This thesis aims to identify methods for detection of damper winding faults in synchronous machines (SMs) powered by variable frequency drives (VFDs). The problem of failing damper windings has received attention after reports of serious damage which have been discovered during maintenance checks. Since SMs often are used for critical applications, failures can be devastating if they cause total breakdowns. Also, VFDs are believed to cause additional stress in the damper windings of SMs and since the utilisation of VFDs is increasing, the problem is expected to become more common in the future. Currently, there is no method for detection of failures during normal operation of SMs, thus research in the area is required. Simulations based on the finite element method as well as laboratory experiments have been performed in order to examine the impact of VFDs and to find a way of detecting damper winding failures. The results confirm that utilization of VFDs produce higher currents in the damper winding compared to direct-online operation. The results also show that in case of a damper bar failure, the current distribution among the damper winding segments is affected. However, monitoring of all damper winding segments is unrealistic due to the number of sensors required. Another approach, which has been investigated, involves monitoring of the current through the pole interconnectors of one of the endrings. Potential fault indicators have been found by analysing the currents in the frequency domain. However, further studies are required in order to evaluate the method. Also the temperature of the damper winding was investigated as an indicator.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this thesis is position sensorless control of a transverse-laminated reluctance synchronous machine. Rotor position information is required for high-performance closedloop control of the reluctance synchronous machine and is conventionally supplied by unreliable hardware position resolvers. In addition a FPGA-based rapid prototyping system is completed as part of the research term for control of the machine drive system. For the first time the unified active- ux (AF) method is investigated and implemented for position sensorless control of the transverse-laminated reluctance synchronous machine in this study. The method is based on the torque equation of the machine and is basically the same for any AC machine. The estimation scheme is implemented for closed-loop position sensorless control from low- to rated speed in the entire rated load range with simulation and measured results confirming its capabilities. A number of characteristics of the machine (including generator operation) have implications for implementation of the active- ux (AF) method and are therefore investigated. Another position estimation method investigated is the arbitrary injection (AI) scheme which is derived to be completely machine parameter independent. The method simply requires a current progression at each calculation step allowing use of a smaller injection voltage. This method is implemented again on the reluctance synchronous machine and is shown to be capable of position sensorless current and speed control of the drive from standstill to rated speed with simulation and measured results. However, when the machine is operating above low speeds it is shown that this technique is only capable of position sensorless control at low loads. To deliver position sensorless control in the entire rated speed and load range a new hybrid controller scheme is designed and implemented. The hybrid scheme is speed and load dependent with hysteresis regions for stability at specific working points. The active- ux (AF) method is implemented in the low to rated speed range at medium to rated loads while the arbitrary injection (AI) method is implemented elsewhere. Measured results show that the scheme is capable of position sensorless control in the entire rated speed and load range with some limitations on dynamics. Because of the limitations on dynamics of the hybrid scheme an assisted fundamental model position estimation scheme was investigated. Simulation results show that this controller requires further investigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus in hierdie tesis is die posisie-sensorlose beheer van 'n transvers-gelamineerde reluktansie sinchroonmasjien. Rotor posisie inligting word benodig vir geslote-lus beheer van die reluktansie sinchroonmasjien met ho e-werkverrigting, en word normaalweg deur onbetroubare hardeware sensors verskaf. As deel van die navorsings-termyn is 'n FPGAgebaseerde beheerstelsel vir die masjien stelsel voltooi. Die \aktiewe-vloed" posisie-afskattings metode is ondersoek en vir die eerste keer ge mplementeer vir posisie-sensorlose beheer van die transvers-gelamineerde reluktansie sinchroonmasjien. Die metode is dieselfde in konsep vir alle WS masjiene en word basseer op die vergelyking vir wringkrag van die masjien. Vollas geslote-lus posisie-sensorlose beheer van die masjien in die lae tot ho e spoedbereik is suksesvol ge mplementeer met