Introdução: A disfagia está frequentemente assoaciada com a DP e pode levar a desidratação, perda de peso, pneumonia aspirativa, redução da qualidade de vida severa e até mesmo óbito. Apesar desses dados, os mecanismos subjacentes e a interferência de tarefas simultâneas na deglutição permanecem incertos, principalmente na população com DP que, conhecidamente, apresenta dificuldades em realizar movimentos simultâneos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da dupla tarefa na biomecânica da deglutição na DP, avaliada por meio de videonasoendoscopia funcional da deglutição e videofluoroscopia da deglutição (VFD). Método: Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento dez participantes com DP foram testados enquanto realizavam a deglutição e uma dupla tarefa manual por meio de VFD. Na condição de dupla tarefa, os participantes deglutiram 5ml de alimento pastoso durante oposição de polegares sequencial e não sequencial. Para o segundo estudo, avaliamos por meio de FEES, 19 pacientes pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade com controles saudáveis (HC). A dupla tarefa empregada foi deglutir 3ml e 5ml de pastoso durante a performance de oposição de polegares não sequencial. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos funcionais significativos na segurança da deglutição entre o desempenho da tarefa isolada e na dupla tarefa por meio da VFD e FEES. Não houve correlação entre o desempenho nas testagens cognitivas e estágio da doença medido através de UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) para a MBSS e H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) para FEES. Esses achados revelam que a avaliação e terapia necessitam de atenção e manejo considerando tarefas que podem ser competitivas para a deglutição e consequentemente comprometer a sua segurança. / Introduction: Dysphagia is often associated with PD and may lead to dehydration, weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, severely reduced quality of life and even death. Despite these data, the underlying mechanisms and the interference of simultaneous tasks on swallowing remain uncertain, especially in people with PD who known to be presents difficulties in performing simultaneous movements. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of the dual task in the biomechanics of swallowing in PD evaluated using Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and modified barium swallowing study (MBSS). Methods: This study was divided in two protocols. In the first experiment ten participants with PD were tested while performing swallowing and a hand dual task under MBSS. In dual task condition, participants swallowed 5ml of pudding barium during the sequential and non-sequential finger tapping. For the second study, we evaluated under FEES, 19 PD patients matched for sex, age and education with healthy controls (HC). The duasl task employed was swallowing 3ml and 5 ml of pudding while performing non- sequential finger tapping. Results showed significant functional effects to swallowing safety between single and dual-task performance under MBSS and FEES. There was no correlation between performance on cognitive tests, and stage of the disease as measured by UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) for MBSS and H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) to FEES and swallowing. These findings reveal that assessment and therapy need attention and management considering tasks that can be competitive for swallowing and therefore compromise their safety.

Introdução: Pacientes criticamente doentes frequentemente requerem intubação endotraqueal e suporte ventilatório prolongado. Estudos encontraram e demonstraram uma correlação temporal e fisiológica da deglutição entre a respiração e os componentes envolvidos na proteção de via aérea durante a deglutição, no entanto a contribuição desta interação permanece desconhecida após um período de intubação endotraqueal e ventilação mecânica (VM). Objetivo: O propósito deste estudo prospectivo foi de avaliar a interação da respiração - deglutição em pacientes submetidos à intubação orotraqueal e ventilação mecânica. Método: Avaliamos prospectivamente 10 voluntários saudáveis e 30 pacientes que foram submetidos à VM invasiva 24 horas em três momentos distinto de avaliação (48h; 5º dia e 15º dia) após a extubação. A interação da respiração deglutição foi investigada e gravada simultaneamente beira leito com o uso de eletromiografia de superficie da musculatura infra hióidea associada à acelerometria da deglutição (sensor piezoeletrico) e pletismografia de indutância da respiração durante a deglutição espontânea inicial (1min.), bolo de água com volumes de 3, 5 e 10 ml previamente randomizados e deglutição espontânea final (1min). Resultados: Voluntários saudáveis apresentaram uma deglutição por ciclo respiratório mantendo o padrão de ocorrência da deglutição nos padrões 1 e 2 de acoplamento no ciclo respiratório associado a ocorrência da pausa respiratória da deglutição. Pacientes apresentaram um maior número de deglutições e de ciclos respiratórios com os volumes de 5 e 10 ml (p<0,001) mantendo padrões de coordenação 1, 2 e 3 no ciclo respiratório. Conclusão: Pacientes submetidos à intubação orotraqueal e ventilação mecânica apresentam alterações da interação respiração deglutição / Introduction: Critically ill patients frequently require prolonged endotracheal intubation and ventilatory support. Studs findings showed a temporal and physiological correlation between the breathing and the components involved in protection of airway during swallowing; however the contribution of this interaction remains unknown after a period of the endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). Objectives: The purpose this prospective study was investigates the respiratory swallowing interactions in patients submitted to endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation 24 hours. Methods: Evaluated prospectively 10 healthy volunteers and thirty patients that were submitted to invasive MV 24 hours in three different moments of evaluation (48h; 5 º and 15 º days) after extubation. The respiratory and swallowing interaction was investigate and recorded simultaneously bedside using infrahyoid muscle surface electromyography (sEMG), swallowing accelerometry (piezoelectric sensor) and inductive respiratory plethysmograph (RIP) during initial volitional swallowing (1min), water boluses previous randomly of 3, 5 and 10 ml and final volition swallowing (1min). Results: Health volunteers showed occurrence of one cycle respiratory by swallowing with pattern of coordination 1 and 2. Patients showed more swallowing by respiratory cycle when compared to healthy for 5 and 10 ml. (p<0.001) with pattern 1, 2 e 3 of coordination in respiratory cycle. Conclusion: Patients submitted to endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation showed alteration in respiratory and swallowing interaction

A deglutição é caracterizada por ser uma função biológica complexa e coordenada que envolve o sincronismo entre as ações de músculos e sua conexão neurológica, na qual o alimento passa da cavidade oral para o estômago. Quando ocorre qualquer alteração no transporte do bolo alimentar da boca até o estômago, conseqüente a doenças neurológicas, trauma ou câncer de cabeça e pescoço, nós denominamos disfagia. Uma das principais causas neurológicas da disfagia é o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Dessa forma buscamos verificar a presença de sinais sugestivos de disfagia em um grupo de indivíduos que sofreram um ou mais AVE isquêmicos há no mínimo 3 meses e que estavam sem restrição de dieta, por meio de avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica e por meio do exame de videofluoroscopia da deglutição, e comparamos seus achados aos de um grupo considerado saudável. A hipótese foi de que, mesmo não tendo restrição relacionada à dieta ingerida por via oral, os pacientes poderiam ter ainda alguma alteração da deglutição. Foram avaliados e analisados, 33 pacientes e 19 pessoas saudáveis, no período de janeiro de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Os resultados demonstram que a idade média para os pacientes foi de 61,5 anos, e para os saudáveis de 59,9 anos. Na avaliação das estruturas da dinâmica da deglutição, observamos que a condição do grupo controle mostrou-se melhor que a do grupo estudo. Na avaliação clínica da deglutição observamos que houve sinais sugestivos de disfagia somente para a consistência líquida e para indivíduos do grupo estudo. Com relação aos resultados obtidos pelo exame de videofluoroscopia observamos que houve para ambos os grupos: movimentação de cabeça, presença de deglutições múltiplas, perda prematura do alimento para faringe e permanência de resíduo alimentar em valécula e/ou recessos piriformes, após as deglutições. Além disso, os resultados quantitativos não demonstraram significância entre os grupos, a exceção para o tempo preparatório oral para a consistência líquida no volume de 5 mL. Concluímos que não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos estudados, ou seja, os pacientes não apresentaram alterações relevantes na deglutição. Tais achados nos levam a refletir e propor novos estudos, a fim de investigar de forma mais apurada a deglutição de indivíduos acometidos por AVE. / The deglutition is described as a complex coordinated biological function that involves synchronized muscle action and its neurological connection, with the food going from oral cavity to the stomach. When there is any alteration in the bolus transportation from the mouth to the stomach as a consequence of neurological disease, trauma or head and neck cancer, it is referred as Dysphagia. One of the most common neurological causes of dysphagia is a stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident). In this sense, we look for symptomatic signals that suggest dysphagia in a group of individuals who had one or more strokes in the last 3 months and had no restricted diet. The assessment is carried through clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing and the results are compared with that of a healthy control group. The hypothesis discussed here consider that even without a restricted diet oral ingestion the patients could still have some deglutition alteration. The study was conducted with 54 volunteers of which 33 were patients with mean age of 61.5 years old (the study group) and 19 healthy individuals with mean age of 59.9 years old that makes the control group. The study was performed from January 2015 to August 2016. In the dynamic of swallowing structure, the healthy control group was in a better state compared to the study group. The results from the videofluoroscopic examination showed for both groups: head movement, multiple deglutitions, premature loss of food to the pharynx and presence of food residue in vallecula and/or piriform recess. Moreover, the quantitative results did not show much differences between the groups, unless for the oral preparatory time for 5 mL in liquid state. Therefore, we conclude that there was no considerable mismatch between the groups, which means that the patients did not present major changes in deglutition. This leads us to wonder other questions and suggest new research lines to thoroughly investigate the deglutition in patients who had a stroke.

