Background: India has the highest number of undernourished children worldwide. Understanding trends, predictors, and consequences of child undernutrition is important to inform strategy for addressing this public health crisis. Methods: We used data from four National Family Health Surveys (1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-6, 2015-16 NFHS) to examine trends of undernutrition before and after the 2005 implementation of the National Rural Health Mission, India’s flagship public health initiative (Aim 1). We used the 2016 NFHS to build a predictive model that identifies infants at-risk for child undernutrition (Aim 2). Lastly, we used data from the 2005 and 2012 India Human Development Surveys to investigate the consequences of early childhood undernutrition (Aim 3). Results: NRHM was more effective at addressing acute than chronic undernutrition but its prioritization on high focus states resulted in an increase of acute undernutrition among children living in normal focus states. We demonstrate that it is feasible to predict 5-year risk of child undernutrition at the time of birth. Child undernutrition is associated with adverse physical and cognitive outcomes during pre-adolescent years, with female undernourished children experiencing the worst outcomes. Higher female education in the household helps overcome gender and nutrition-based disadvantage among Indian children. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to reduce nutrition-related disparities among Indian children. Short-term strategy could include a predictive model that can be used to more effectively provide resources and intervention to the most disadvantaged population. Long term strategy should focus on elevating women’s status through improved female education in India.

O desenvolvimento municipal sustentável é um fenômeno complexo. Para que seja possível entender tal fenômeno, é necessário levar em consideração como se comportam as diversas variáveis de dimensões distintas e a interação de uma grande quantidade de atores envolvidos em um processo dinâmico, transformando constantemente o sistema social de uma determinada região. Esta dissertação tem em sua essência, ser um trabalho que está de acordo com o novo paradigma da ciência, descartando explicações simples e prontas sobre o desenvolvimento. Busca agregar toda a complexidade, instabilidade e intersubjetividade que o assunto compreende. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e diagnosticar o sistema de administração das prefeituras municipais para o desenvolvimento sustentável, tendo como base os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), utilizando como métodos o Viable System Model (VSM) em prefeituras municipais e a criação de Indicador Sistêmico-Cibernético de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ISCDS) por meio da análise fatorial (AF) para os municípios do estado de São Paulo. Os objetivos específicos também são desenvolvidos de maneira a contribuir ao objetivo principal. Dentre eles estão: diferenciar os diversos conceitos de desenvolvimento, identificar e delimitar o sistema onde acontece o desenvolvimento local, verificar como os ODS podem ser uma forma de promover o desenvolvimento sistêmico, identificar as principais variáveis secundárias que podem compor o desenvolvimento local e que estejam ligadas a cada um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável da ONU, desenvolver um indicador capaz de medir o desenvolvimento sistêmico utilizando os ODS e, por fim, identificar as diferenças entre os municípios do estado de São Paulo criando agrupamentos de municípios semelhantes. Para tanto, este é um trabalho sistêmico tanto em sua filosofia quanto estrutura, adotando métodos e técnicas tanto quantitativas como qualitativas para se chegar aos resultados das perguntas de pesquisa. Para que fosse possível obter conhecimento suficiente acerca dos temas tratados e propor uma base metodológica sólida de modo a mostrar os resultados esperados, optou-se por realizar um amplo referencial teórico, envolvendo três itens: desenvolvimento, abordagens sistêmico-cibernéticas e objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Os resultados mostraram que é possível aplicar o VSM no sistema administrativo das prefeituras municipais, sendo uma poderosa ferramenta para administrar o a prefeitura de maneira eficiente e também útil para identificar diversas falhas sistêmicas, conforme são expostas nas considerações finais deste trabalho. Por meio da análise fatorial, tendo como base os ODS, foi possível desenvolver um modelo para se medir o desenvolvimento sustentável sistêmico municipal: o ISCDS para os 645 municípios do estado de São Paulo. A partir da obtenção do ISCDS, foram encontrados sete clusters com características diferentes, indicando a necessidade de tratativas administrativas diferentes que visem o desenvolvimento sustentável para cada agrupamento encontrado. / Sustainable municipal development is a complex phenomenon. To understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to take into account not only the way of huge number variables of different dimensions behave, but also how the large number of actors are involved in a dynamic process, constantly transforming the social system of a given region. This dissertation has in its essence, to be a work that is in accordance with the new paradigm of science, discarding simple and ready explanations about development. It seeks to add all the complexity, instability and intersubjectivity that the subject comprehends. Thus, the main objective of this work is to develop and diagnose the municipal town hall administration system for the sustainable development, based on the sustainable development goals (SDG). The methods used are the Viable System Model (VSM) for the municipal town hall management, and the factor analysis to model the Systemic-Cybernetic Indicator of Sustainable Development (SCISD) for the municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Specific objectives are also developed in order to contribute to the main objective. These include: a) to differentiate the various development concepts, b) to identify the system where local