Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the Swedish industry is central in reaching set up environmental goals on a national level and fighting climate change that results in economic, environmental and social disasters on a global scale. The efforts of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from the Swedish industry have historically focused on investing in renewable technologies that have no emissions from production. However, to rapidly decrease emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, could be done by sequestering the gas from point sources at the industry sites and thereafter transport it to geological formations on- and offshore in a process more commonly known as Carbon Capture and Storage. Even so, the Carbon Capture and Storage technology is relatively new and has not yet been implemented on an industrial scale in Sweden. The real potential of Carbon Capture and Storage in relation to helping the Swedish industry in reaching set up national and international environmental goals is therefore unknown. Here we show, via a literature review and performing interviews with stakeholders from the investigated field, that there is a big potential for Carbon Capture and Storage to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions from the Swedish industry and create negative emission rates by storing emissions originated from biogenic sources.   Our results demonstrate that there are regulatory, economic, environmental, and social measures that are needed to create a future market for Carbon Capture and Storage and trading with negative emissions. These include evaluating domestic storage sites, changing laws and regulations, and sharing knowledge between countries and companies to create a wider understanding of the technology. We anticipate that our study on the dynamics of a Carbon Capture and Storage market will help stakeholders to identify levers and restraints in the current market so that the transition towards net zero emissions will accelerate, especially when having the national 2045 net zero emission objective in mind. Nonetheless, there is a great need for research to understand such a market, and more specifically to create a consensus between stakeholders on a national and global level when creating it. / Att minska växthusgasutsläppen från den svenska industrin är centralt för att nå nationella och globala klimatmål och vidare bekämpa klimatförändringar som på en global skala resulterar i ekonomiska, miljömässiga och samhälleliga katastrofer. Historiskt sett har åtgärderna för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser främst legat på satsningar inom förnybara tekniker där utsläppen från produktion är nästintill noll. Däremot behövs åtgärder för att snabbt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser, såsom koldioxid, där detta kan göras genom att avskilja koldioxiden från industriernas punktkällor och sedan lagra gasen på land och till havs genom en process som är mer känd under namnet koldioxidavskiljning och lagring. Trots detta är koldioxidavskiljning och lagring en relativt ny teknik som inte har tillämpats på industriell skala i Sverige. Teknologins verkliga potential för att uppfylla nationella och globala klimatmål är därför outforskad. Studien visar, genom en litteraturstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer med intressenter inom forskningsområdet, att tekniken koldioxidavskiljning och lagring har stor potential när det kommer till att minska koldioxidutsläpp från den svenska industrin och även när det kommer till att skapa negativa emissioner av koldioxid genom lagring av biogen koldioxid.   Resultatet visar att det är regulatoriska, ekonomiska, miljömässiga och samhälleliga åtgärder som är nödvändiga för att skapa en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring och handel med negativa utsläpp. Dessa innefattar utvärdering av inhemska lagringsplatser, ändring av lagar och regler samt att sprida och dela kunskap mellan länder och företag för att skapa en vidare förståelse av teknologin. Vi förutser att användningsområdet för studien av en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring kan hjälpa intressenter inom forskningsområdet att identifiera åtgärder som kan verka som hävarm och även hinder för en framtida utveckling mot nettonollutsläpp. Detta då de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen fastslår att nettonollutsläpp senast ska nås år 2045. Däremot behövs vidare studier för att förstå en framtida marknad för koldioxidavskiljning och lagring samt negativa emissioner, mer specifikt behövs konsensus mellan intressenter på en nationell och global nivå för att skapa en sådan marknad.

