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Agroekologi är ett jordbrukskoncept baserat på kunskap från ursprungsbefolkning och bönder som syftar till att uppnå hållbara, motståndskraftiga och stabila jordbrukssystem utan externa insatser. Konceptet syftar även till att stärka landsbygdssamhällen och skapa produktiva jordbrukssystem för att säkra livsmedelstillgången världen över. Agroekologi utmanar konventionell odling och exportorienterad livsmedelsproduktion där ekonomisk lönsamhet ofta prioriteras på bekostnad av sociala och ekologiska aspekter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hinder och förutsättningar för en agroekologisk expansion i sydamerikanska länder då dessa länder besitter värdefulla ekosystem som i dagsläget hotas av konventionellt jordbruk. För att uppfylla målen med studien utfördes expertintervjuer samt litterära studier av expertgranskade artiklar. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat att samhälleliga aktörer såsom stat, forskningsinstitutioner, sociala rörelser, bönder och konsumenter har viktiga roller när det gäller agroekologisk expansion, samt att en tydlig kommunikation mellan dessa aktörer är nödvändig. En generell slutsats är att en hållbar omställning inom jordbruket är komplex och svår att genomföra, delvis på grund av de starka nyliberala diskurser som existerar inom stat och näringsliv och försvårar ett främjande av sociala och ekologiska frågor. / Agroecology is an agricultural concept based on indigenous and peasant knowledge, which strives to achieve sustainable, resilient and reliable agricultural systems without external inputs. The concept also aims to strengthen rural communities and create productive agricultural systems in order to achieve food sovereignty across the world. Agroecology challenges conventional farming and export-oriented food production which often prioritizes profitability with little regard to ecological and social aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles and possibilities for an agroecological expansion in South American countries, since these countries possess valuable ecosystems that are currently threatened by conventional agriculture. In order to fulfill the goals of this study, literary studies of peer-reviewed articles as well as expert interviews were conducted. The results show that societal actors such as governments, research institutions, social movements, farmers and consumers have important roles in the expansion of agroecology, and that a clear articulation between these actors is necessary. A general conclusion of the study is that a sustainable transition within the agricultural sector is complex and would be difficult to achieve, partly because of the strong neoliberalist discourses that exist within governments and businesses and prevent the promotion of social and ecological issues.

La certification volontaire offre aux consommateurs des informations détaillées sur le processus de production et/ou de fabrication des produits. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations de producteurs du Costa Rica ont historiquement joué un rôle important dans la participation des petits producteurs aux filières certifiées et leur motivation à accéder aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Pour ces raisons, le Costa Rica offre un environnement intéressant pour étudier la façon dont les organisations de producteurs de café arrivent à gérer la certification de leurs membres.Cette recherche se concentre uniquement sur les coopératives et les consortiums de coopératives puisqu’elles sont importantes dans le processus de certification. Considérant le manque de connaissances sur le rôle des coopératives et de la certification volontaire du café, cette thèse traite les questions suivantes: Quel est le rôle des coopératives dans la gestion des certifications volontaires ? Quels sont les changements induits par la certification, au niveau des coopératives et des exploitations ?, Quels aspects sociaux uniques propres au Costa Rica influencent la gestion et l'efficacité de la certification?Les administrateurs de vingt des vingt-deux coopératives de café au Costa Rica ont été enquêtés. Quatre coopératives ont ensuite été sélectionnées pour les études de cas approfondies.Bien que les certifications soient souvent critiqués de ne pas provoquer d‘amélioration au niveau de l'exploitation en raison de la sélection des exploitations conformées uniquement, le facteur qui encourage les coopératives à choisir la certification individuelle est la structure des certifications, y compris la faible demande de café certifié, les incitations faible et variables des prix, les coûts élevés de l'audit et des exigences élevées en gestion et en formation. Au Costa Rica, la certification de café volontaire fournissent des avantages réels, bien que minimes aux coopératives ainsi qu’à leurs membres. Les coopératives prennent des décisions sur la gestion des certifications en fonction de leurs stratégies commerciales, du type de café qu'elles produisent et de leur dotation en capital social, cette qui se manifeste comme une solidarité de groupe ou une approche commerciale. La certification incite à une approche plus holistique de la production de café en nécessitant plus de formations et de services liés à la production durable. Elle encourage les coopératives à collaborer avec d'autres parties prenantes, en augmentant leur connectivité et leur capital social. Cela donne aux membres un accès à de nouvelles connaissances et services, ce qui peut potentiellement créer un cercle vertueux de production de capital social.La certification peut cependant encourager les coopératives à offrir des services supplémentaires ou des incitations financières à une partie de leurs membres seulement. Un niveau élevé de capital social est nécessaire au niveau administratif pour assurer une répartition équitable des avantages de la certification