development takes place, b) to check how the SDGs can promote systemic development, c) to identify the main variables that could be used to measure sustainable development, and which of them are connected to each of the UN\'s SDGs and, finally, d) to identify the differences between the municipalities of the state of São Paulo, creating clusters of similar municipalities according to the SCISD developed. To do so, this is a systemic work both in its philosophy and structure. It was adopted methods and techniques both quantitative and qualitative to explore to the results of the research questions. In order to obtain sufficient knowledge about the topics addressed and to propose a solid methodological basis to show the expected results, it was decided to make a broad theoretical reference, involving three items: development, systems thinking and cybernetics approaches and sustainable development goals. The results showed that it is possible to apply the VSM in the administrative system of the city halls, being a powerful tool not only to manage the city in an efficient way, but also useful to identify several systemic failures, as they are exposed in the final considerations of this work. Through the factorial analysis, based on the SDGs, it was also possible to develop a model to measure the level of municipal sustainable development: the SCISD for the 645 municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Also, from the SCISD, seven clusters with different characteristics were found, indicating the need for different administrative approaches according to the different at sustainable development characteristics found in each cluster.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the understanding of human rights in Agenda 2030 and the role of companies by adopting a human rights-based approach to sustainable development. It applies a qualitative idea analysis of the primarily material where central concepts are operationalized by constructing a model of analysis based on dimensions. The dimensions of human rights as moral, politics and law, derives from previous research by the ethical theorist Elena Namli. A potential fourth dimension, the economic dimension of human rights, is further developed, applying research of the economists Dan Seymour and Jonathan Pincus. Furthermore, this research considers what Agenda 2030 indicates in terms of human rights obligations for companies and the impacts the perceived role of companies may have for human rights. Therefore, the theoretical framework is complemented by research of the political theorist Thomas Pogge's, and international lawyer Andrew Clapham’s ideas of human rights obligations for companies. The results show that Agenda 2030 encourages a multi-stakeholder approach and addresses companies as partners in order to achieve a sustainable development based on human rights. This can be regarded as an opportunity to enhance the respect, protection and fulfillment of human rights, inviting more actors to contribute in a complementary way to states. At the same time challenges remains in creating policies, accountability and monitoring mechanisms towards companies bothin terms of human rights and companies’ performance on the SDGs. Until there is more legal clarity, the moral question of what is good and fair business practice becomes central.

O desenvolvimento municipal sustentável é um fenômeno complexo. Para que seja possível entender tal fenômeno, é necessário levar em consideração como se comportam as diversas variáveis de dimensões distintas e a interação de uma grande quantidade de atores envolvidos em um processo dinâmico, transformando constantemente o sistema social de uma determinada região. Esta dissertação tem em sua essência, ser um trabalho que está de acordo com o novo paradigma da ciência, descartando explicações simples e prontas sobre o desenvolvimento. Busca agregar toda a complexidade, instabilidade e intersubjetividade que o assunto compreende. Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e diagnosticar o sistema de administração das prefeituras municipais para o desenvolvimento sustentável, tendo como base os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), utilizando como métodos o Viable System Model (VSM) em prefeituras municipais e a criação de Indicador Sistêmico-Cibernético de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ISCDS) por meio da análise fatorial (AF) para os municípios do estado de São Paulo. Os objetivos específicos também são desenvolvidos de maneira a contribuir ao objetivo principal. Dentre eles estão: diferenciar os diversos conceitos de desenvolvimento, identificar e delimitar o sistema onde acontece o desenvolvimento local, verificar como os ODS podem ser uma forma de promover o desenvolvimento sistêmico, identificar as principais variáveis secundárias que podem compor o desenvolvimento local e que estejam ligadas a cada um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável da ONU, desenvolver um indicador capaz de medir o desenvolvimento sistêmico utilizando os ODS e, por fim, identificar as diferenças entre os municípios do estado de São Paulo criando agrupamentos de municípios semelhantes. Para tanto, este é um trabalho sistêmico tanto em sua filosofia quanto estrutura, adotando métodos e técnicas tanto quantitativas como qualitativas para se chegar aos resultados das perguntas de pesquisa. Para que fosse possível obter conhecimento suficiente acerca dos temas tratados e propor uma base metodológica sólida de modo a mostrar os resultados esperados, optou-se por realizar um amplo referencial teórico, envolvendo três itens: desenvolvimento, abordagens sistêmico-cibernéticas e objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Os resultados mostraram que é possível aplicar o VSM no sistema administrativo das prefeituras municipais, sendo uma poderosa ferramenta para administrar o a prefeitura de maneira eficiente e também útil para identificar diversas falhas sistêmicas, conforme são expostas nas considerações finais deste trabalho. Por meio da análise fatorial, tendo como base os ODS, foi possível desenvolver um modelo para se medir o desenvolvimento sustentável sistêmico municipal: o