Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 23, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60).

Orientador: Irma de Godoy / Resumo: A Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO) estima que haja cerca de 1100000 tabagistas, representando um terço da população mundial aproximadamente. As pesquisas mostram que o tabagismo é a principal causa prevenível de mortalidade nos países desenvolvidos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a prevalência do hábito de fumar e identificar os sintomas respiratórios entre o corpo discente, docente e técnico-administrativo do Campus de Botucatu/Unesp. O estudo englobou as unidades do campus, discriminadas em Administração Geral e Unidades Universitárias (IB, FM, FMVZ e FCA), bem como os Cursos de Graduação relacionados (Biologia, Medicina, Enfermagem, Medicina Veterinária, Zootecnia, Engenharia Agronômica e Florestal). O instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi o questionário da ATS-DLD, 78, adaptado à população local. Três mil e noventa indivíduos participaram da pesquisa, subdivididos em 1008 discentes, 302 docentes, 1673 servidores e 107 classificados como outros. A classificação da população de acordo com o hábito de fumar revelou 21,4% de fumantes, 15,9% de ex-fumantes e 62,7% de não fumantes. A variável sexo não apresentou diferença de proporção entre os fumantes. A maioria dos tabagistas consumia de meio a um maço diariamente, utilizava cigarro com filtro, tragava constantemente a fumaça e iniciou no hábito entre 11 e 21 anos. Os estados de estresse e as reuniões sociais foram as situações mais relacionadas ao tabagismo. Sintomas como tosse, catarro e chiado foram mais freqüentes entre os fumantes, ao passo que a falta de ar, entre os não fumantes. A maior proporção de tabagistas ocorreu entre indivíduos com graus de escolaridade primário e secundário incompleto, mais especificamente entre os servidores... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about 1100 million smokers, representing approximately one third of the world population. Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable mortality in developed countries. This study was designed to verify the smoking habit prevalence and identify smoking-related respiratory symptoms among the students, teachers and technical-administrative employees of the Campus from Botucatu/UNESP. The study involved all Units of the Campus, including the Courses of Biology, Medicine, Nursing, Veterinary, Zootechny, Agronomy and Forestry Engineering. Modified ATS-DLD questionnaire, 78 was the instrument used to collect the data. Three thousand ninety individuals answered the questionnaire: 1008 students, 302 teachers, 1673 employees and 107 classified as others. According to the smoking habit 21,4% were smokers, 15,9% ex-smokers and 62,7% no-smokers. The proportion of smoking between males and females was not statiscally different. The majority of the smokers was between 11 and 21 years old when started the habit, consumed a half to one pack daily, used filter cigarette and inhaled the smoke. Stress and social meetings were the most probable situations to trigger the smoking. Symptoms as coughing, expectoration and wheezes were more frequent among the smokers and dyspnea, among no-smokers. The higher proportion of smokers occurred among individuals with lower degree of formal education, more specifically among the technical-administrative employees. Among undergraduates there was a tendency for a higher proportion of smokers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Studies assessing the association between vegetarianism and mental health have found divergent results. Evidence from adolescents in developing countries is scarce. To evaluate the association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in 15-year-old adolescents from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the Young Lives cohort study was used. The exposure variable was the self-report of being a vegetarian (yes or no). The outcome was the level of emotional symptoms, numerically evaluated using the score obtained in the subscale "Emotional Symptoms" of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We calculated crude and adjusted coefficients (β) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using generalized linear models of the Gaussian family, considering each sentinel site as a cluster. The analysis was stratified by country. Additionally, we made a global analysis including the four countries. A total of 3484 adolescents were analyzed. The overall prevalence of vegetarianism was 4.4%, but it varied between countries (from 0.4% in Vietnam to 11.5% in India). The average emotional symptoms score was 3.5 [standard deviation (SD) 2.3] points. The scores were not statistically different between vegetarians and non-vegetarians (p > 0.05). In the adjusted analysis, in Vietnam, vegetarians had lower emotional symptoms scores on average than non-vegetarians [β: -1.79; 95% CI: -3.05 to -0.55]. No differences were found neither in the other countries nor in the overall sample. There was no association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in the analyzed adolescents of four developing countries. / Revisión por pares