Syfte: Byggindustrin kommer framförallt att påverkas av hållbarhetsutvecklingens framfart. FN har satt hållbarhetsmål presenterade i Agenda 2030 och för att möta dessa mål måste hållbarhet stå i fokus för både yrkesverksamma och intressenter. Betong är ett material som består av ballast, vatten och cement som hårdnar över tiden och används världen över inom byggindustrin. År 2014 uppskattades betongproduktionen stå för hela fem procent av alla antropogena koldioxidutsläpp. Syftet med studien är att undersöka miljöpåverkan från olika betongkvaliteter mätt i koldioxidekvivalenter och använda resultatet för att påvisa om konstruktörer kan göra någon skillnad via sina kravspecifikationer på betong. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes inledningsvis för att säkerställa studiens relevans samt skapa kunskap kring området. LCA och dokumentanalys av EPD möjliggjorde jämförelse av klimatpåverkan och data kunde sammanställas. Resultat: Sammanställd och jämförd data från LCA och dokumentanalys tyder på att konstruktörer kan minska klimatpåverkan genom att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklass. Detta möjliggör att en större andel cement kan bytas ut mot tillsatsmaterial. Litteraturstudie tyder på att konstruktörens arbete för att minska klimatpåverkan från betong kan direkt kopplas till mål 13 i Agenda 2030. Mål 13 verkar bland annat för att Sverige inte skall ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser 2045. Konsekvenser: Om konstruktörer i den mån det är möjligt föreskriver högre vct och lägre exponeringsklasser tyder studien på att de kan minska klimatpåverkan från betong. Att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklasser är dock inte alltid möjligt med hänsyn till hållfasthet och omgivning. Studien bidrar till att skapa förståelse för hur stora skillnader gällande klimatpåverkan som kan uppstå beroende på betongkvalitet. Begränsningar: Betong erhåller många egenskaper och en uppsjö av parametrar som påverkar dessa egenskaper. Genom att avgränsa studien och bortse från en del parametrar finns risk för orättvisa resultat. Data som används är publicerad data samt data som betongleverantören vill tillge vilket ger ett bristande verklighetsperspektiv. Majoriteten av betongkvaliteterna som analyserades är av en klimatförbättrad betong och har därmed en lägre klimatpåverkan än vad som vanligen används på plats om inte krav finns. På grund av omgivning och andra förhållanden är det inte alltid möjligt för konstruktören att föreskriva högre vct och lägre exponeringsklass. Studiens fokus ligger på klimatpåverkan vilket begränsar möjligheten att koppla resultatet till flera miljömål. / Purpose: The construction industry will be fundamentally impacted by sustainable development progression. The United Nations have set goals outlined in the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. To meet this desired progression, these goals must stand in focus for construction professionals and industry stakeholders. Concrete is a composite material made from aggregates, fluids and cement which hardens over time and is widely used in the construction industry. In 2014 it was estimated to account for more than five percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the climate impact of various concrete mixtures measured as carbon dioxide equivalents and use this to inform whether construction designers can make a difference through the specifications of concrete mixtures. Method: A literature review was conducted to ensure relevance of the study and establish a knowledge base regarding the subject. LCA and a document analysis of EPDs made it possible to compare climate impacts and data could be compiled. Findings: Data from LCA and document analysis indicates that construction designers can reduce the climate impact through their specifications by subscribing higher w/c ratios and lower exposure classes. This enable a bigger amount of the cement to be traded by additives. A literature study indicates that reducing the climate impact of concrete can directly be related to goal 13 in Agenda 2030. In Sweden, goal 13 is to reach no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045. Implications: If construction designers specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure classes, they can reduce the climate impact from concrete. To specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure class is not always possible depending on the structural requirements. The study adds to an understanding of the climate impact depending on concrete mixtures. Limitations: Concrete obtains many characteristics which is affected by multiple parameters. Limiting the study data and ignoring some parameters increases the risk of deceptive results. Publicly available concrete certifications and data from concrete professionals is combined in this study. Most of the concrete mixtures selected for analysis are climate friendly types and therefore the results would differ if regular concrete was used. Because of structural requirements and other conditions, it is not always possible for the construction designer to specify higher w/c ratio and lower exposure class. This study focuses on climate impacts which limits the possibility to make connections to multiple sustainable development goals.