ISCDS para os 645 municípios do estado de São Paulo. A partir da obtenção do ISCDS, foram encontrados sete clusters com características diferentes, indicando a necessidade de tratativas administrativas diferentes que visem o desenvolvimento sustentável para cada agrupamento encontrado. / Sustainable municipal development is a complex phenomenon. To understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to take into account not only the way of huge number variables of different dimensions behave, but also how the large number of actors are involved in a dynamic process, constantly transforming the social system of a given region. This dissertation has in its essence, to be a work that is in accordance with the new paradigm of science, discarding simple and ready explanations about development. It seeks to add all the complexity, instability and intersubjectivity that the subject comprehends. Thus, the main objective of this work is to develop and diagnose the municipal town hall administration system for the sustainable development, based on the sustainable development goals (SDG). The methods used are the Viable System Model (VSM) for the municipal town hall management, and the factor analysis to model the Systemic-Cybernetic Indicator of Sustainable Development (SCISD) for the municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Specific objectives are also developed in order to contribute to the main objective. These include: a) to differentiate the various development concepts, b) to identify the system where local development takes place, b) to check how the SDGs can promote systemic development, c) to identify the main variables that could be used to measure sustainable development, and which of them are connected to each of the UN\'s SDGs and, finally, d) to identify the differences between the municipalities of the state of São Paulo, creating clusters of similar municipalities according to the SCISD developed. To do so, this is a systemic work both in its philosophy and structure. It was adopted methods and techniques both quantitative and qualitative to explore to the results of the research questions. In order to obtain sufficient knowledge about the topics addressed and to propose a solid methodological basis to show the expected results, it was decided to make a broad theoretical reference, involving three items: development, systems thinking and cybernetics approaches and sustainable development goals. The results showed that it is possible to apply the VSM in the administrative system of the city halls, being a powerful tool not only to manage the city in an efficient way, but also useful to identify several systemic failures, as they are exposed in the final considerations of this work. Through the factorial analysis, based on the SDGs, it was also possible to develop a model to measure the level of municipal sustainable development: the SCISD for the 645 municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Also, from the SCISD, seven clusters with different characteristics were found, indicating the need for different administrative approaches according to the different at sustainable development characteristics found in each cluster.

Inledning- Det har satts upp mål på både global och nationell nivå för att bekämpa klimatförändringarna som sker på vår planet. Mat och måltider berörs direkt och indirekt av flera av dessa mål. På avdelningen Måltidsservice i Härryda kommun har arbete med att miljöutveckla skolmaten skett i mer än ett decennium, något som de ansvariga önskade en uppföljning på.  Syfte- Att undersöka om och i så fall hur klimatavtrycket från skolmaten i Härryda kommuns gymnasieskola har förändrats från år 1993 till 2020. Ett andra syfte är att undersöka eventuella förändringar i skollunchernas innehåll med avseende på livsmedel under samma tidsperiod. Material och metod- För att undersöka eventuella förändringar i klimatavtryck över tid har skolluncher från stickprov i tidsperioden 1993-2020 klimatberäknats. För att se eventuella förändringar i skollunchernas innehåll har frekvenser på fem utvalda livsmedel studerats.  Resultat- Det finns ingen signifikant skillnad i CO₂emellan period 1 (1993+1998+2003) och period 2 (2013+2018+2020). Där finns svaga tendenser som tyder på minskning i skolmatens klimatavtryck under det senaste decenniet. Förekomsten av rent nötkött, produkter av gris och ris har minskat i skolluncherna medan vegetabiliskt protein och kött från fågel har ökat.  Slutsats-Någon signifikant skillnad i klimatavtryck mellan 1993 och 2020 kunde inte fastställas. Det fanns tydliga förändringar i skollunchernas innehåll med avseende på livsmedel under samma tidsperiod. / Introduction-Targets have been set at both global and national levels to fight the climate changes that are happening on our planet. Food and meals directly and indirectly affect several of these goals. For more than a decade the Meal service-department in Härryda kommun have been working on making their school meals more sustainable and now they want a follow-up on that.  Aims- To investigate if and in that case how the carbon footprint from the high school of Härryda kommun’s school meals has changed from 1993 to 2020. A second purpose is to investigate any changes in the content of the school lunches referred to foods. Materials and methods-In order to investigate possible changes in carbon footprints over time, samples of school lunches in the time period 1993-2020 have been calculated. In order to see any changes in the content of the school lunches, frequencies of five selected foods have been studied. Results-There is no significant difference in CO₂e between period 1 (1993 + 1998 + 2003) and period 2 (2013 + 2018 + 2020). There are small tendencies that indicate a decrease in carbon footprint from the school meals in the last decade. The presence of pure beef, products of pig and rice have decreased in the school meals, while plant-based protein and meat from birds have increased. Conclusion-No significant difference in climate imprint between 1993 and 2020 could be determined. There were obvious changes in the content of the school lunches with regard to food during the same time period.

