This thesis attempts to analyze how the Tidö agreement, signed on October 14, 2022, is framed by prominent Swedish media during the period of October 14, 2022, to April 30, 2023. The focus of this study is on the immigration and integration part. The thesis analyses 20 editorial articles from four major newspapers in Sweden which are Dagens Nyheter (DN), Aftonbladet, Expressen, and Sydsvenskan. The study used framing theory as a theoretical framework and employs qualitative content analysis as the methodology. The findings reveal a consistent negative tone in most of the editorials toward the Tidö agreement. The media often framed it as a paradigm shift in Swedish policies, raising concerns about its potential threats to democracy and its adverse effects on Swedish society. The study also brought contrasting viewpoints, and significant arguments surrounding the Tidö agreement's immigration and integration aspects. Keywords: Content analysis, Swedish newspapers, Tidö Agreement, Framing theory, Migration and Integration

<p><p>In our study we examined recurrent patterns and changes in the representation of</p><p>homosexual persons in Swedish daily newspapers 1987, 1997 and 2007.</p><p>We analysed articles about HIV-infected persons and articles with a view to portray the</p><p>life conditions of gay and lesbian persons from the three different years. We chose to</p><p>only analyze news articles that intend to represent real human beings, which mean that</p><p>we did not analyze reports that only reproduce abstract knowledge from authorities.</p><p>With analytical tools from semiotics and discourse analysis we identified some recurrent</p><p>patterns in the representation of homosexual people. We found that a recurrent pattern in</p><p>that when homosexual people are seen as groups, they are described as deviant,</p><p>discriminated and some times as a threat. When portrayed as individuals the nonanonymous</p><p>persons appear in articles and pictures as normal, strong and healthy. Lesbian</p><p>women are not represented in the articles from 1987, but in articles from 1997 and 2007</p><p>they appear as unhappy when single and happy in a relationship.</p><p>The results also showed some interesting differences in news representation of</p><p>homosexual persons between the three investigated years. One example of this is that the</p><p>media stopped referring to homosexual men as a ‘hazard group’ in terms of HIV at some</p><p>point after the year 1987. We recognize this as an important change in the news medias</p><p>perspective on both HIV and love between men.</p></p>

In our study we examined recurrent patterns and changes in the representation of homosexual persons in Swedish daily newspapers 1987, 1997 and 2007. We analysed articles about HIV-infected persons and articles with a view to portray the life conditions of gay and lesbian persons from the three different years. We chose to only analyze news articles that intend to represent real human beings, which mean that we did not analyze reports that only reproduce abstract knowledge from authorities. With analytical tools from semiotics and discourse analysis we identified some recurrent patterns in the representation of homosexual people. We found that a recurrent pattern in that when homosexual people are seen as groups, they are described as deviant, discriminated and some times as a threat. When portrayed as individuals the nonanonymous persons appear in articles and pictures as normal, strong and healthy. Lesbian women are not represented in the articles from 1987, but in articles from 1997 and 2007 they appear as unhappy when single and happy in a relationship. The results also showed some interesting differences in news representation of homosexual persons between the three investigated years. One example of this is that the media stopped referring to homosexual men as a ‘hazard group’ in terms of HIV at some point after the year 1987. We recognize this as an important change in the news medias perspective on both HIV and love between men.