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life threatening autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to irregular secretions and inflammation in tubular organs. Disease manifestations of CF are heterogeneous in severity and can be present in the sinopulmonary, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tract. Since the 1960’s, physicians and scientists have described a less severe form of CF known as atypical CF, usually seen in adults. Patients with atypical CF tend to have one severe CF mutation on one chromosome, and one less common, mild CF mutation on their other chromosome; or have one severe mutation on one chromosome and an abnormal number of trinucleotide repeats in the CFTR gene on their other chromosome. Today, of the approximately 1000 patients diagnosed with CF per year in the United States, roughly 10% are diagnosed with the atypical presentation of the disease as adults. Patients suffering from atypical CF typically have only one organ system that is dysfunctional, and their clinical symptoms may be less severe than those of a classical case where there are two severe CF mutations. Common symptoms include idiopathic bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), and idiopathic pancreatitis. Unlike patients suffering from the classical presentation of the disease, most are pancreatic sufficient – however the possibility of pancreatic insufficiency still exists. Patients with atypical CF represent a diagnostic challenge for physicians due to the mild, slowly progressing array of clinical symptoms, the general lack of knowledge about atypical CF, and the general association of CF as a childhood disease. Increasing physician awareness of the adult population with CF is a paramount in improving the diagnosis, care and treatment of patients with atypical CF. Missed diagnoses can result in hospital admissions and morbidity that may have been avoidable. The goal of this thesis is to describe the causes of CF, the common symptoms seen in both CF and atypical CF, the proper diagnosis of atypical CF, and to identify the therapies, both current and in development, used to treat atypical CF.

Orientador: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Banca: Alberto De Vitta / Banca: Luís Carlos Pachoarelli / Resumo: Com a expansão das LAN houses, verificou-se uma grande inserção destas na vida das crianças, adolescentes e jovens que passaram a utilizar frequentemente, tornando-se preocupante ao depararmos com a frequência e tempo de utilização, além dos riscos a que estes usuários podem estar expostos. Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre os aspectos ergônomicos elucidados pela frequência das condições posturais e frequência de uso de computadores, com os sintomas músculo-esqueléticos, idade e gênero em usuários de uma LAN house do município de Bauru/SP. Materiais e métodos: Foram sujeitos 100 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos usuários de uma LAN house da cidade de Bauru. O procedimento dividiu-se em três etapas: caracterização da população e aplicação dos questionários referentes à utilização de computadores e vídeo-game, sintomas músculo-esqueléticos e o nível de atividade física habitual dos usuários; registro e análise postural e organização e caracterização dos dados. A análise dos dados deu-se pela visualização direta das variáveis, o estudo das frequências, realizado pelo teste estatístico não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e para as análises das associações lineares entre as variáveis, utilizou-se a técnica de correlação dos postos de Spearman. Resultados: o estudo revelou que 61% dos adolescentes frequentaram de 1 a 2 vezes por semana a LAN house, 70% também utilizaram computador e/ou vídeo-game em sua residência e 24% na escola. Para as condições posturais, verificou-se percentual considerável nas condições inadequadas para o sistema músculo-esquelético. Valores consideráveis de sintomas músculo-esqueléticos foram observados nos últimos seis meses, verificando maior sintomatologia nas regiões da coluna vertebral, ombos e punho e mão. Em relação ao nível de atividade física, 89% dos usuários enquadram-se como... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the expansion of LAN houses, it has been checked a wide insertion of them in the children, teenagers and young people's lives that often use them, it has been becoming preoccupying to come upon the frequency and time of utilization, besides the risk these users might be exposed. Aim: to evaluate the association among elucidated ergonomic aspects for the frequency of the posture conditions and frequency of use of the computers, with muscle skeletal symptoms, the age and the gender in member of a LAN house in Bauru, São Paulo. Material and methods: a hundred 14 to 19 year-old teenagers users of a LAN house in Bauru have been liable. The procedure was divided in three steps: characterization of population and application of questionnaires regard to the utilization of computers and video game, muscle skeletal symptoms and the level of usual physical activity of users; posture register and analysis and data organization and characterization. Data analysis has been the direct visualization of variables, the study of frequencies held by non-parametric statistical test of Mann-Whitney and for the analysis of linear associations between variables, it was used the technique of correlation of posts Spearman. Results: the study has detected that 61% of the teenagers have visited the LAN house once to twice a week, 70% have used their computers and or video games in their houses too and 24% at school. To the posture conditions, it has been checked a reasonable percentage in the unsuitable conditions to the muscle skeletal system. Considerable values of muscle skeletal system. Considerable values of muscle skeletal symptoms have been checked in the last six months, finding out a greater symptomatology on the vertebral spine, shoulders, fist and hands. In relation to the physical activity level, 89% of the users adapted as... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / AntipsicÃticos representam o alicerce no tratamento da esquizofrenia, um transtorno mental grave, incapacitante, com elevada carga social. A esquizofrenia à uma sÃndrome caracterizada pela presenÃa de sintomas positivos, negativos e cognitivos. A terapia atual nÃo trata de maneira satisfatÃria os sintomas negativos e cognitivos. Um modelo relevante para o estudo da esquizofrenia em uma abordagem prÃ-clÃnica à o da administraÃÃo de cetamina. Neste sentido a administraÃÃo repetida desta droga à capaz de mimetizar grande parte dos sintomas da esquizofrenia em roedores. A Alpinia zerumbet à uma planta cujo Ãleo essencial (OEAZ) vem apresentando importante efeito antipsicÃtico como evidenciado em publicaÃÃes prÃvias de nosso grupo de pesquisa. Com base nesta afirmativa o presente trabalho objetivou determinar os efeitos do OEAZ contra sintomas positivos, negativos e cognitivos tipo esquizofrenia induzidos pela administraÃÃo aguda e repetida de cetamina. Para tanto foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos tratados com OEAZ 100 ou 200 mg/kg sozinho ou apÃs a administraÃÃo de cetamina. No protocolo de administraÃÃes repetidas a cetamina foi administrada por cinco dias e por mais cinco dias os animais receberam cetamina e OEAZ 100 ou 200 mg/kg. Um grupo de animais foi tratado com o antipsicÃtico atÃpico risperidona e outro recebeu soluÃÃo salina (controle). ApÃs os tratamentos os animais foram submetidos a avaliaÃÃes comportamentais para a determinaÃÃo de sintomas positivos (atividade locomotora), negativos (interaÃÃo social) e cognitivos (labirinto em Y e memÃria de reconhecimento de objetos). Os resultados mostraram que a administraÃÃo aguda de cetamina nÃo foi capaz de causar alteraÃÃes em todos os modelos utilizados, principalmente em relaÃÃo à memÃria de reconhecimento de objetos que foi inclusive melhorada pela administraÃÃo aguda da droga. O OEAZ em ambas as doses foi capaz de reverter estas alteraÃÃes. A administraÃÃo repetida da cetamina foi capaz de mimetizar de forma mais fiel as alteraÃÃes relacionadas à esquizofrenia, sendo que neste modelo a administraÃÃo do OEAZ foi superior à da risperidona, principalmente na memÃria de trabalho. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo mostram que o OEAZ pode ser uma nova abordagem farmacolÃgica no tratamento dos sintomas negativos e cognitivos da esquizofrenia / Antipsychotics represent the basis in treatment of schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder, disabling, with high social burden. Schizophrenia is a syndrome characterized by the presence of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. The current therapy does not manage satisfactorily the negative and cognitive symptoms. One of the most relevant models for the study of schizophrenia in a preclinical approach is the administration of ketamine. In this sense the repeated administration of the drug can largely mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia in rodents. The Alpinia zerumbet is a plant whose essential oil (EOAZ) has shown significant antipsychotic effect as evidenced in previous studies of our research group. Based on this statement the present study aimed to determine the effects of EOAZ against positive, negative and cognitive schizophrenia induced by acute and repeated administration of ketamine-like symptoms. For this it was used male Wistar rats treated with EOAZ 100 or 200 mg/kg alone or following the administration of ketamine. In repeated administration protocol ketamine was applied for five days and in the subsequent five days the animals received both ketamine and EOAZ 100 or 200 mg/kg. One group of animals was treated with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone and other received saline (control). After treatment the animals were