Die Erreichung der Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung (SDGs) erfordert strategische Maßnahmen, deren Identifizierung von anderen abhängt, gesellschaftliches Engagement und soziales Lernen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, pädagogische Werkzeuge zu entwickeln und pädagogische Prozesse zu verbessern, die das soziale Lernen verbessern, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Verwirklichung der SDGs 2 und 13. Diese kumulative Dissertation präsentiert vier von Experten begutachtete Artikel. Die Arbeit wurde in drei komplementären methodischen Phasen abgeschlossen. Die wichtigsten Schlussfolgerungen sind wie folgt zusammengefasst: Der konstruktivistische pädagogische Rahmen ist geeignet, ein pädagogisches Instrument zur Verbesserung des sozialen Lernens in SDG-Projekten zu operationalisieren. Dieser Befund trägt nicht nur zu einem besseren Verständnis von Mechanismen bei, die soziales Lernen fördern, sondern stellt auch einen Fortschritt in den theoretischen Verbindungen zwischen sozialem Lernen und den Theorien von Habermas und Freire dar. Der soziale Lernprozess ist nach drei Hauptschritten möglich. Der primäre pädagogische Schritt für soziale Lernprozesse in SDG-Projekten besteht darin, dieses gemeinschaftliche Wissen und mentale Systeme genau zu identifizieren und zu erkennen (Publikation 1 und 2). Der zweite pädagogische Schritt betrifft dann die Entwicklung lokaler Lösungen durch die Mitglieder der Gemeinschaft auf der Grundlage eines kritischen Verständnisses ihrer eigenen Lebensbedingungen (Kodifikations- und Dekodifizierungsprozess, der auf der Transformation von mentalen Schemata) (Publikation 3). Ein dritter Schritt zur Förderung von SDG-Projekten, die soziales Lernen fördern, ist der Vergleich der Wahrnehmungen der Gemeinschaft und der Forschungsexperten zu SDG-Strategien. Dies sind Ergänzungen, um mögliche Auswirkungen von Projektstrategien zu bewerten, die den deliberativen Charakter des sozialen Lernens verbessern (Publikation 4). / Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires taking strategic actions, the identification of which depends, among others, on community engagement, and social learning. The objective of this work was to develop educational tools and improve pedagogical processes that enhance social learning, with particular regard to realizing SDGs 2 and 13 (food security and climate change actions). This cumulative dissertation presents four peer-reviewed articles. The work was completed across three complementary methodological phases, and the field research was embedded in three international projects in Latin America and Africa. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: The constructivist pedagogical frame is appropriate for operationalizing an educational tool to enhance social learning in SDGs projects. This finding not only contributes to better understand the mechanisms that enhance social learning, but also represents an advance in the theoretical links between social learning and the Habermas and Freire theories. The social learning process is possible following three main steps. The primary pedagogical step for social learning processes in SDGs projects is to identify and recognize this community knowledge and mental schemes accurately (article 1 and 2). Then, the second pedagogical step concerns the development of local solutions by community members based on a critical understanding of their own life conditions (Codification and Decodification process based on mental schemes transformation). Therefore, through a process Conscientization, a reframing of the community’s future can be created, potentially increasing ownership (article 3). Finally, a third step to promote SDGs projects enhancing social learning is to compare the perceptions of the community and research experts regarding SDG strategies. These are complements to evaluate potential effects of project strategies enhancing the deliberative character of social learning (article 4). / El logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) requiere la adopción de acciones estratégicas, cuya identificación depende, entre otras cosas, del compromiso de la comunidad y el aprendizaje social. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar herramientas educativas y mejorar los procesos pedagógicos que mejoran el aprendizaje social, con especial atención al cumplimiento de los ODS 2 y 13 (acciones de seguridad alimentaria y cambio climático). Esta disertación acumulativa presenta cuatro artículos revisados por pares. El trabajo se completó en tres fases metodológicas complementarias y la investigación de campo se basa en tres proyectos internacionales en América Latina y África. Las principales conclusiones se resumen a continuación: El marco pedagógico constructivista es apropiado para la puesta en práctica de una herramienta educativa para mejorar el aprendizaje social en los proyectos de los ODS. Este hallazgo no solo contribuye a comprender mejor los mecanismos que mejoran el aprendizaje social, sino que también representa un avance en los vínculos teóricos entre el aprendizaje social y las teorías de Habermas y Freire. El proceso de aprendizaje social es posible siguiendo tres pasos principales. El primer paso pedagógico para los procesos de aprendizaje