simulasie en gemete resultate. Verkskeie inherente eienskappe van die masjien het implikasies vir gebruik van die \aktiewe-vloed" metode (insluitend generator werking) en is dus ondersoek. Die \arbitr^ere injeksie" metode wat afgelei is om onafhanklik van masjien parameters te wees is ook odersoek. Hierdie metode verlang slegs 'n stroom-afgeleide by elke tydstip en benodig dus 'n kleiner injeksie-spanning. Hierdie metode is weer ge mplementeer op die reluktansie sinchroon masjien met suksesvolle posisie-sensorlose beheer in die hele spoed bereik getoon in simulasie en praktiese resultate. Dit word egter getoon dat hierdie metode slegs onder lae-las toestande posisie sensorlose beheer bo lae-spoed kan bewerkstellig. Ten einde posisie-sensorlose beheer in die hele spoed en wringkrag bereik te verkry is 'n nuwe hibriede beheerskema ontwerp en ge mplementeer. Die skema is spoed en las afhanklik met histerese vir stabiliteit by 'n spesi eke werkpunt. Die \aktiewe-vloed" metode word gebruik bo lae spoed teen 'n minimum las terwyl die \arbitr^ere injeksie" andersins ge mplementeer word. Gemete resultate toon dat die skema posisie-sensorlose beheer van die masjien in die hele spoed en las bereik toelaat met sommige beperkings op dinamika. Met inagneming van die beperkings op die hibriede metode is 'n ondersteunde fundamentele model afskattingskema ondersoek. Simulasie resulate toon dat hierdie beheerder verdere ondersoek benodig.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus Alexandre Bevilaqua.pdf: 3412491 bytes, checksum: 4886770099c1ba6e43a5060a8dd7e00d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents a new implementation for the vector control of synchronous permanent magnets motors based on Labview FPGA. A set of differential equations that describes the dynamic behavior of the electric and mechanical parts of the motor are presented and used to numerical simulations. These models are converted to transfer functions and block diagrams to allow the design of current and speed controllers. A design procedure for the current and speed controller is presented. This design procedure allows the designer to set the controller gains based on the system s desired bandwidth and damping ratio. Criteria to choose the bandwidth and damping ratio are established to obtain the maximum dynamic response of the motor. The designed controllers are verified by an integrated simulation of power electronics and control algorithm. This integrated simulation allows a number of analyses to be performed on the electric drive parameters. A verification of load inertia effect on the speed controllers is made. A power inverter modulation technique that maximizes the DC bus utilization is shown. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the technique. An experimental setup is developed in order to implement the motor controllers and allow the reproduction of this work. By using this setup, experimental results are given to demonstrate the implementation of the current controllers, PWM modulator and speed controller developed. The conclusions of this work and the next steps recommended to explore this new technology are given at the end of this document. / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova implementação do controle vetorial aplicado a motores síncronos de imãs permanentes utilizando o Labview FPGA. São desenvolvidos modelos matemáticos, baseados em equações diferenciais que descrevem as dinâmicas elétrica e mecânica do motor e permitem a simulação numérica do comportamento dinâmico do mesmo. Estes modelos são escritos também na forma de funções de transferência e diagrama de blocos, para permitirem o projeto dos controladores de corrente e velocidade. Um procedimento de projeto para os controladores de corrente e de velocidade do motor é apresentado. Este procedimento permite ao projetista determinar a banda passante e amortecimento desejados ao sistema. Critérios práticos são então estabelecidos para determinar a banda passante e amortecimento de forma a obter a máxima resposta dinâmica possível do motor. Os controladores projetados são verificados por meio de simulações numéricas integradas à eletrônica de potência necessária ao acionamento do motor. Estas simulações permitem a realização de diversas análises de sensibilidade do acionamento proposto. Uma análise da influência da inércia da carga no desempenho do controlador de velocidade é apresentada. Uma técnica de modulação do inversor de frequência que maximiza a utilização do barramento CC é apresentada e verificada por meio de simulação numérica. Resultados experimentais são fornecidos para validar a técnica descrita. Uma plataforma experimental para implementação dos controladores é desenvolvida e detalhada para permitir a reprodução do trabalho. Utilizando-se desta plataforma experimental, resultados são obtidos para demonstrar a implementação dos controladores de corrente, do modulador PWM e do controlador de velocidade apresentado neste trabalho. As conclusões são detalhadas e sugestões para explorar a tecnologia desenvolvida neste trabalho são feitas ao final do documento.

