principal difference in how local superiority is understood on different tactical levels.

There are many forms of humor. Irreverent, dark, and black humor have been used throughout history for social commentary. Irony, parody, sarcasm, and satire can break through preconceived notions, barriers and the tensions we experience when confronted with uncomfortable issues such as bigotry, elitism, and genetic superiority. Humor provides an opportunity for a release of tension giving way to a more receptive audience and a more effective message. My thesis is an exploration of the use of irreverent, dark, annd black humor as vehicles for effective social commentary in communication design.

The conflict in the Far East between 1941 and 1945 is occasionally referred to as the “Forgotten War” in Britain and this description extends to the way the campaign’s air war has been analysed. However, the role of air power in Burma was vitally important to the campaign, in particular the attainment of air superiority in order to facilitate supply and close support operations. The foundation of these operations was dependent on the Allies achieving and maintaining air superiority and latterly air supremacy over the Japanese. This thesis will analyse how the Allies lost air superiority during the initial exchanges, and then how technical and material difficulties were overcome before air superiority was won in 1944 and air supremacy was gained in 1945. It will analyse the importance of the RAF’s tactics, early warning systems, equipment, training and counter-air offensive in the theatre between 1941 and 1945. Furthermore, the thesis will demonstrate how Japanese industry, their war in the Pacific, and their use of air power in Burma ultimately affected the air war’s eventual outcome. The study will examine current historiography to question and corroborate existing views, as well as to reveal new information not previously published.

L'étude comparée des jurisprudences françaises et espagnoles dans l'application du droit des aides d'État révèle que le juge national ne constitue pas un obstacle à l'effectivité du droit de l'Union européenne en ce domaine. Tant les juridictions espagnoles que leurs homologues françaises maîtrisent dorénavant les exigences du contrôle de légalité des aides d'État. En effet, elles ont pleinement assimilé leur double rôle de contrôle de la notification et d'interprétation de la notion d'aide. En revanche, les juridictions françaises et espagnoles tirent de manière incomplète les conséquences de l'illégalité d'une aide d'État. Elles veillent à garantir la suppression des aides illégales et à l'exécution des décisions de récupération de la Commission. Néanmoins, la pratique des mesures provisoires et l'engagement de la responsabilité de l'État, du fait de l'octroi d'aides illégales, demeurent faibles à cause d'une interprétation stricte des critères d'application. / The comparative study of French and Spanish cases law for State aid enforcement reveals that national judge does not represent a hurdle to European Union law effectiveness in this field. Spanish courts and French courts now master effectiveness of State aid control. Indeed, they have fully understood their double task consisting in the notification control and the interpretation of State aid notion. However, French and Spanish courts incompletely draw consequences of an unlawful State aid. They make sure to guarantee the enforcement of illegal State aids cancellations and the implementation of Commission decisions ordering recovery. Nevertheless, interim measures practice and State liability due to the granting of illegal aids remains low because of a strict interpretation of application criteria.