A deglutição é caracterizada por ser uma função biológica complexa e coordenada que envolve o sincronismo entre as ações de músculos e sua conexão neurológica, na qual o alimento passa da cavidade oral para o estômago. Quando ocorre qualquer alteração no transporte do bolo alimentar da boca até o estômago, conseqüente a doenças neurológicas, trauma ou câncer de cabeça e pescoço, nós denominamos disfagia. Uma das principais causas neurológicas da disfagia é o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Dessa forma buscamos verificar a presença de sinais sugestivos de disfagia em um grupo de indivíduos que sofreram um ou mais AVE isquêmicos há no mínimo 3 meses e que estavam sem restrição de dieta, por meio de avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica e por meio do exame de videofluoroscopia da deglutição, e comparamos seus achados aos de um grupo considerado saudável. A hipótese foi de que, mesmo não tendo restrição relacionada à dieta ingerida por via oral, os pacientes poderiam ter ainda alguma alteração da deglutição. Foram avaliados e analisados, 33 pacientes e 19 pessoas saudáveis, no período de janeiro de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Os resultados demonstram que a idade média para os pacientes foi de 61,5 anos, e para os saudáveis de 59,9 anos. Na avaliação das estruturas da dinâmica da deglutição, observamos que a condição do grupo controle mostrou-se melhor que a do grupo estudo. Na avaliação clínica da deglutição observamos que houve sinais sugestivos de disfagia somente para a consistência líquida e para indivíduos do grupo estudo. Com relação aos resultados obtidos pelo exame de videofluoroscopia observamos que houve para ambos os grupos: movimentação de cabeça, presença de deglutições múltiplas, perda prematura do alimento para faringe e permanência de resíduo alimentar em valécula e/ou recessos piriformes, após as deglutições. Além disso, os resultados quantitativos não demonstraram significância entre os grupos, a exceção para o tempo preparatório oral para a consistência líquida no volume de 5 mL. Concluímos que não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos estudados, ou seja, os pacientes não apresentaram alterações relevantes na deglutição. Tais achados nos levam a refletir e propor novos estudos, a fim de investigar de forma mais apurada a deglutição de indivíduos acometidos por AVE. / The deglutition is described as a complex coordinated biological function that involves synchronized muscle action and its neurological connection, with the food going from oral cavity to the stomach. When there is any alteration in the bolus transportation from the mouth to the stomach as a consequence of neurological disease, trauma or head and neck cancer, it is referred as Dysphagia. One of the most common neurological causes of dysphagia is a stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident). In this sense, we look for symptomatic signals that suggest dysphagia in a group of individuals who had one or more strokes in the last 3 months and had no restricted diet. The assessment is carried through clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing and the results are compared with that of a healthy control group. The hypothesis discussed here consider that even without a restricted diet oral ingestion the patients could still have some deglutition alteration. The study was conducted with 54 volunteers of which 33 were patients with mean age of 61.5 years old (the study group) and 19 healthy individuals with mean age of 59.9 years old that makes the control group. The study was performed from January 2015 to August 2016. In the dynamic of swallowing structure, the healthy control group was in a better state compared to the study group. The results from the videofluoroscopic examination showed for both groups: head movement, multiple deglutitions, premature loss of food to the pharynx and presence of food residue in vallecula and/or piriform recess. Moreover, the quantitative results did not show much differences between the groups, unless for the oral preparatory time for 5 mL in liquid state. Therefore, we conclude that there was no considerable mismatch between the groups, which means that the patients did not present major changes in deglutition. This leads us to wonder other questions and suggest new research lines to thoroughly investigate the deglutition in patients who had a stroke.