De nombreux systèmes utilisent des convertisseurs électroniques de puissance fonctionnant en modulation de largeur d'impulsions (MLI) comme organe de réglage ou de commande. On peut en particulier citer les entraînements à vitesse variable, les alimentations à découpage ou les filtres actifs. L'objectif du travail est de contribuer à l'étude en temps discret du fonctionnement de ces systèmes lorsqu'ils sont munis d'une commande numérique dont la période d'échantillonnage est synchronisée sur la période de modulation de largeur d'impulsions. Pour cela nous avons développé une méthode originale qui consiste à écrire les équations différentielles qui décrivent la dynamique du système en remplaçant sur chaque période de modulation les fonctions binaires qui représentent les états successifs (ON ou OFF) des semi-conducteurs de puissance par un développement limité en série de Fourier. En introduisant de manière judicieuse dans les équations différentielles du système, des termes harmoniques des fonctions binaires qui décrivent les états des interrupteurs, cette manière de procéder nous a permis de décomposer l'étude en deux étapes : · dans une première étape en limitant le développement en série de Fourier des fonctions binaires décrivant les états des interrupteurs à leur premier terme (c'est-à-dire à leurs valeurs moyennes) nous avons construit un modèle discret d'ordre zéro qui rend compte de l'effet moyen de la découpe MLI, · dans une deuxième étape nous avons construit un modèle dynamique approché de l'écart existant entre le modèle d'ordre zéro et le modèle détaillé du système. Ce modèle fournit une bonne estimation des ondulations induites par la découpe MLI dans les grandeurs du système. Pour le cas des entraînements par moteurs synchrones à aimants permanents alimentés par onduleurs de tension nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence que l'étude de la stabilité des boucles des courants du moteur à partir du modèle d'ordre zéro reste valable en présence des ondulations dues à la MLI pour autant qu'on utilise une MLI symétrique avec rafraîchissement des références une fois par période. / Nowadays, a large number of systems are using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Power Electronic Converters as control part. These systems can, for example, be variable-speed drives, switching power supplies or active filters. The goal of this work is to contribute to the study of operation of this type of system when they are equipped with a digital control part of which the sampling period is synchronized on the modulation one. After having shown how the equations of these systems can be written down and indicated how their evolution in closed loop operation can be described by using iterative maps, we have tried to develop an approach which allows simplifying this study. The iterative map method has been used in order to take into account the “sequential “character of these systems, i.e. the fact that the control signals are sequences of events which correspond to the changes of the state of the converter semiconductor switches. Therefore we have developed an original method which consists in replacing on each modulation period, in the differential equations describing the system dynamics, the binary functions representing the successive ON or OFF states of the power semiconductors, by a limited Fourier series development of these functions. This method has allowed splitting the study of these systems into two steps: • in the first step a “zero order” model was built. This first model, which provides the average effect of the PWM pulse pattern, has been obtained by limiting the Fourier series development of the binary functions describing the states of the converter switches, to their first term, the one corresponding to their average values on the PWM period, • in the second step we have introduced an approached dynamic model characterising the error between the zero order model and the exact model of the system. This model was built by considering a well chosen number of harmonic terms of the binary functions describing the ON-OFF states of the switches in the differential equations of the system. By combining the error model and the zero order model we have been able to estimate in which measure the ripples induced by the PWM modulation affect the results of the system stability study made by using the zero order model. For the case of Permanent Magnets Synchronous Motors fed by Voltage Source Inverters we have shown that the study of the stability of the motor currents loops made with the zero order model remains valid in the presence of ripples induced by the PWM, as long as a symmetrical modulation is used, with references which are refreshed one time on each switching period.