subjected to behavioral assessments for the determination of positive symptoms (locomotor activity) , negative (social interaction) and cognitive (Y maze and object recognition memory) . The results showed that acute administration of ketamine was not able to cause changes in all models used , especially in relation to recognition memory of objects that was even enhanced by acute drug administration. The EOAZ at both doses was able to reverse those changes. Repeated administration of ketamine was able to mimic more accurately the changes related to schizophrenia , and in this model the administration of EOAZ was superior to risperidone , particularly in working memory. Therefore, the results of this study show that EOAZ may be a new pharmacological approach in treating negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Orientador: Frederico Andrade e Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus_MonicaVieirade_D.pdf: 1174863 bytes, checksum: 57c2d9a9da296909d431f738f3ef58bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As desordens temporomandibulares (DTMs) constituem uma parcela importante das causas de dor em odontologia e os estudos que buscam associar seus sinais e sintomas com ocorrência de dor orofacial são necessários para orientar o tratamento desta doença. A proposta deste estudo foi verificar se existe associação entre a ocorrência de dor articular e/ou muscular na presença de salto condilar, ruídos articulares e limitação na abertura da boca em dois grupos de voluntários: adultos Classe I de Kennedy (grupo I=159) e adultos dentados (grupo II=241). Foram avaliados 1322 prontuários clínicos de pacientes diagnosticados e tratados no CETASE- Centro de Estudos e Tratamento das Alterações Funcionais do Sistema Estomatognático, na Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - UNICAMP, no período de 1995 a 2004, destes foram selecionados 400 prontuários de pacientes com idades entre 18 e 80 anos. Foram coletados nos prontuários, dados referentes a ruídos articulares, salto condilar, limitação na abertura da boca, com ou sem travamento nos movimentos da mandíbula e dores articulares e/ou musculares. Foi usado o algoritmo ANOVA e aplicada análise de regressão logística com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados revelaram que a presença de salto condilar e a limitação na abertura da boca estão associadas às dores articulares e/ou musculares e também pode predizer a ocorrência das mesmas nos dois grupos. A presença de ruídos articulares foi associada no grupo II e não influencia quanto ao valor predictivo em nenhum dos grupos testados neste estudo / Abstract: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is an important cause of pain in dentistry. Studies aiming at its etiology, treatment, and prevalence are needed for a more accurate diagnosis of this disease. The aim of this study was (a) to verify the association among articular and/or muscular pain and joint noises, condilar displacement and limited opening in adults - a comparison between two groups of volunteers: Kennedy's Class I (group I) and Molar Occlusion (group II). All the volunteers were treated at the Center of Studies and Treatment for Alterations in the Stomatognathic System (CETASE) at Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, and (b) to verify whether these signs and symptoms can serve as predictors of muscle and/or joint pains. This study evaluated 422 clinical forms of patients who looked for dental treatment at CETASE between 1995 and 2004. Among these forms, 400 were selected from volunteers aged 18-80 years, 159 were to group I (Kennedy's Class I) and 241 were to group II (volunteers with molar occlusion). Data collection involved information on joint noises, condilar displacement, difficulty with mouth opening and muscle and joint pains. ANOVA's Test and Multiple Logistic Regression (p<0.05) were used for statistical analysis. Results showed that presence of condilar displacement and limited opening are associated with joint and/or muscle pains and can serve as predictors of this kind of pains. The presence of joint noises it is associated with the variables but it can't serve as predictor for pain, however, more investigations are needed / Doutorado / Protese Dental / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Neusa Maria Costa Alexandre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T20:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Panzeri_AnaJuliaFrazao_M.pdf: 6472430 bytes, checksum: 8f2bd57c6fd5610ee10959cde873b390 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi identificar a ocorrência de sintomas musculoesqueléticos em professores do Ensino Fundamental, bem como a sua localização corporal, aspectos de qualidade de vida e tarefas do trabalho docente percebidas como mais fatigantes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 157 professores efetivos da rede estadual e municipal de ensino da cidade de São João da Boa Vista. Foi utilizado um questionário auto-aplicável composto por quatro partes. Os instrumentos compreenderam um inventário sobre dados gerais e ocupacionais, uma adaptação da parte geral do Questionário Nórdico; o questionário genérico de avaliação da qualidade de vida (SF-36) e a escala RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion) de Borg. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise descritiva. Para realizar a análise estatística compararam-se dois grupos de sujeitos, com e sem sintomas nos últimos 12 meses. Posteriormente, compararam-se esses dois grupos especificamente em relação às regiões corporais de maior ocorrência de sintomas. As variáveis categóricas foram analisadas pelo teste de associação Qui-Quadrado ou teste de Fisher, e as variáveis contínuas pelo teste Mann-Whitney por abordagem metodológica quantitativa, com um nível de significância de 5%. Foi realizada também uma análise de regressão logística multivariada. Dos participantes, 90,4% apresentaram sintomas musculoesqueléticos nos últimos 12 meses e 64,3% nos últimos sete dias. As áreas corporais mais atingidas foram as regiões lombar, torácica, cervical, ombros e punhos e mãos. Quanto aos indicadores de gravidade, 35,7% referiram ter deixado de realizar atividades normais e 44,6% procuraram um profissional da área da saúde em razão da presença desses sintomas. Os dados sugeriram que professores mais jovens, que não possuem uma união estável, sem filhos e com um tempo menor de atuação profissional estão mais sujeitos ao aparecimento de sintomas osteomusculares. Os professores que referiram dor osteomuscular apresentaram, comprometimento nos seguintes domínios da qualidade de vida: dor, vitalidade, aspecto emocional, saúde mental, aspecto social, estado geral de saúde, aspectos físicos e capacidade funcional. Quanto às atividades do trabalho percebidas como mais fatigantes para o sistema musculoesquelético, "corrigir caderno na carteira do aluno (com inclinação de tronco) na posição em pé", "permanecer em pé durante toda a aula", "retirar grandes quantidades de materiais do armário e levá-los a mesa do professor" e "escrever na lousa" foram as atividades que apresentaram escores mais altos. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam a gravidade do problema entre os professores e reforçam a necessidade de novas pesquisas / Abstract: The objective of the present study was to identify the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms in teachers, as well as their localization, aspects of quality of lifeand teaching tasks perceived as more stressful. This is a transversal study carried out with 157 teachers of the state and city educational network in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo. A self-applicable questionnaire, composed of four parts, was used. The instruments comprehended an inventory on unspecified and occupational data, adapted from the general portion of the Nordic Questionnaire; the generic questionnaire for evaluation of quality of life (SF-36) and Borg's RPE scale (Rating of Perceived Exertion). A descriptive analysis was performed as a first step. In order to carry out the statistical analysis two groups of subjects were compared, with and without symptoms in the previous 12 months. These two groups were afterward specifically compared as regards the body areas where symptom occurrence is more common. Chi-square or exact Fisher tests was applied for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables additionally multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. The significance levei adopted for statistical analysis was 5%. Of ali participants, 90.4% presented musculoskeletal symptoms in the previous 12 months and 64.3% in the previous seven days. The most frequently affected body areas were the lumbar, thoracic, cervical, shoulder and wrist and hand regions. As regards severity indicators, 35.7% referred having discontinued normal activities and 44.6% sought the attention of a health care professional as a result of the presence of these symptoms. The data suggest that younger teachers, who are not in a stable affective relationship, do not have children and have less time of professional activity are more prone to the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptom. The teachers that complained of musculoskeletal pain presented impairment of the followingquality of life aspects: pain, vitality,emotional aspect, mental health, social aspect, general health, physical aspects and functional capacity. Concerning the work activities perceived as more stressful to the musculoskeletal system, such as "Correcting assignments at the student's desk (bending the trunk) in the standing position", "Remaining in the standing position during the entire class"I "Removing large quantities of materiais from the cupboard and take them to the teacher's desk" and "Writingon the board"were the activities that presented the highest scores. The results of this study confirm the severity of the problem among teachers and emphasize the need for new research / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

No description available.