Objective: In patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), deep brainstimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) is well recognizedin improving limb function, but the outcome on swallowing functionhas rarely been studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate theeffect of STN DBS on pharyngeal swallowing function in patientswith PD using self-estimation and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation ofswallowing. Methods: Eleven patients (aged 41–72, median 61 years)were evaluated preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months after STN DBSsurgery. All patients were evaluated with self-estimation on a visualanalogue scale, and eight of them with a fiberoptic endoscopicexamination with a predefined swallowing protocol includingRosenbek’s Penetration-Aspiration Scale, Secretion Severity Scale,preswallow spillage, pharyngeal residue, and pharyngeal clearance. Results: The self-assessments of swallowing function revealed asubjective improvement with STN DBS stimulation, whereas the datafrom the swallowing protocol did not show any significant effect ofthe STN DBS treatment itself. The prevalence of aspiration was notaffected by the surgery. Conclusions: The results show thatswallowing function was not negatively affected by STN DBS and therisk of aspiration did not increase. Self-estimation of swallowingfunction showed a subjective improvement due to stimulation / Speech, voice and swallowing outcomes after deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Background and aims: The primary motor cortex (M1) controls voluntary motor behaviours. M1 has been identified to play a major role in the execution of voluntary corticospinal tasks as well as self-initiated corticobulbar tasks. However, the involvement of M1 in more complex corticubulbar tasks, such as swallowing, is not yet fully understood. Swallowing is quite different from other voluntary motor tasks as it has both voluntary and reflexive components. The degree of M1 involvement in the pharyngeal, or more reflexive, component of swallowing is unclear. Studies investigating the role of M1 in swallowing have yielded contradictory findings regarding the specific functional contribution of M1 to swallowing. Therefore, further investigation is warranted to clarify the role of M1 in pharyngeal swallowing. Discrete saliva or water swallowing has been utilized in most studies investigating neurophysiology of swallowing in health and disease. However, individuals most frequently complete multiple, consecutive swallows during the ingestion of liquid. Biomechanical differences between discrete and continuous water swallows have been identified using videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). However, no studies have investigated the pharyngeal pressure differences between these two swallowing tasks. Additional insights into task differences may be revealed through evaluation of pharyngeal pressure utilizing pharyngeal manometry. This research programme sought to clarify the role of M1 in reflexively and volitionally initiated pharyngeal swallowing. In order to understand M1 involvement in the execution of swallowing, comparative tasks that require known dependence on M1 were also included in this research programme. This research programme addressed the biomechanical changes in motor behaviours as a result of neural disruption during the performance of a number of motor tasks. This neural disruption was intrinsically generated through application of dual task (DT) paradigm and extrinsically generated using single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A secondary aim of this research programme was to identify the differences in pharyngeal pressure generation between discrete and continuous swallowing. Methods: Twenty-four right handed participants (12 males, average age= 24.4, SD= 6.3) were recruited to this research programme. A number of motor tasks that vary in complexity were tested. These tasks included: volitional swallowing, reflexive swallowing, eyebrow movement, jaw movement and finger tapping with right, left, or bilateral index fingers. Participants performed multiple trials of several tasks in each study. Repetitions of tasks during a single session may affect performance due to factors such as fatigue or practice. A baseline study was undertaken to determine within-participant variability of measures across repeated trials. Following the baseline study, the role of M1 in pharyngeal swallowing was investigated in two main studies in counter balanced order. The role of M1 in pharyngeal swallowing was evaluated by investigating swallowing parameters during neural disruption using a DT paradigm. Participants performed tasks in isolation (baseline) and with interference that consisted of pairing swallowing with comparative task that activates M1 (fingers tapping and eyebrow movement tasks). In the other study, single pulse TMS was utilized to create an electrophysiological disruption to the areas of M1 associated with muscular representation of a number of motor behaviours (swallowing tasks, jaw movement and fingers tapping tasks). Stimulation was provided