This report highlights the market for synchronous machines and examines the current situation. Today, the world demands higher volumes of electrical power that is cleaner, more efficient and generated from fossil-free sources. This increases the importance of using efficient and modern that minimise energy losses. A synchronous machine is an electric motor or generator with high efficiency. There is a need for up-to-date knowledge about the current market situation for manufacturers to keep pace with the requirements and regulations, while also satisfying their customer needs. This study investigates the main trends, identifies different manufacturers in different market segments, as well as what type of added value these companies offer to their customers. Data collection combined with a series of interviews have been conducted to understand the current market situation and draw conclusions using models appropriate for the aim of the study. Our findings show that, in many cases, the machines themselves are very similar with only minor variations. The greatest differentiation lies in what additional value manufacturers offer beyond the product itself. This added value is where the markets great opportunities for development lies. This report will thus provide a new and effective way of analysing a market by considering what a company can offer beyond its products, while also incorporating the unique aspects of what their products actually provide. / Denna rapport belyser marknaden för synkronmaskiner och hur den nuvarande situationen ser ut. Idag kräver världen högre volymer av elektrisk kraft, renare kraft och effektivare kraft framställd från fossilfria källor. Detta leder till en ökad vikt av att använda effektiva och moderna motorer som minskar onödiga energiförluster. En synkronmaskin är en elektrisk motor eller generator med hög effektivitet. Det finns ett behov av ny kunskap om den aktuella situationen på marknaden för att tillverkare ska kunna hålla jämna steg med kraven, regleringarna och samtidigt tillfredsställa sina kunders behov. Den här studien undersöker de främsta trenderna, vilka tillverkare som är i vilka typer av marknader, samt vad för värdeerbjudanden företagen erbjuder sina kunder. En datainsamling i kombination med en serie intervjuer har genomförts för att förstå den nuvarande marknadssituationen samt för att dra slutsatser med hjälp av modeller anpassade för denna studie. Våra resultat visar att i många fall är maskinerna mycket lika varandra med endast små variationer. Den största skillnaden ligger i vad mer tillverkare kan erbjuda utöver själva produkten, d.v.s. i deras värdeerbjudanden. Marknadens största utvecklingsmöjligheter ligger inom vilket mervärde ett företag kan erbjuda sina kunder. Denna rapport kommer därmed bidra med ett nytt och effektivt sätt att läsa av en marknad, som både tar hänsyn till vad företaget kan erbjuda utöver sina produkter samt de unika aspekterna gällande vilka mervärden deras produkter faktiskt genererar.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, η οποία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, πραγματεύεται την κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρικού δικύκλου. Σκοπός είναι η κατασκευή και ο έλεγχος ενός ηλεκτρικού ποδηλάτου και συγκεκριμένα ο σχεδιασμός και η εγκατάσταση ενός κατάλληλου ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος σε ένα συμβατικό ποδήλατο. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των συμβατικών και των ηλεκτρικών ποδηλάτων, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την ιστορική εξέλιξή τους, τα μέρη από τα οποία αποτελούνται, τους τύπους στους οποίους διακρίνονται και τα νομικά πλαίσια που διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα, το οποίο εγκαταστάθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ποδηλάτου που παραχωρήθηκε για το σκοπό αυτό από την εταιρεία Ideal Bikes Μανιατόπουλος Α.Ε., τα κριτήρια επιλογής του κινητήρα, των ηλεκτροχημικών συσσωρευτών και των επιμέρους στοιχείων που το απαρτίζουν. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των Brushless μηχανών, τα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά και η αρχή λειτουργίας τους. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η θεωρητική μελέτη του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης που απαιτείται για την οδήγηση του κινητήρα. Παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας του ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab/Simulink. Κατόπιν, περιγράφεται η κατασκευή του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης, τα στοιχεία που τον απαρτίζουν και ο λόγος για τον οποίο επιλέχθηκαν. Δίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή του μικροελεγκτή που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, των δυνατοτήτων που παρέχει αλλά και η λογική του ελέγχου που υλοποιεί. Τέλος, ακολουθούν οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τη λειτουργία της κατασκευής. / The purpose of this thesis is the construction of an electric two-wheeled vehicle. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Patras. The main aim is the study, the construction and the control of an electric bike. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to design and install a suitable electric motor system to a conventional bicycle. Initially, there is a brief overview of the conventional and the electric bicycles, along with their history, their main parts, the types in which they are divided and the legal frameworks that govern their operation. Secondly, the electric motor system, which was installed in the bicycle frame granted for this purpose by the company Ideal Bikes, Nikos Maniatopoulos S.A., the criteria for the selection of the motor and the batteries are described. In addition, there is a short description of Brushless motors, their types and the principle of their operation. Furthermore, the theoretical study of the three phase inverter required for driving the motor is given. Moreover, the results obtained from the simulation of the operation of the motor system through the Matlab / Simulink are provided. The construction of the three phase inverter, the constituent elements and the reason for their selection are also analyzed. Last but not least, there is a short description of the microcontroller which is used and its capabilities, in order to facilitate the study and design of the structure. Finally, the experimental measurements and the conclusions that derive from the construction and the operation of the electric bike are presented and future improvements concerning the construction are proposed.