Between 2000 and 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were the focus of much global attention and activity. They were selected in light of astounding poverty, with over 1 billion people at the time living on less than $1 per day. In a sense the MDGs were morally undeniable. The focus of this study is MDG2, universal primary education. It sets out to establish how and why MDG2 came to be selected. Whilst its selection seems obvious, for years developing countries complained about the short-sightedness of prioritising primary over secondary and tertiary education (Klees 2008). A task force commissioned by the World Bank and UNESCO at the time showed that the Bank’s rate of return analysis on primary education was flawed. It argued that developing countries need highly educated people to be economic and social entrepreneurs, develop good governance, strong institutions and infrastructure. In this way MDG2’s selection is problematic. Using case study method, first the literature is examined. Three hypotheses are generated: one based on a rational synoptic theory, one on critical theory and one on world society theory. A range of data are used to establish findings and test hypotheses. The study then considers implications of the findings for theory and the policy process. The findings show that priorities promoting more equal opportunities, such as MDG2, were gradually preferred. Whereas priorities promoting more equal outcomes, such as elimination of trade barriers, were gradually excluded. The study finds no evidence that the General Assembly ever voted on the list of 8 MDGs. Rather, the MDGs were selected by elite policy actors, addressing multiple interests. The study considers the assertion that marginalization of the poor does not happen because people harbor ill will toward them, rather because “The poor have no friends among the global elite” (Pogge 2011, p. 62).

Submitted by Paulo Loiola (paulolteixeira@gmail.com) on 2017-08-07T19:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_PauloRicardoLoiola_Final.pdf: 1148784 bytes, checksum: 1a255b2ca421ea7ab2998f19511cb113 (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Prezado aluno, Sua submissão está sendo rejeitada para acertos: Favor acertar os identens abaixo e submeter novamente. *dc.date.issued: 2017-05-05. favor corrigir para 2017-06-05 *A ficha catalográfica aparece duas vezes. Favor retirar uma Áurea SRA on 2017-08-08T13:23:38Z (GMT) / Submitted by Paulo Loiola (paulolteixeira@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T18:41:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSEnCA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-08-21T18:54:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T13:17:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / This dissertation studies qualitatively the the factors that influence the process of localization of the Millennium Development Goals at Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil, in order to understand the possibilities and limitations of this process. The analysis is relevant because of the many social and environmental challenges on the national and international level. Data have been collected in three phases: 1) analysis of the documentation and bibliography about the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals; 2) Interviews with local actors and bibliographic studies; 3) Comparison between Barro Alto, Goiás, and Niquelândia, and the organization of the information according to the Sociology of the Organized Action. As a result, it was seen that Barro Alto, Goiás, can be considered a successful process of Millennium Development Goals implementation, with better numbers than the average of the Goiás state The analysis using the Organized Action Sociology framework facilitated the process of understanding the factors that influenced the success of the implementation of the MDG, such as social participation, transparency and the local capacity building. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar de forma qualitativa os fatores que influenciaram o processo da municipalização dos Objetivos do Milênio em Barro Alto. A partir dessa análise foram identificadas possibilidades e limitações quanto à implantação do projeto no nível municipal. Essa análise é relevante frente aos diversos desafios sociais e ambientais em nível nacional e global. Os dados foram coletados em três etapas: 1) análise da documentação e bibliografia sobre Objetivos do Milênio e Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. 2) Entrevistas aos atores locais e levantamento bibliográfico 3) Comparação dos dados de Barro Alto/Goiás com os dados de Goiás e de Niquelândia, além da organização das informações conforme a Sociologia da Ação Organizada. Para tanto, partiu-se da seguinte pergunta: quais os fatores que influenciaram o sucesso da implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio em Barro Alto? Como resultado, viu-se que Barro Alto/Goiás pode ser considerado um caso bem-sucedido de implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio, com desempenho superior à média do estado de Goiás nos indicadores dos Objetivos do Milênio disponibilizados no PORTAL ODM no período no projeto (2010 - 2017) e com apoio da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, pôde-se perceber um conjunto de fatores que influenciaram o sucesso da implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio, como a participação social, a transparência e a capacitação do capital humano local localmente. Palavras-chave: Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Objetivos do Desenvolvimento do Milênio; municipalização; Teoria da Complexidade; Território; Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Barro Alto/GO.