to both hemispheres in random order to evaluate laterality effects. Swallowing parameters and the performance of the other motor tasks were evaluated when performed with and without electrophysiological disruption. Differences in pharyngeal pressure generation between discrete and continuous swallowing were investigated using pharyngeal manometry. Pharyngeal pressures were recorded at three locations: upper pharynx, mid-pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) during four swallowing types: discrete saliva swallowing, discrete 10 ml swallowing, volitional continuous swallowing, and reflexive continuous swallowing. The research paradigm used in this research programme identified the effect of experimental conditions on the rate and regularity of task performance. In addition, pharyngeal manometry was utilised to measure the effect of experimental conditions on the pattern of the pharyngeal pressure generation during swallowing. Within subject differences from baseline were identified by means of Repeated Measures Analyses of Variance (RM-ANOVA). Results: Initial analysis of the data revealed that repetition of tasks within a session did not affect the rate and regularity of voluntary corticospinal tasks, voluntary corticiobulbar tasks nor swallowing tasks. In addition, repeating the swallowing tasks during a session did not affect pharyngeal pressure as measured by pharyngeal manometry. When motor tasks were performed concurrently in the DT paradigm, rate and regularity of eyebrow movements were significantly decreased when paired with swallowing tasks, whereas rate and regularity of swallowing were significantly decreased when paired with left finger tapping, but not right finger tapping. However, there was no significant effect of any task on the pattern of pharyngeal pressure generation. Extrinsically generated disruption using TMS significantly reduced rate and regularity of finger tapping tasks and regularity of jaw movement and swallowing tasks. In addition, interruption of pharyngeal M1 during the volitional swallowing task produced significant increase in the duration but not the amplitude of the pharyngeal pressure. Pharyngeal pressure generation differed between swallowing types and boluses types, in that saliva swallowing produced longer pharyngeal pressure duration and lower nadir pressure than water swallows. Discrete water bolus swallowing produced longer UES opening compared to both saliva swallowing or continuous water swallowing. Conclusion: The results of this research programme provided valuable methodological information regarding the effect of trials on task performance as well as identifying pharyngeal pressure differences between discrete and continuous swallowing. In addition to the methodological contribution, this research programme expanded on previous knowledge of neural control of swallowing, in that it extended the findings regarding potential role of M1 in pharyngeal swallowing. Given the absent effect of task repetition on the performance of corticospinal and corticobulbar motor tasks, it is speculated that outcomes of research investigating the effect of experimental manipulation on motor tasks performance is due to the experimental tasks, rather than natural variance in the data. The effect of swallowing on the rate and regularity of eyebrow movement, when performed concurrently using DT paradigm, suggest bilateral functional overlapping to a significant degree between neural substrates that control swallowing and orofacial muscles. These results offer partial support of bilateral representation of swallowing in the cortex. In addition, results further revealed potential involvement of right M1 in the regulation of pharyngeal swallowing as evidenced by a disruptive effect of left finger tapping on the rate and regularity of swallowing. The results from the hemispheric TMS disruption study support the active involvement M1 in the execution of voluntary corticospinal and corticobulbar motor tasks. In addition, the current findings extended previous knowledge of neural control of pharyngeal swallowing by documenting the effect of neural disruption on the regularity and pharyngeal pressure measures during volitional and reflexive swallowing. The current programme documented potential role of M1 in the control of pharyngeal swallowing possibly by modulating the motor plan at the swallowing CPG in the brainstem. This project is the first to document pharyngeal pressure differences between discrete and continuous swallowing. These findings contribute valuable information to the swallowing literature as limited number of studies investigated the biomechanical differences between discrete and continuous liquid ingestion. This knowledge will assist clinicians and researchers in identifying the pharyngeal pressure differences between normal and abnormal swallowing in different swallowing types and ultimately guide their rehabilitation decisions. Data from this research programme will add to the existing knowledge of neurophysiology of swallowing, thereby facilitating understanding of swallowing pathophysiology which is crucial for appropriate management of swallowing disorders.