tout en offrant des incitations aux membres à poursuivre la certification. / Voluntary certifications offer consumers information on the process in which products are produced. Farmers’ organizations play an important role in the management of certifications and in small-farmer access to certified markets. Costa Rican farmers’ organizations have a long history of participation in the certified value chain and in fomenting small farmers’ access to certified markets. Farmers’ organizations also make strategic decisions related to the organization’s participation in the certified value chain and how farmers are supported and incentivized to join.For these reasons Costa Rica provides an interesting milieu to study how farmers’ organizations manage certifications. Because of their importance in the certification process in Costa Rica, this research focuses on cooperatives and consortia of cooperatives. Considering the gap in knowledge regarding the role of cooperatives and voluntary coffee certifications, this thesis presents the following questions: What is the role of cooperatives in the management of voluntary coffee certifications?, What are the advantages and disadvantages of participation in voluntary certifications for cooperatives?, What changes do certifications induce at the cooperative and farm levels?, What social aspects in Costa Rica influence the management and effectiveness of certifications? Administrators from twenty of the twenty-two coffee cooperatives in Costa Rica were interviewed to obtain basic data on harvest size, membership and management and participation in certifications. Four cooperatives were selected for in-depth case studies.Certifications are often criticized for not eliciting widespread change at the farm level due to the selection of compliant farms, but it is the structure of the certifications, including low demand, weak and variable price incentives, high costs of auditing and high requirements for management and training, which incentivize cooperatives to choose individual certifications.In Costa Rica, voluntary coffee certifications promote small but real benefits to cooperatives and their members. Cooperatives make decisions about the management of certifications based on their business strategies, the type of coffee they produce and the social capital inherent in the cooperative, which is manifested as a group solidarity approach or a commercial approach.Certifications incite a more holistic approach to coffee production by requiring training and services related to sustainable production. Certifications encourage cooperatives to collaborate with other stakeholders, increasing their connectedness and organizational social capital. This gives members access to new knowledge and services and has the potential to create a virtuous cycle of the production of social capital.Certifications, however, may induce cooperatives to offer additional services or financial incentives to some members and not to others. A high level of social capital is needed at the administrative level to ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits of certifications while still offering members incentives to pursue certifications.

[EN] This research work constitutes a first approximation to the study of the viability of carbonic fertirrigation in citrus fruits as a CO2 drain potential. To that effect, carbonic fertirrigation experiments were carried out with citrus fruits of the Nadarcott variety from the year 2010 to the year 2015. The study required the monitoring of parameters related to the leaf surface, the phenological state of the trees, the ground, the leaves and the fruits of the tested trees. The analysis of the results obtained showed there were no significant differences in the size and quality of the fruits irrigated with CO2. Differences were neither observed in the trees' vegetative development nor in the advance or delay of the blooming and formation of fruits. The analysis of the grounds revealed that the content in organic matter of the grounds irrigated with CO2 was higher than in the grounds used as reference in at least two tenths of a percentage. Similarly, it was noted that the content in iron in the leaves of the trees irrigated with CO2 was significantly higher than in the trees used as reference. The statistical analysis carried out confirmed these conclusions, noting a 24% increase over the average value in the case of the organic matter in the ground and of a 16% in the case of the iron content in the leaves. Both factors indicate that carbonic fertirrigation does have relevant agronomic repercussions, especially on the organic fraction of the ground and on the iron soluble fraction. Various authors confirm the mobilisation of the iron produced by the decrease in the pH of the irrigation water - this study confirms this fact and strengthens the usage of carbon dioxide as a potential substitute of strong acids normally used for this purpose. The increase in the content of the ground's organic matter is an especially interesting result, as it was not expected, even though some authors have related the decrease of soil respiration to different cultural practices that improve the ground's texture. The interaction between the CO2 of the irrigation water and the content in organic matter in the ground and, therefore, soil respiration must be studied in further detail in a future, with experiences specially aimed at valuing the repercussions of this practice on both parameters. / [ES] Este trabajo de investigación constituye una primera aproximación al estudio de viabilidad de la fertirrigación carbónica en cítricos como potencial sumidero de CO2. A tal efecto, se llevaron a cabos experimentos de fertirrigación carbónica con cítricos de la variedad Nadarcott desde el año 2010 hasta el año 2015. El estudio requirió la monitorización de parámetros relacionados con la superficie foliar, los estados fenológicos de los árboles, el suelo, las hojas y los frutos de los árboles ensayados. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos mostró que no había diferencias significativas en el tamaño y calidad de los frutos regados con CO2. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en el desarrollo vegetativo de los árboles ni en el avance o retraso de la floración y formación de los frutos. Los análisis de los suelos revelaron que el contenido en materia orgánica de los suelos regados con CO2 era más alto que los suelos tomados como referencia en al menos dos décimas porcentuales. De la misma manera, se observó que el contenido en hierro en las hojas de los árboles regados con CO2 era significativamente más alto que en los árboles tomados como referencia. Los análisis estadísticos realizados confirmaron estas conclusiones, observándose un incremento del 24% sobre el valor promedio en el caso de la materia orgánica del suelo y del 16% en el caso del contenido en hierro de las hojas. Ambos factores indican que la fertirrigación carbónica sí que tiene repercusiones agronómicas relevantes, especialmente sobre la fracción orgánica del suelo y sobre la fracción soluble de hierro. Diversos autores confirman la movilización del hierro producido por la disminución del pH del agua de riego; este estudio confirma este hecho y refuerza la utilización del dióxido de carbono como potencial sustituto de los ácidos fuertes normalmente utilizados para este cometido. El aumento en el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo es un resultado especialmente interesante, pues no era esperado pese a que algunos autores han relacionado la disminución de la respiración edáfica con diferentes prácticas culturales que mejoran la textura del suelo. La interacción entre el CO2 del agua de riego y el contenido en materia orgánica del suelo y, por tanto, la respiración edáfica deben de ser estudiados con más detalle, en un futuro con experiencias especialmente dirigidas a valorar las repercusiones de esta práctica sobre ambos parámetros. / [CAT] Aquest treball d'investigació constitueix una primera aproximació a l'estudi de la viabilitat de la fertirrigació carbònica en cítrics com a potencial embornal de carboni. Amb aquesta finalitat es dugueren a terme experiments de fertirrigació carbònica amb cítrics de la varietat Nadorcott des de l'any 2010 fins l'any 2015. L'estudi va requerir la monitoratge de paràmetres relacionats amb la superfície foliar, els estat fenològics del arbres, el sòl, les fulles i el fruits dels arbres assatjats. L'anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts mostrà que no hi havia diferències significatives en el tamany i qualitat del fruits regats amb CO2. Tampoc es varen observar diferències en el desenvolupament vegetatiu dels arbres ni en l'avanç o retard de la floració i formació dels fruits. Les anàlisis dels sòls revelaren que el contingut de matèria orgànica dels sòls regats amb CO2 era més alt que els sòls considerats com a referència en, almenys, dues dècimes percentuals. De la mateixa manera, s'observà que el contingut de ferro en les fulles dels arbres regats amb CO2 era significativament més alt que en els arbres referència. Les anàlisis estadístiques realitzades confirmaren aquestes conclusions, observant-se un increment del 24% sobre el valor mitjà en el cas de la matèria orgànica del sòl i del 16% en el cas del contingut en ferro de les fulles. Tots dos factors indiquen que la fertirrigació carbònica sí que té repercusions agronòmiques rellevants, especialment, sobre la fracció orgànica del sòl i la fracció soluble de ferro. Diferents autors confirmen la mobilització del ferro produit per la disminució del pH de l'agua de reg; aquest estudi confirma aquest fet i reforça l'ús del diòxid de carboni com a potencial subsutitut dels àcids forts normalment gastats per a aquesta tasca. L'augment en el contingut de matèria orgànica del sòl és un resultat especialment interessant, ja que no era esperat, malgrat que alguns autors han relacionat la disminució de la respiració edàfica amb diferents pràctiques culturals que milloren la textura del sòl. La interacció entre el CO2 de l'aigua de reg i el contingut en matèria orgànica del sòl i, per tant, la respiració edàfica han de ser estudiats amb més detall en un futur amb experiències especialment dirigides a valorar les repercussions d'aquesta pràctica sobre tots dos paràmetres. / Tarazona Díez, JV. (2015). ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL DE LA FERTIRRIGACIÓN CARBÓNICA EN CÍTRICOS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59405 / TESIS

CAKE Kibb is proposing a possible mobility solutionfor regenerative agriculture that suits better within thev alues that comes with it. A non disturbing vehicle both physically and chemically that can help throughout the day of a farmers lifestyle, in a diverse and modular manner. Agriculture is now one of the industries that contributes to the most greenhouse emissions in theworld. This is slowly killing our soil and prevents a healthy growth, so the industry is at this point slowly killing it self. With Regenerative agriculture the aim is to harness the healing powers of earth itself to have healthy regenerative growth. At this time the access to non pollutant transportation and machines is very limited. With the very diverse tasks that is required, a modular small mobility could be a good solution for the farms going towards regenerative agriculture. What if this could inspire farmers to choose a more sustainable mobility solution in their daily tasks.Would it be possible to move around on a farm with minimal impact? With the experience the author has from living on a horse ranch growing up she knows the respect you have for the animals and earth. She cant see why this would not be interesting for more farmers or ranchers wanting to respect the things they already spend all day nurturing for