social en los proyectos de los ODS es identificar y reconocer con precisión el conocimiento de la comunidad y los esquemas mentales (artículos 1 y 2). Luego, el segundo paso pedagógico se refiere al desarrollo de soluciones locales por parte de los miembros de la comunidad sobre la base de una comprensión crítica de sus propias condiciones de vida (proceso de Codificación y Decodificación basado en la transformación de esquemas mentales). Por lo tanto, a través de un proceso de Concientización, se puede crear un replanteamiento del futuro de la comunidad, lo que podría aumentar la apropiación (artículo 3). Finalmente, un tercer paso para promover proyectos de ODS que mejoren el aprendizaje social es comparar las percepciones de la comunidad y los expertos en investigación con respecto a las estrategias de los ODS. Estos son complementos para evaluar los efectos potenciales de las estrategias del proyecto que mejoran el carácter deliberativo del aprendizaje social (artículo 4).

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la desigualdad de la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica infantil en función a algunos determinantes sociales en países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC)  MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico con los indicadores de desarrollo de la base de datos del Banco Mundial. Se analizaron los indicadores de 19 países (acceso a electricidad y servicios básicos de agua en población rural, PBI per cápita, gasto en salud per cápita). La desigualdad absoluta y relativa se determinó mediante el Índice de Kuznets absoluto, y relativo, la gradiente de la desigualdad a través de índice de las gradientes de la desigualdad, y para la desigualdad proporcional se usó el (índice de concentración de salud) ICS y la curva de concentración. RESULTADOS: la brecha de las desigualdades en la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica infantil entre los países de ALC se mantuvo prácticamente sin cambios significativos a lo largo del periodo estudiado. El 20% de los países con mayor desventaja concentran el 40% de la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica mientras que el 20% de los países con mayor ventaja solo el 7-8%, medido a través del ICS. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio se encontraban eliminar la desnutrición, ésta permanece. La brecha de desigualdad ha disminuido respecto a la gradiente de desigualdad (desigualdad absoluta), sin embargo, la desigualdad proporcional se ha mantenido igual. Para eliminar esta brecha en ALC se deben generar políticas para distribuir de forma más eficiente y equitativa los recursos destinados al gasto en salud y los sectores relacionados, para de esa forma enfocarse en los determinantes sociales debidos. / OBJECTIVES: determinate the inequality of the prevalence of chronic childhood malnutrition according to some social stratifiers in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) METHODS: An ecological study was carried out at the country level with the development indicators of the World Bank database. The indicators of 19 countries will be analyzed (access to electricity and basic water services in rural areas, GDP per capita, health expenditure per capita). The absolute and relative inequality was determined by the absolute and relative Kuznets index, gradient of the inequality through the graduation index of the inequality, in addition, the proportional inequality was calculated through the index of concentration in health and the curve of concentration. RESULTS: the gap of inequalities in the prevalence of chronic child malnutrition in the LAC countries, remained practically without significant changes throughout the period studied. In addition, 20% of the countries with the greatest disadvantage accounted for 40% of the prevalence of chronic malnutrition compared to 20% of the countries with the greatest advantage, which presented 7-8% of the prevalence through the index of concentration on health. CONCLUSIONS: Although the Millennium Development Goals were to eliminate malnutrition, it was not possible to do so. However, the inequality gap has partially decreased. To eliminate it In LAC, wealth should be distributed more efficiently, and equitable resources allocated to health spending and related sectors. As well as generating Policies to address inequalities in and between countries. / Tesis

[ES] La participación pública fue introducida como concepto por Naciones Unidas en la Declaración de Río sobre Medioambiente y Desarrollo en 1992. A partir de ahí se considera esencial que los interesados locales participen en los procesos de toma de decisiones relativas a políticas públicas de desarrollo local de su región, ya que se supone que los resultados de estas intervenciones han de dar respuesta a sus intereses y necesidades. La selección de estos interesados clave es crítica para asegurar la viabilidad, legitimidad y el éxito del proceso participativo, ya que es esencial lograr resultados respaldados por un amplio consenso. Por el contrario, si falla la colaboración entre las autoridades y los interesados, se pierde la confianza de éstos y las probabilidades de fracaso de las propuestas llevadas a cabo son muy altas. Para la selección de los interesados hay que tener en