This thesis examines the transformative potential of grassroots movements for sustainability and thus asks how citizen-led initiatives can contribute the United Nation’s 2030 Agenda. In focus is the permaculture movement and its efforts to promote small-scale farming in balance with ecological systems and principles. The study draws upon an ethnographic study of the permaculture farm Kosters Trädgårdar, located on the west coast of Sweden. Through extended participant observation and four interviews with owners and workers at Kosters Trädgårdar, this thesis seeks to identify the transformative visions, practices and agents mobilized by the permaculture movement. Although permaculture has a strong ecological heritage and is closely tied to small-scale farming practices, this study identifies a shift in the meaning of the term as explained hereafter. The experiences of Kosters Trädgårdar indicate that the cultivation of social community and alternative livelihoods is an equally important aspect of the permaculture movement that holds significant transformative potential. By inviting multiple actors to participate in and learn from the farming practices, and to enjoy and socialize around ecological food, Kosters Trädgårdar is effectively building local community and spreading its visions of sustainable food production beyond the circuits of the farm. Although we should not over-estimate the upscaling potential of local experiences, this permaculture farm emerges as a site of grassroot innovation, experimentation and learning and may hereby function as a testbed for the grand transformative visions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

In view of the adopted SDGs in 2015 and their focus on domestic resource mobilisation, this diploma thesis attempts to fulfil two main objectives. First, it aims to describe and analyse the current tax system often labelled not only by developing states as unfit for the 21st century's globalized economy. Second, it tries to provide deeper understanding of reasons that lead certain countries not to support the creation of a UN Tax Body, the only platform where all countries could participate in the negotiating of tax harmonization on an equal footing. Three hypotheses based on a neorealist, liberal and functional regime theory are put forward. Using data obtained from interviews conducted with delegates at the UN, it can be concluded that the organisational infrastructure is the power reflection. While the OECD BEPS mechanism is recognised by many as efficient and sufficient, this is possible due to the enabling power relations that exclude more than hundred developing countries from the negotiation of international tax rules. It can thus be concluded that the current OECD mechanism does not address existing policy loopholes that cause losses to developing countries. To match the SDGs' rhetoric with reality, policy-makers should create a more inclusive and universally agreed on standard-setting...

Denna studie undersöker för- och nackdelar med textilier gjorda av bananavfall applicerat inom modebranschen. Studien granskas ur ett miljöperspektiv med ett fokus utifrån mål 12: Hållbarkonsumtion och produktion från de Globala målen. De Globala målen är en del avhandlingsplanen Agenda 2030 som är uppsatt av United Nation Development Program, där det eftersträvas att fram till och med år 2030 ha uppnått en mer hållbar värld. Vidare kommer bananfiberns egenskaper att granskas ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv för att se om detta är ett lämpligt val inom modebranschen. Studien ger också en inblick i hur modebranschen i Sverige förhåller sig till textilt material av bananavfall. Studien utgör en viktig del för att sprida kunskap om bananfiberns för- och nackdelar medmöjligheter att ge bättre förutsättningar till modeindustrin att kunna använda en hållbar fiber. Studiens resultat visar att det finns möjligheter för att detta ska kunna uppnås i framtiden sett ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv, samt utifrån bananfiberns egenskaper. / This thesis examines the advantages and disadvantages regarding textiles made out of bananawaste within the fashion industry. An environmental perspective is applied based on goal 12:Responsible consumption and production from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).SDGs is a part of the 2030 Agenda set by United Nation Development Programs, which aims tocreate a better world by 2030. Furthermore, the characteristics of the banana fiber and itsadequacy for the fashion industry will be theoretically examined. An aspect regarding thematerial from the fashion industries point of view will also be processed. Only swedishcompanies are included in the thesis.The thesis constitutes an important part for disseminate knowledge regarding the advantages anddisadvantages of the banana fiber. This with an expectation to provide better conditions withinthe fashion industry using a more sustainable fiber. Based on the results of the thesis, theopportunities to achieve this in the future are significant, due to the fact that both an sustainableperspective and the characteristics of the banana fiber shows a positive outcome. Furthermore,the thesis indicates a split result regarding the fashion companies point of view in the matter.