optimal growth and well-being. The process that follows was set out from the research made around the topic and from what was concluded from user interviews. With the projects set time frame (year - 2030) the project is highly dependent on current technology, rules and regulations. This puts quite tight restrains on what the vehicle can come to be. If the goal is to reduce the impact agriculture has on our earth is it even ethical to create something more that would move around on it? The conclusion made was that even if this contributes to the consumer society, agriculture is vital for human life on earth. So, here is a chance to inspire towards a more sustainable, zero emission direction of handling agriculture. In this project it is easy to imagine a whole arsenal of accessories and functions it could have but the author has decided to limit the development of these to a few given scenarios and leave a gap for imagination for other opportunities. The focus will therefore be on the main vehicle and a few accessories connected to the scenarios but not in as high refinement as the main vehicle. There is no ambition in innovating new tools for farming more so create a way to use the current methods in a more sustainable way with the principals of regenerative agriculture in mind.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23964号 / 農博第2513号 / 新制||農||1093(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5399(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅津 千恵子, 教授 浅見 淳之, 准教授 三谷 羊平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis discusses the detrimental effects that industrialized farming practices have on public health, animal welfare, and ecological systems and includes factual support. It also provides practical application of this information as well as possible solutions and a detailed description of a related art exhibition.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-26T11:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Siqueira Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1490936 bytes, checksum: 760aec6ca100ccf3d644ceaf93ade6ff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-27T10:44:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Siqueira Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1490936 bytes, checksum: 760aec6ca100ccf3d644ceaf93ade6ff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-27T10:44:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Siqueira Freitas - 2014.pdf: 1490936 bytes, checksum: 760aec6ca100ccf3d644ceaf93ade6ff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The conservation of native and cultivated soils quality in the Cerrado region, seen by a microbiological point of view, has been discussed with both ecological as productive focus. In this work, the quality of native Cerrado was contrasted with that present in no-tillage system (soybean/sorghum), crop-livestock system (soy/pasture), cultivated coffee, eucalyptus forest and not managed grassland, to form the object of study. Since it is laborious to assess all the physical and chemical parameters that surround the quality of soil and, as the community of fungi and bacteria receive direct influence of these factors, the microbiological study can answer questions about the quality of a native or cultivated system. For this study 10 composite samples were collected within each cropping system on a transect shape, lying 20 meters from each other. The microbial community was evaluated for its density from the quantification of microbial biomass carbon, total carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and total nitrogen. Once is known that the quantitative assessment would not be enough to express the behavior of microbial community, an analysis of the metabolic potential based on degrading capacity of substrates, enzyme assay and basal soil respiration tests were applied. Quantitative data showed that areas of pasture and no-tillage had similar microbial biomass of the soil under native Cerrado (control) but differ significantly in the degradative capacity of substrates and enzyme activity, showing that crops impress selection under microbiota in these areas. / A conservação da qualidade de solos nativos e cultivados na região do Cerrado, vista do ponto de vista microbiológico, tem sido discutida tanto com foco ecológico quanto produtivo. Neste trabalho, a biota do solo sob Cerrado nativo foi contrastada com aquela presente nos sistemas de cultivo plantio direto (soja/sorgo), integração lavoura-pecuária (soja/braquiária), café, floresta de eucalipto cultivada e pastagem não manejada, formando o objeto de estudo. Posto que é laborioso levantar todos os parâmetros físicos e químicos que circundam a qualidade de um solo e como a comunidade de fungos e bactérias sofre influência direta destes fatores, o estudo microbiológico, exclusivamente, pode responder sobre a qualidade de um sistema nativo ou cultivado. Para este estudo foram coletadas 10 amostras compostas dentro de cada sistema de cultivo em forma de transecto, distando 20 metros entre si. A comunidade microbiológica foi avaliada quanto a sua densidade a partir da quantificação do carbono da biomassa microbiana, do carbono total, do nitrogênio da biomassa e do nitrogênio total. Sabendo que a avaliação quantitativa não seria suficiente para expressar o comportamento da comunidade microbiana, a análise do potencial metabólico baseada nos testes de capacidade degradativa de substratos, teste enzimático e respiração basal do solo, foram aplicadas. Os dados quantitativos mostraram que as áreas de pastagem e plantio direto apresentam uma biomassa microbiana semelhante ao solo sob Cerrado nativo (controle) porém divergem significativamente na capacidade degradativa dos substratos e na atividade enzimática, mostrando que o cultivo imprimiu seleção sobre a microbiota nestas áreas.

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