cuenta: su motivación o interés en participar en el proceso, su conocimiento, preferencias, preocupaciones y expectativas sobre el problema y el proceso de toma de decisiones. En esta tesis se desarrolla un proceso participativo, basado en un caso de estudio, en el que se selecciona un núcleo decisor que ayude a las autoridades competentes a decidir cuáles son las áreas de inversión que más contribuyen a satisfacer los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). El caso de estudio se centra en el análisis y priorización de las necesidades de desarrollo de la Región del Meta (Colombia). La investigación se realiza en tres fases. En la primera fase se plantea el problema, los objetivos y la metodología de investigación. En la segunda fase se desarrolla un proceso de selección y análisis de interesados para seleccionar un núcleo decisor. En la tercera fase se identifican y analizan las necesidades de la Región del Meta y se priorizan en función del grado de satisfacción de los ODS. En el trabajo se introduce la técnica Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), adaptado de modo novedoso, para su uso en el análisis de grupos de interés; una nueva propuesta de análisis de influencia, basada en categorías (Ratings) y Análisis de Redes Sociales. Se presenta un análisis comparativo de los resultados obtenidos por los diferentes métodos de análisis de interesados, se discuten sus ventajas y desventajas y se selecciona el núcleo decisor. Para priorizar las necesidades más sentidas de la Región, materializadas en trece áreas de inversión, se estudia cómo invertir en cada área satisface los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Para ello se emplean dos técnicas de toma de decisiones multicriterio: El Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP por sus siglas en inglés) y el Proceso Analítico en Red (ANP por sus siglas en inglés). El ANP estudia las dependencias y la retroalimentación entre los elementos de la red. Como la aplicación práctica de ANP resulta compleja, se ha integrado el ANP con DEMATEL, tal y como se describe en la literatura. La metodología y los resultados de esta tesis se pueden reproducir en futuros procesos participativos porque ayuda a identificar interesados y seleccionar un grupo decisor, representativo de los actores de una región o área geográfica, y también a identificar y evaluar necesidades de desarrollo de la región objeto de estudio, teniendo en cuenta las opiniones de los interesados identificados. / [CA] La participació pública va ser introduïda com a concepte per Nacions Unides en la Declaració de Rio sobre Medi Ambient i Desenvolupament a 1992. A partir d'aquí es considera essencial que els interessats locals participin en els processos de presa de decisions relatives a polítiques públiques de desenvolupament local de la seva regió, ja que se suposa que els resultats d'aquestes intervencions han de donar resposta als seus interessos i necessitats. La selecció d'aquests interessats clau és crítica per assegurar la viabilitat, legitimitat i l'èxit de l'procés participatiu, ja que és essencial aconseguir resultats recolzats per un ampli consens. Per contra, si falla la col·laboració entre les autoritats i els interessats, es perd la confiança d'aquests i les probabilitats de fracàs de les propostes dutes a terme són molt altes. Per a la selecció dels interessats cal tenir en compte: la seva motivació o interès en participar en el procés, el seu coneixement, preferències, preocupacions i expectatives sobre el problema i el procés de presa de decisions. En aquesta tesi es desenvolupa un procés participatiu, basat en un cas d'estudi, en el qual es selecciona un nucli decisor que ajudi les autoritats competents a decidir quines són les àrees d'inversió que més contribueixen a satisfer els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible (ODS ). El cas d'estudi se centra en l'anàlisi i priorització de les necessitats de desenvolupament de la Regió de l'Meta (Colòmbia). La investigació es realitza en tres fases. En la primera fase es planteja el problema, els objectius i la metodologia d'investigació. En la segona fase es desenvolupa un procés de selecció i anàlisi d'interessats per a seleccionar un nucli decisor. A la tercera fase s'identifiquen i analitzen les necessitats de la Regió de l'Meta i es prioritzen en funció de el grau de satisfacció dels ODS. En el treball s'introdueix la tècnica Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), adaptat de manera nova, per al seu ús en l'anàlisi de grups d'interès; una nova proposta d'anàlisi d'influència, basada en categories (ràtings) i Anàlisi de Xarxes Socials. Es presenta una anàlisi comparativa dels resultats obtinguts pels diferents mètodes d'anàlisi d'interessats, es discuteixen els avantatges i desavantatges i se selecciona el nucli decisori. Per prioritzar les necessitats més sentides de la Regió, materialitzades en tretze àrees d'inversió, s'estudia com invertir en cada àrea satisfà els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible (ODS). Per a això s'empren dues tècniques de presa de decisions multicriteri: El Procés Analític Jeràrquic (AHP per les sigles en anglès) i el Procés Analític en Xarxa (ANP per les sigles en anglès). L'ANP estudia les dependències i la retroalimentació entre