Abstract This study was undertaken to improve the diagnosis of otitis media and to investigate possible hearing loss caused by middle ear effusion (MEE) in small children. The accuracy of minitympanometry in detecting MEE was evaluated in 162 children. The finding was compared with the amount of effusion found in myringotomy. Minitympanometry proved to be an accurate method to detect MEE in young children, the sensitivity and specificity values being 79% and 93% in cooperative children but it had no value in non-cooperative children. Minitympanometric examination could be performed successfully with good cooperation in 87% of a total of 206 children in paediatric outpatient clinic. Impaired mobility of the tympanic membrane (TM) was the best sign of MEE in pneumatic otoscopy of 76 children, with sensitivity and specificity values of 75% and 90%, respectively. The influence of nitrous oxide (N2O) on MEE was tested by weighting the effusion found in myringotomy during general anaesthesia with and without N2O in 39 and 37 children, respectively. The mean weight of the effusion in the oxygen-air group did not differ from the weight in the N2O group, and thus peroperative findings in myringotomy are reliable. Studies on symptomatology and the temporal development of acute otitis media (AOM) during upper respiratory tract infection (URI) were based on three-month follow-up of 857 children. Symptoms of URI only were compared with symptoms of URI complicated by AOM in the same child in 138 children. The most important symptom associated with AOM was earache, with a relative risk of 21.3. Sore throat, night restlessness and fever at days 3-6 were also significantly associated with AOM, with relative risks of 3.2, 2.6 and 1.8, respectively. In 44 children under two years of age, earache, conjunctival symptoms and cloudy rhinitis were significantly associated with AOM. Temporal development of AOM was assessed from 250 episodes in 184 children. Sixty-three per cent of cases of AOM occurred during the first week after the onset of URI, peaking on days 2 to 5. The onset of AOM in children with a history of recurrent episodes of AOM did not differ from that in those who had experienced only a few episodes of AOM. No individual tendency was noticed among children suffering more than one AOM episode during follow-up. To assess the influence of the quantity and quality of MEE on hearing in small children, transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) was performed under general anaesthesia before myringotomy in 185 ears of 102 children. Reduced TEOAEs indicating hearing loss were found in 83% of the ears with mucoid effusion and in 56% of the ears with non-mucoid effusion, the difference being statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). A significant negative correlation between the reproducibility of TEOAE responses and the amount of effusion was found (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r = -0.589, p &lt; 0.001). Findings in minitympanometry correlated with the responses of TEOAE. Although parents are able to predict AOM quite reliably, various symptoms and the duration of URI seems to be of little value in helping the diagnosis of AOM. Detection of effusion in OM may be improven by minitympanometry in cooperative children. Any kind of effusion may cause hearing loss in small children, which must be considered when treating OM.