During the so-called ‘migration crisis’ of 2015, 51,338 Syrians applied for asylum in Sweden. First, Swedish politicians called for Swedes to ‘open their hearts’, public support was strong, and media coverage was full of possibilities and humanizing images. As the crisis developed, Sweden’s generous asylum legislation switched to the EU minimum, the political climate toughened and media’s positive frames soon shifted to discussing negative consequences. This degree project focuses on those least visible in the media’s representation of the migration crisis – refugee women. By using Chouliaraki and Zaborowski’s (2017) model ‘voice by narrative’, it answers the research question; How are refugee women from Syria represented in national and local Swedish newspapers?, as well as the following sub-questions: What news frames are used in texts where Syrian women are featured? In what ways are refugee women given visibility and space to speak? What types of representations, wording, and stereotypes are used? What differences can be found between 2015 and 2020, national and local newspapers? The project examines news frames, gendered representations, typical stereotypes, visibility, and space given to Syrian women in Swedish newspapers. It does so by content analysis of newspaper articles from three newspapers published in 2015 and 2020. The project uses theories of othering, intersectionality, and post-colonial power structures as well as literature on representations in European media during the migration crisis to understand representations, voice, and news frames in Swedish newspapers. The results indicated that refugee women are often silenced and spoken of instead of given space to speak. The most commonly used news frames among the analyzed texts were negative geopolitical and women were often decontextualized. Victimization and normalization were the most commonly used stereotypes assigned to refugee women. The majority of representations of refugee women were collective and the women were in many ways othered. Refugee women are othered, decontextualized, silenced, and collectivized, which will have its consequences as they are methods that limit refugee women’s status and position in society – maintaining their position as ‘others’ in Swedish society.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how three Swedish news publications writes about integration and immigrants. The news articles were analyzed with a rhetorical analysis. The method was supplemented with theories of media and ethnicity, agenda setting theory and gatekeeping theory. This study resulted in the conclusion that racist discourses are found in the three news publications, regardless of political color, writer or article genre. Many of the articles makes a clear division of "us and them", where "them" is defined by the text's "us", who are often Swedes. "Them" is described by the attributes that ”us” don't want to be associated with. Immigrants are often portrayed as victims of their culture or as a threat to Western society. There is also a clear link between immigrants, Islam and Muslims irrespective of where the immigrants come from. The articles on integration continues to talk of immigrants as a unified group but these articles are accusing politicians and organizations to a greater extent, for the integration problematics. Both topics are discussed mainly on the basis of values and feelings and statistics showing the whole context is missing.

Syftet med denna studie är, utifrån ett journalistiskt perspektiv, att undersöka hur kvällspressen rapporterade och framställde Ikea och det knivdåd som ägde rum på företagets varuhus i Västerås, den 10 augusti 2015. Åtta nyhetsartiklar från Aftonbladet och Expressens webbplatser har analyserats. Metoden som har använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med hermeneutisk analysstrategi, för att detaljerat undersöka nyhetsartiklarna genom deras rubriker, ingresser, mellanrubriker och brödtexter. Som analysverktyg användes nyhetsvärderingsteorin och medielogikens dramaturgiska teori. Resultatet visar att Aftonbladet och Expressen uppfyller sju av åtta nyhetskriterier i nyhetsvärderingsteorin vid rapporteringen om knivdådet på Ikea. Rapporteringen presenterade, bland annat, kulturell och geografisk närhet mellan händelsen och publiken. Rapporteringen fokuserade på hur olika vittnen (inklusive Ikeas personal) upplevde knivdådet, samt hur Ikea agerade efter händelsen. Resultatet visar också att berättarteknikerna i medielogikens dramaturgi presenterar Ikea som ytterligare ett offer i sammanhanget då Ikea framställs som chockade, empatiska och ansvarsfulla. Knivdådet framställs som oförutsägbart och chockerande. Utifrån resultatet kan vi dra slutsatsen att det unika och chockerande knivdådet på Ikea hade högt nyhetsvärde och därför bedömdes händelsen som intressant för publiken att ta del av. Ikea framställdes inte på ett kritiskt sätt, eftersom Ikea agerade empatiskt och ansvarsfullt omedelbart efter händelsen. / The purpose of this study is, from a journalistic perspective, to examine how the Swedish newspapers reported and presented Ikea and the knife attack that took place at the company's department store in Västerås, Sweden, on August 10, 2015. Eight news articles from the websites of the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen have been analyzed. Using a qualitative content analysis with a hermeneutic strategy the news articles has been analyzed in detail by their main headlines, leads, intermediate headlines and body texts. The News Value theory and the Media Dramaturgy of the Media Logic theory were used as analytic tools for this study. The result shows that the Swedish newspapers reported about the knife attack at Ikea by fulfilling seven out of eight news criterias from the News Value theory. The news reports presented, among other things, cultural and geographical proximity between the event and the audience. The news reports were also focused on how witnesses (including Ikeas staff) experienced the knife attack, and how Ikea took action after the event. Another result shows that the Media Logic Dramaturgy portrayed Ikea as another victim in the context of the event, since Ikea was portrayed as shocked and empathic. The knife attack was portrayed as unpredictable and shocking. Based on the results, one conclusion is that the unique and shocking knife attack at Ikea were newsworthy and therefore appraised as an interesting event for the audience to read about. Ikea was not presented in a critical way because Ikea acted empathetic and responsible immediately after the event.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how peace journalism was expressed in Swedish newspapers´ reporting on the war in Georgia 2008. We did this by analyzing whether the reporting was elite- or people-orientated depending on how suffering was expressed and how the war players were described. The method we used was Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It was applied on news articles from four Swedish newspapers that covered three different happenings in the war in Georgia. We found out that the reporting was mainly elite-orientated, both when it comes to how suffering was expressed, as well as how the war players were described. The newspapers tended to focus on only one party’s suffering and one party as evil-doer, which is elite-orientated reporting and also an indication of war journalism rather than peace journalism.