The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs were adopted in 2015. The contribution of FBOs in their achievement is however, not properly recognised owing partly to the historical perception of FBOs as peripheral rather than core development actors. Using the case study of one FBO in Kenya, this study examined the relevance of FBOs’ development work to the SDGs. Using Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and a literature review for data collection, the study found that: FBOs possess a dual identity (faith and development). The faith identity gives them some comparative advantages over secular counterparts in engaging local faith communities; there was a direct link between the FBOs’ work and the SDGs. The case study organisation directly contributed to six of the 17 SDGs; the FBOs’ knowledge on SDGs and their engagement with SDG forums were found to be limited. The study recommends a renewed attention to FBOs work and more studies to increase evidence on the FBOs’ role and impact on SDGs. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, systematisch Möglichkeiten zur gezielten und qualitativen Entkopplung von Umweltauswirkungen im Rahmen der Verantwortungsaussage des SDG 12 in Bezug auf einzelne Stoffströme zu identifizieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Schema zur Bewertung der Verantwortung erstellt, das sich auf die Systemgrenzen der Umwelt und die systemischen Produktionsströme einzelner Materialien konzentriert. Einzelne generische Prozesseinheiten wurden identifiziert und Umweltindikatoren, die Planetary Boundaries, ausgewählt. Das entwickelte Schema wurde dann in einer Fallstudie mit dem Beispielmaterial Aluminium auf seine Funktionalität getestet, indem das Material mit den Umweltindikatoren in jeder Prozesseinheit seiner spezifischen Produktionsroute kalibriert wurde. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die entwickelte Bewertung in der Tat eine systematische Identifizierung des Entkopplungsraums innerhalb eines Materialflusses ermöglicht und somit als funktional und übertragbar auf andere Materialflüsse und andere Dimensionen wie die soziale oder wirtschaftliche sowie die Verbrauchsdimension angesehen werden kann.:1 Introduction 2 Context of the Thesis 3 Sustainable Development Theories - The Road to Sustainable Industrial Development 4 Objectives and Structure of the Thesis 5 Development of a Responsibility Assessment Scheme 7 Aluminium as Key Material in our Society 8 The Aluminium Production System 9 Assessment Instructions 10 Case study – Aluminium Life Cycle and Planetary Boundary Matrix Calibration 11 Evaluation, Discussion of Results and Conclusion 12 Bibliography / This thesis aimed to systematically identify opportunities for targeted and qualitative environmental impact decoupling within the responsibility proposition of SDG 12 in relation to single material flows. To do this a responsibility assessment scheme was created that focused on the system boundaries environment and systemic production flows of single materials. Individual generic unit processes were identified and environmental indicators, the Planetary Boundaries, were chosen. The scheme designed was then tested in a case study for its functionality with the example material Aluminium, through calibrating the material with the environmental indicators in each unit process of its specific production route. This showed that the assessment designed indeed allowed for systematic identification of decoupling space within a material flow and can thus be considered as functional and transferrable to other material flows and other dimensions like the social or economic, as well as the consumption dimension.:1 Introduction 2 Context of the Thesis 3 Sustainable Development Theories - The Road to Sustainable Industrial Development 4 Objectives and Structure of the Thesis 5 Development of a Responsibility Assessment Scheme 7 Aluminium as Key Material in our Society 8 The Aluminium Production System 9 Assessment Instructions 10 Case study – Aluminium Life Cycle and Planetary Boundary Matrix Calibration 11 Evaluation, Discussion of Results and Conclusion 12 Bibliography

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