els elements de la xarxa. Com l'aplicació pràctica de ANP resulta complexa, s'ha integrat el ANP amb DEMATEL, tal com es descriu a la literatura. La metodologia i els resultats d'aquesta tesi es poden reproduir en futurs processos participatius perquè ajuda a identificar interessats i seleccionar un grup decisori, representatiu dels actors d'una regió o àrea geogràfica, i també a identificar i avaluar necessitats de desenvolupament de la regió objecte d'estudi, tenint en compte les opinions dels interessats identificats. / [EN] Public participation was introduced as a concept by the United Nations in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in 1992. Since then, it is considered essential for local stakeholders to participate in decision-making processes related to local development public policies in their region, since the results of these interventions are supposed to respond to their interests and needs. The selection of these key stakeholders is critical to ensure the viability, legitimacy, and success of the participatory process, as it is essential to achieve results supported by a broad consensus. On the contrary, if collaboration between the authorities and stakeholders fails, the trust of the latter is lost and the probability of failure of the proposals carried out is very high. For the selection of stakeholders, it is necessary to take into account: their motivation or interest in participating in the process, their knowledge, preferences, concerns and expectations about the problem and the decision-making process. This thesis develops a participatory process, based on a case study, in which a core decision-maker is selected to help the competent authorities decide which investment areas contribute most to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The case study focuses on the analysis and prioritization of the development needs of the Meta Region (Colombia). The research is conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the problem, objectives, and research methodology are set out. In the second phase, a stakeholder selection and analysis process is developed to select a core decision-maker. In the third phase, the needs of the Meta Region are identified and analyzed and prioritized according to the degree of satisfaction of the SDGs. The paper introduces the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, adapted in a novel way, for use in stakeholder analysis; a new proposal for influence analysis, based on categories (ratings) and Social Network Analysis. A comparative analysis of the results obtained by the different stakeholder analysis methods is presented, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the core decision maker is selected. To prioritize the most felt needs of the Region, materialized in thirteen investment areas, it is studied how investing in each area satisfies the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Two multi-criteria decision-making techniques are used: the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and the Analytical Network Process (ANP). The ANP studies the dependencies and feedback between network elements. As the practical application of ANP is complex, ANP has been integrated with DEMATEL, as described in the literature. The methodology and results of this thesis can be replicated in future participatory processes because it helps to identify stakeholders and select a decision-making group, representative of the actors of a region or geographic area, and also to identify and evaluate development needs of the region under study, taking into account the opinions of the identified stakeholders. / León Camargo, A. (2021). Planteamiento de un proceso participativo para la propuesta y priorización de proyectos de desarrollo regional. Caso de estudio Departamento del Meta en Colombia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174853 / TESIS

Orientador: José Antônio Perrella Balestieri / Resumo: A abordagem do nexo água-alimento-energia (AAE) leva em consideração a interdependência do uso desses recursos, essenciais para o bem-estar humano, e possibilita analisar os indicadores dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Nesta inter-relação é necessária uma abordagem sistêmica para compreender como a interação de cada componente funciona e se estrutura. Na presente tese foi analisado o nexo AAE e a rede de influências entre as cidades, no atendimento aos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, tendo o município de Cunha, no Estado de São Paulo, em posição central entre os demais municípios estudados. A vertente analisada encontra-se na transição entre o extenso Vale do Paraíba, situado entre duas metrópoles (São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro) e a baixada litorânea (Paraty e Ubatuba), tendo o município de Cunha em posição intermediária. A região estudada é drenada pelos rios Paraibuna, Paraitinga e seus afluentes que constituem fonte significativa de abastecimento de grandes cidades do sudeste brasileiro e oferece suas águas para irrigação, abastecimento, indústria e produção de energia hidroelétrica. Para análise do nexo AAE, os parâmetros da produção de alimento e o consumo de água e energia foram avaliados estatisticamente, com uso do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (cP). A análise considerou a produção agrícola e a relação com o consumo de água e energia, assim como a produção pesqueira frente aos referidos parâmetros, em escala de municípios. Dentre as an... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The water-food-energy (WFE) approach takes into account the interdependence of the use of these resources, which are essential for human well-being, and makes it possible to analyze the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this interrelation, a systemic approach is required to understand how the interaction of each component works and is structured. In this thesis, the AAE nexus and the network of influences between cities were analyzed, in compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals, with the municipality of Cunha, in the State of São Paulo, in a central position among the other municipalities studied. The analyzed slope is found in the transition between the extensive Vale do Paraíba, located between two metropolises (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) and the coastal lowland (Paraty and Ubatuba), with the municipality of Cunha in an intermediate position. The studied region is drained by the Paraibuna, Paraitinga Rivers and their tributaries, which constitute a significant source of supply for large cities in southeastern Brazil and offers their waters for irrigation, supply, industry, and hydroelectric power. For analysis of the WFE nexus, the parameters of food production and the consumption of water and energy were evaluated, statistically with use of Pearson's correlation coefficient (cP). The analysis considered agricultural production and the relationship with water and energy consumption, as well as fishery production against these parameters, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Jämställdhet är någonting som diskuteras flitigt i politiska debatter. Det blir bättre och bättre världen över men kvinnor ses fortfarande inte ha lika mycket inflytande över beslutsfattande processer som män. Maktpositionerna domineras än idag av män och Sverige är ett av de länder som ännu inte har haft en kvinnlig statsminister. Den här studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer utförda med kvinnor i Sveriges riksdag. Studien identifierar vilka upplevelser kvinnor i Sveriges riksdag har gällande förväntningar på kvinnor, bemötande mot kvinnor samt deras möjligheter till höga positioner i politiken. Den ser också över hur de själva upplever sin maktposition samt hur makten är könad. Studien undersöks med de Globala Målen, närmare bestämt delmål 5.5, som grund. Tidigare forskning visar hur kvinnor har det betydligt svårare än män gällande att både ta sig in och stanna kvar i politiken samt uppnå ledarskapsroller. Ett intersektionellt perspektiv är i stort sett frånvarande i den tidigare forskningen, därför har den här studien ett fokus på det. Genom en analys utifrån de teoretiska utgångspunkterna homo- och heterosocialitet, glastak, intersektionalitet, ojämlikhetssystemet samt genussystemet identifieras problematik kring det motstånd kvinnor inom politiken möter samt den rådande könsmaktsordningen. Resultatet visar bland annat att kvinnor i riksdagen i stort begränsas inom politiken men att de trots detta ändå är de mäktigaste kvinnorna i Sverige. Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för olika maktförhållanden inom svensk politik samt ger en insyn i hur det egentligen kommer sig att Sverige ännu inte har haft en kvinnlig statsminister. / Gender equality is something that is frequently discussed in political debates. It’s getting better all over the world, but women are still not seen to have as much influence over decision-making processes as men. The positions of power are still dominated by men and Sweden is one of the countries that has not yet had a female prime minister. This study is based on a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews conducted with women in the Swedish Parliament. The study identifies what experiences women in the Swedish Parliament have regarding expectations of women, treatment towards women and their opportunities to reach high positions in politics. It also focuses on how the women themselves perceive their position of power as well as how the power is gendered. The study is examined with The Sustainable Development Goals, more specifically sub-goal 5.5, as the basis. Previous research shows how women have a much harder time than men in terms of both entering and stay in politics and achieving leadership roles. An intersectional perspective is to a high degree absent in previous research, so this study has a specific focus on it. An analysis based on the theoretical principles of homo- and heterosociality, glass ceiling, intersectionality, the inequality system and the gender system identifies problems regarding the resistance women in politics encounter and the prevailing gender power system. The results show, among other things, that women in the Swedish Parliament are largely limited in politics, but that they are nevertheless the most powerful women in Sweden. The study contributes to an increased understanding of different power relations in Swedish politics and gives an insight into why Sweden has not yet had a female prime minister.