Introdução: A disfagia está frequentemente assoaciada com a DP e pode levar a desidratação, perda de peso, pneumonia aspirativa, redução da qualidade de vida severa e até mesmo óbito. Apesar desses dados, os mecanismos subjacentes e a interferência de tarefas simultâneas na deglutição permanecem incertos, principalmente na população com DP que, conhecidamente, apresenta dificuldades em realizar movimentos simultâneos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da dupla tarefa na biomecânica da deglutição na DP, avaliada por meio de videonasoendoscopia funcional da deglutição e videofluoroscopia da deglutição (VFD). Método: Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento dez participantes com DP foram testados enquanto realizavam a deglutição e uma dupla tarefa manual por meio de VFD. Na condição de dupla tarefa, os participantes deglutiram 5ml de alimento pastoso durante oposição de polegares sequencial e não sequencial. Para o segundo estudo, avaliamos por meio de FEES, 19 pacientes pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade com controles saudáveis (HC). A dupla tarefa empregada foi deglutir 3ml e 5ml de pastoso durante a performance de oposição de polegares não sequencial. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos funcionais significativos na segurança da deglutição entre o desempenho da tarefa isolada e na dupla tarefa por meio da VFD e FEES. Não houve correlação entre o desempenho nas testagens cognitivas e estágio da doença medido através de UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) para a MBSS e H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) para FEES. Esses achados revelam que a avaliação e terapia necessitam de atenção e manejo considerando tarefas que podem ser competitivas para a deglutição e consequentemente comprometer a sua segurança. / Introduction: Dysphagia is often associated with PD and may lead to dehydration, weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, severely reduced quality of life and even death. Despite these data, the underlying mechanisms and the interference of simultaneous tasks on swallowing remain uncertain, especially in people with PD who known to be presents difficulties in performing simultaneous movements. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of the dual task in the biomechanics of swallowing in PD evaluated using Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and modified barium swallowing study (MBSS). Methods: This study was divided in two protocols. In the first experiment ten participants with PD were tested while performing swallowing and a hand dual task under MBSS. In dual task condition, participants swallowed 5ml of pudding barium during the sequential and non-sequential finger tapping. For the second study, we evaluated under FEES, 19 PD patients matched for sex, age and education with healthy controls (HC). The duasl task employed was swallowing 3ml and 5 ml of pudding while performing non- sequential finger tapping. Results showed significant functional effects to swallowing safety between single and dual-task performance under MBSS and FEES. There was no correlation between performance on cognitive tests, and stage of the disease as measured by UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) for MBSS and H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) to FEES and swallowing. These findings reveal that assessment and therapy need attention and management considering tasks that can be competitive for swallowing and therefore compromise their safety.

Indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresentam sintomas de disfagia, indicando a existência de alteração da deglutição nessa população. O objetivo da presente tese foi identificar as características da deglutição nos pacientes com DPOC. A deglutição foi avaliada por meio do exame videofluoroscopia da deglutição. Foi utilizado um protocolo para análise dos seguintes parâmetros: tempo de trânsito faríngeo, duração do contato da base de língua com a parede posterior da faringe, resíduo em valécula e penetração/aspiração. Os resultados foram analisados através de dois estudos. No primeiro estudo foi verificada a reprodutibilidade do protocolo para análise da videofluoroscopia da deglutição em uma população de adultos saudáveis. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos saudáveis, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 50 e 65 anos. O protocolo consistiu na avaliação da deglutição de 10ml de consistência líquida. A análise estatística envolveu a avaliação da reprodutibilidade do método de análise entre juízes e a análise dos dados quantitativos, levando-se em consideração os gêneros. Em relação à análise das respostas dos juízes, foi observada significância estatística, com alta e boa reprodutibilidade para todas as comparações realizadas. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o tempo de trânsito faríngeo; para a duração do contato da base de língua na parede posterior da faringe; e para a porcentagem de resíduo na valécula. Não houve penetração/aspiração para nenhuma das consistências testadas. Concluindo, os resultados indicaram que o protocolo para análise da videofluoroscopia da deglutição é reprodutível. Os parâmetros de deglutição avaliados não se diferenciaram entre os gêneros. O resíduo na valécula mostrou-se presente em 40% da amostra, sugerindo que este parâmetro, isoladamente, não é indicativo de alteração para essa faixa etária. No segundo estudo foram avaliados 20 pacientes com DPOC, que foram comparados a 20 indivíduos saudáveis, pareados por gênero e idade. O protocolo consistiu na avaliação da deglutição de consistência líquida, pastosa e sólida. Os participantes do estudo não apresentaram sinais de penetração/aspiração para nenhuma das consistências testadas. Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram maior duração do tempo de trânsito faríngeo para a consistência líquida e pastosa. Em relação à duração do contato de base de língua com a parede posterior da faringe, os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram maior duração para as consistências liquida e pastosa. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante para a distribuição dos indivíduos nos diferentes níveis de resíduo faríngeo. Concluindo, o presente estudo sugere que os pacientes com DPOC podem apresentar adaptações fisiológicas como uma manobra protetora da deglutição para evitar penetração/ aspiração de conteúdo faríngeo. Os resultados indicam que o resíduo em valécula não pode ser considerado um fator isolado para explicar as alterações de deglutição nessa população / Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present symptoms of dysphagia, indicating that swallowing is altered in this population. The purpose of the present thesis was to identify swallowing characteristics of patients with COPD. Swallowing was assessed through videofluoroscopic examination. A protocol was used aiming at the following parameters: pharyngeal transit time; duration of the tongue base contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall; valleculae residue and penetration/aspiration. The results were presented in two different studies. The first study verified the reproducibility of the adopted protocol in healthy adults. Twenty healthy individuals of both genders, with ages between 50 and 65 years were assessed. The protocol consisted in analyzing the swallow of 10ml of a liquid consistency. The statistical analysis involved the verification of the reproducibility of the results between judges and the analyses of the quantitative data (i.e. differences between genders). This first analysis indicated that reproducibility was high between the judges for all of the comparisons. No statistical differences were found between genders for any of the tested parameters (i.e. pharyngeal transit time; duration of the tongue base contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall; and percentage of valleculae residue). Penetration/aspiration was not observed for any of the tested food consistencies. The results of the first study indicated that the protocol used to analyze the videofluoroscopy of swallow is reproducible. The investigated swallowing parameters did not vary between genders. Valleculae residue was present in 40% of the studied sample, suggesting that this parameter alone does not indicate swallowing alterations in this age group. In the second study, the swallow of 20 patients with COPD was compared to 20 healthy individuals, paired by age and gender. The protocol consisted of analyzing the swallow of liquid, paste and solid food consistencies. Participants of the study did not present any signs of penetration/aspiration for any of the tested food consistencies. Patients with COPD presented longer pharyngeal transit times for the liquid and paste consistencies. Regarding the duration of the tongue base contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall, patients with COPD presented longer durations for the liquid and paste consistencies. No statistical difference was observed for the distribution of individuals among the different severity levels of valleculae residue. The results of the second study suggest that patients with COPD can present physiologic adaptations (i.e. protective maneuver) to avoid penetration/aspiration. The results also indicate that valleculae residue should not be considered the only factor responsible for swallowing alterations in this population

Introdução: A disfagia está frequentemente assoaciada com a DP e pode levar a desidratação, perda de peso, pneumonia aspirativa, redução da qualidade de vida severa e até mesmo óbito. Apesar desses dados, os mecanismos subjacentes e a interferência de tarefas simultâneas na deglutição permanecem incertos, principalmente na população com DP que, conhecidamente, apresenta dificuldades em realizar movimentos simultâneos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da dupla tarefa na biomecânica da deglutição na DP, avaliada por meio de videonasoendoscopia funcional da deglutição e videofluoroscopia da deglutição (VFD). Método: Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento dez participantes com DP foram testados enquanto realizavam a deglutição e uma dupla tarefa manual por meio de VFD. Na condição de dupla tarefa, os participantes deglutiram 5ml de alimento pastoso durante oposição de polegares sequencial e não sequencial. Para o segundo estudo, avaliamos por meio de FEES, 19 pacientes pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade com controles saudáveis (HC). A dupla tarefa empregada foi deglutir 3ml e 5ml de pastoso durante a performance de oposição de polegares não sequencial. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram efeitos funcionais significativos na segurança da deglutição entre o desempenho da tarefa isolada e na dupla tarefa por meio da VFD e FEES. Não houve correlação entre o desempenho nas testagens cognitivas e estágio da doença medido através de UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) para a MBSS e H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) para FEES. Esses achados revelam que a avaliação e terapia necessitam de atenção e manejo considerando tarefas que podem ser competitivas para a deglutição e consequentemente comprometer a sua segurança. / Introduction: Dysphagia is often associated with PD and may lead to dehydration, weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, severely reduced quality of life and even death. Despite these data, the underlying mechanisms and the interference of simultaneous tasks on swallowing remain uncertain, especially in people with PD who known to be presents difficulties in performing simultaneous movements. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of the dual task in the biomechanics of swallowing in PD evaluated using Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) and modified barium swallowing study (MBSS). Methods: This study was divided in two protocols. In the first experiment ten participants with PD were tested while performing swallowing and a hand dual task under MBSS. In dual task condition, participants swallowed 5ml of pudding barium during the sequential and non-sequential finger tapping. For the second study, we evaluated under FEES, 19 PD patients matched for sex, age and education with healthy controls (HC). The duasl task employed was swallowing 3ml and 5 ml of pudding while performing non- sequential finger tapping. Results showed significant functional effects to swallowing safety between single and dual-task performance under MBSS and FEES. There was no correlation between performance on cognitive tests, and stage of the disease as measured by UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale) for MBSS and H&Y (Hoehn & Yahr) to FEES and swallowing. These findings reveal that assessment and therapy need attention and management considering tasks that can be competitive for swallowing and therefore compromise their safety.

Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil, sendo considerado um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública do país. A alteração da deglutição, conhecida como disfagia, tem alta incidência e prevalência e contribui para o aumento dos índices de mortalidade, morbidade, custos hospitalares e principalmente, para redução da qualidade de vida dos pacientes e cuidadores. Desta forma, o estabelecimento de diagnósticos, prognósticos e tratamentos adequados são fundamentais. Objetivo: Investigar os indicadores de risco de broncoaspiração em pacientes com AVC isquêmico (AVCi) em fase aguda admitidos em pronto-socorro (PS). Métodos: Participaram do estudo 134 adultos admitidos no PS de um hospital terciário, com diagnóstico de AVCi em fase aguda, submetidos à avaliação fonoaudiológica em beira de leito. As etapas de coleta de dados envolveram: avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica do risco de broncoaspiração, determinação da gravidade do AVCi de acordo com a Escala da National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) no momento da avaliação fonoaudiológica, avaliação objetiva da deglutição por meio do exame de videofluoroscopia da deglutição (VDF), levantamento das variáveis demográficas e indicadores clínicos. Resultados: Os 134 pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os resultados da avaliação fonoaudiológica: G1 (grupo de risco para disfagia) - 42 participantes que falharam na avaliação por apresentar pelo menos um destes sinais clínidos (ausculta cervical alterada, voz molhada, tosse ou engasgo) e G2 (grupo sem risco para disfagia) - 92 participantes que não apresentaram falha na avaliação. As análises indicaram os seguintes resultados significantes: os participantes de G1 apresentaram média de idade superior a 69 anos, maior pontuação na NIHSS, demoraram mais tempo para receber alta fonoaudiológica, receberam maior número de indicação de via alternativa de alimentação após avaliação fonoaudiológica e apresentaram pior desfecho (receberam menos alta fonoaudiológica). O sinal clínico preditor de broncoaspiração que mais diferenciou os grupos foi a presença de tosse, com o volume de oferta de 50 ml. Conclusão: Pacientes com AVCi agudo que apresentarem idade superior a 69 anos, com escore >= 9 na NIHS, e que apresentarem tosse após a deglutição no teste com água (50 ml) em beira de leito, devem ser priorizados para avaliação fonoaudiológica completa e se necessário, encaminhados para a confirmação dos resultados por exame de imagem / Introduction: Stroke is the leading cause of mortality in Brazil and is considered one of the country\'s major public health problems. The swallowing disorder, known as dysphagia, has a high incidence and prevalence and contributes to an increase rates of mortality, morbidity, hospital costs, and mainly to reduce the quality of life of patients and caregivers. In this way, the establishment of adequate diagnoses, prognostics and treatments are fundamental. Objective: To investigate the risk indicators of bronchoaspiration in acute stroke patients admitted to Emergency Room (ER). Methods: 134 adults admitted to the ER of a tertiary hospital with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), submitted to a bedside speech-therapist assessment, participated in the study. Data gathering involved: clinical speech-language assessment of the risk of bronchoaspiration, determination of the severity of stroke according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at the time of the speech-language evaluation, objective assessment of swallowing by examination of Videofluoroscopy of Swallowing (VFS), and the verification of demographic variables and clinical indicators. Results: The 134 patients were divided into two groups according to the results of the speech-language evaluation. Participants who failed (i.e. presence of indicatives of oropharyngeal dysphagia) when there was positive response on at least one of the following protocol items: cervical auscultation, wet or gurgly sounding voice after drinking, coughing, or choking were grouped as \"Risk for Dysphagia\" (n=42), and those who did not fail were grouped as \"No Risk\" (n=92). The analysis indicated the following significant results: patients with a higher risk of bronchoaspiration presented mean age over 69 years, NIHSS score <= 9 points, had more indication of alternate feeding after speech-language evaluation and presented poorer outcome (fewer individuals discharged from swallowing rehabilitation sessions). The predictor of bronchoaspiration that most differentiated the groups was the presence of cough, with a supply volume of 50 ml. Conclusion: Patients with AIS, admitted to the ER, who present age >= 69 years, score on the NIHSS >= 9, cough after swallowing in water test (50 ml), should be prioritized for the complete speech-language evaluation, and sent to support the results by image examination