This study has analysed how the Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet are using rhetorical instruments in their Facebook posts. To examine this, 50 posts from each newspaper has been chosen based on the number of interactions. The posts were divided into three parts: text, image and headline and have been analysed separately. Initially the images were analysed semiotics to make it possible to analyse all three parts by the neo-classical analysis model. This has been investigated for the reason to find out if the convergence has had an impact on the language Swedish newspapers are using on Facebook. This study has four issues: how is the rhetorical appeals used in the Facebook posts? How is the stylistic devices used in the Facebook posts? What rhetorical patterns are possible to identify by the analysed material? And how can these patterns be interpreted in the context of convergence theory? This study is based on theories about rhetoric, semiotic and convergence. The results of the study show that the convergence has contributed to how Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet have adapted the language to the changed media landscape on the internet that is increasingly based on emotions. Using emotions, the newspapers can make the audience interact. / Denna uppsats har undersökt hur dagstidningarna Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet för sig retoriskt på sina Facebook-sidor. För att ta reda på detta har 50 inlägg från respektive tidning valts ut utifrån antalet interaktioner. Inläggen har delats upp i tre delar: inläggstext, bild och rubrik och dessa har analyserats var för sig. Till en början analyserades bilderna semiotiskt för att sedan analysera de tre delarna retoriskt enligt den neo-klassiska analysmodellen. Detta har undersökts för att ta reda på om och hur konvergensen påverkar hur traditionella medier för sig språkligt på Facebook. Undersökningen har fyra frågeställningar: hur används retoriska argumentationsmedel i Facebook-inläggen? Hur används retoriska stilfigurer i Facebook-inläggen? Vilka retoriska mönster kan urskiljas i det analyserade materialet? Samt hur kan dessa mönster tolkas i samband med konvergensteorin? Denna undersökning utgår från teorier om retorik, semiotik och konvergens. Resultatet visar att konvergensen har bidragit till hur Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet har anpassat språket efter det förändrade medielandskapet på internet som i allt större utsträckning blir alltmer känslobaserat. Genom att tidningarna på olika sätt uttrycker sig känslomässigt lockar det till att publiken interagerar med innehållet.

<p>The aim of this study is to identify, map and understand the anthropology – the science of man – that can be distinguished in foreign news pages in Swedish daily papers. Concepts of nationality, ethnicity and gender are crucial parameters in this anthropology. Foreign news can be regarded as a textual system in which form and content interact to create its own object of knowledge: the Other, or rather, the Others. Thus, the relationship between foreign news as a textual system and foreign news as anthropology is central to this dissertation.</p><p>The years 1987, 1995 and 2002 have been selected for examination on the following grounds: 1987 belongs to the cold war era; 1995 belongs to the post-cold war era, and is also the year when Sweden joined the EU; and 2002 belongs to the era defined by the events of September 11 2001. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a total of 1,162 foreign news articles published during one week in each year, was carried out. The qualitative analysis consists mainly of discourse analysis. Foucault’s discourse theory constitutes the theory of knowledge in the study. It is combined with Barthes’ theory on myths as well as postcolonial and other theories on nationality, ethnicity and gender and the representation of these aspects in journalism and elsewhere.</p><p>Discourse type is a central concept in the analysis. Discourse types resemble subgenres, but are specifically defined by certain perspectives. Other defining aspects are voices, style, mode of address and closeness/distance to an event/a development. Seven discourse types that constitute the order of the discourse in foreign news pages were identified in this study: On location narratives, Elite event reports, Catastrophe event reports, Situation reports, Commentaries, Picture paragraphs and Quotation paragraphs. The representation of different regions of the world, of different nationalities and ethnicities, and of men and women, are related to these discourse types throughout the study.</p><p>The anthropology of foreign news establishes vast differences between people. These differences depend on regions, spheres in society, gender and skin colour. They also depend on the textual setting, i.e. the discourse type. Some regions, like Western Europe, USA, the Middle East and North Africa, are always centred. Others, like South America and parts of Africa, are practically ignored. Women are also ignored, hence “othered” by exclusion. When women do appear, this occurs in discourse types which exoticize them concerning gender as well as nationality/ethnicity. Women with darker skin are generally more negatively represented, compared to “white” women. The ruling groups, normally represented by men, appear as quite alike around the world. They are not exoticized and generally speak for themselves. However, powerful men from the Middle East and North Africa and from the (former) Soviet Union are treated differently and represented as threats, sometimes even as tabooed.</p><p>All these aspects stand out as relatively stable during the research period. Differences in the order of discourse consist mainly of an increase of exoticizing perspectives and of the use of pictures — both of which correspond to a relative increase of women — and of a simultaneous decrease of plain, scanty reports and increase of explicitly subjective articles. International aspects also increase over the years. However, this undermining of the hegemony of the nation on the foreign news pages, still exists within the discourse of the nation. The idea of the nation still limits the understanding of the world. In a similar way, the explicitly subjective articles increase within the discourse of journalistic objectivity. This is an interesting and thought-provoking paradox in the genre of foreign news.</p>

The aim of this study is to identify, map and understand the anthropology – the science of man – that can be distinguished in foreign news pages in Swedish daily papers. Concepts of nationality, ethnicity and gender are crucial parameters in this anthropology. Foreign news can be regarded as a textual system in which form and content interact to create its own object of knowledge: the Other, or rather, the Others. Thus, the relationship between foreign news as a textual system and foreign news as anthropology is central to this dissertation. The years 1987, 1995 and 2002 have been selected for examination on the following grounds: 1987 belongs to the cold war era; 1995 belongs to the post-cold war era, and is also the year when Sweden joined the EU; and 2002 belongs to the era defined by the events of September 11 2001. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a total of 1,162 foreign news articles published during one week in each year, was carried out. The qualitative analysis consists mainly of discourse analysis. Foucault’s discourse theory constitutes the theory of knowledge in the study. It is combined with Barthes’ theory on myths as well as postcolonial and other theories on nationality, ethnicity and gender and the representation of these aspects in journalism and elsewhere. Discourse type is a central concept in the analysis. Discourse types resemble subgenres, but are specifically defined by certain perspectives. Other defining aspects are voices, style, mode of address and closeness/distance to an event/a development. Seven discourse types that constitute the order of the discourse in foreign news pages were identified in this study: On location narratives, Elite event reports, Catastrophe event reports, Situation reports, Commentaries, Picture paragraphs and Quotation paragraphs. The representation of different regions of the world, of different nationalities and ethnicities, and of men and women, are related to these discourse types throughout the study. The anthropology of foreign news establishes vast differences between people. These differences depend on regions, spheres in society, gender and skin colour. They also depend on the textual setting, i.e. the discourse type. Some regions, like Western Europe, USA, the Middle East and North Africa, are always centred. Others, like South America and parts of Africa, are practically ignored. Women are also ignored, hence “othered” by exclusion. When women do appear, this occurs in discourse types which exoticize them concerning gender as well as nationality/ethnicity. Women with darker skin are generally more negatively represented, compared to “white” women. The ruling groups, normally represented by men, appear as quite alike around the world. They are not exoticized and generally speak for themselves. However, powerful men from the Middle East and North Africa and from the (former) Soviet Union are treated differently and represented as threats, sometimes even as tabooed. All these aspects stand out as relatively stable during the research period. Differences in the order of discourse consist mainly of an increase of exoticizing perspectives and of the use of pictures — both of which correspond to a relative increase of women — and of a simultaneous decrease of plain, scanty reports and increase of explicitly subjective articles. International aspects also increase over the years. However, this undermining of the hegemony of the nation on the foreign news pages, still exists within the discourse of the nation. The idea of the nation still limits the understanding of the world. In a similar way, the explicitly subjective articles increase within the discourse of journalistic objectivity. This is an interesting and thought-provoking paradox in the genre of foreign news.