Οι συνεχώς αυξανόμενες απαιτήσεις σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια από τη μια, και η ραγδαία κλιματική αλλαγή από την άλλη οδηγούν στην ανάγκη για παραγωγή ενέργειας χαμηλού κόστους, περιβαλλοντικά φιλική και υψηλής ποιότητας, η οποία μπορεί να επιτευχτεί με κατανεμημένα συστήματα παραγωγής. Έτσι οι Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας αποκτούν μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον για τον στόχο αυτό, αλλάζοντας τόσο ευρωπαϊκό όσο και τον παγκόσμιο ενεργειακό χάρτη. Η ραγδαία εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας μας δίνει πολλές επιλογές για μας επιτρέπει την αντικατάσταση των κλασικών επαγωγικών μηχανών, σύγχρονων και ασύγχρονων, με μηχανές νέας τεχνολογίας. Μια τέτοια μηχανή είναι η σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Τα πλεονεκτήματα που παρουσιάζουν, όπως υψηλή πυκνότητα ισχύος, υψηλή ροπή, ευκολία στον έλεγχο, με σχετικά χαμηλό κόστος, μικρότερο μέγεθος και αρκετά άλλα, τις έκαναν να χρησιμοποιούνται σε πολλές εφαρμογές προσελκύοντας πολύ το ενδιαφέρον των ερευνητών και της βιομηχανίας. Έτσι στη συγκεκριμένη εργασία ασχολούμαστε με τη μη γραμμική ανάλυση και τη δυναμική συμπεριφορά σύγχρονης μηχανής μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Ξεκινώντας από λεπτομερή, μη γραμμικά μοντέλα για την ΣΜΜΜ, και με τη χρήση του μετασχηματισμού Παρκ, την αναλύσαμε στο στρεφόμενο σύστημα κάθετων αξόνων d-q. Στη συνέχεια, εφαρμόζοντας την κατάλληλη μέθοδο ελέγχου, ελέγξαμε ρεύματα, ροπή, ταχύτητα. Τέλος, από τις προσομοιώσεις του μοντέλου που σχεδιάσαμε στο Simulink του Matlab, εξάγαμε συμπεράσματα. / The ongoing increase in electric power demand from one, and the rapid climate change on the other, lead to the need for low-cost energy production, environmentally friendly and high quality, which can attain with distributed generation systems. So, Renewable Energy Sources acquire great interest for this objective, changing both the European and the global energy map. The rapid evolution of technology gives us many options allows us to replace the classical induction machines, synchronous and asynchronous, with new technology engines. Such a machine is the permanent magnet synchronous machine. The advantages that afford, such as high power density, high torque, easy control, with relatively low cost, smaller size and several others, made them used in many applications attracting much interest among researchers and industry. So, at this thesis we deal with the non-linear analysis and dynamics permanent magnet synchronous machine. Starting from detailed, non-linear models for PMSM, and using the Park transformation, we analyse it at a rotating system with vertical axes dq. Then, applying the appropriate control method, we tested currents, torque, speed. Finally, from the simulations of the model that was built at Simulink of Matlab, we draw conclusions.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l’optimisation de gammes dans laconception des machines synchrones à concentration de flux. Dans un premier temps, unmodèle de dimensionnement multi physique dédié à l’optimisation a été développé pourchaque machine retenue pour cette étude. Un modèle analytique pour la structure à bobinagereparti et un modèle semi-analytique à base de réseaux de réluctances pour la machineà bobinage sur dents. Dans un second temps, nous avons validé nos modèles par comparaisonavec des essais expérimentaux. L’aspect gamme de notre étude nous a contraints à fairecette validation sur différentes machines et pour différents points de fonctionnement. Unepremière phase d’optimisation classique, réalisée grâce au couplage de nos modèles avec uneméthode déterministe à base de gradient a montré la possibilité d’optimiser nos machines.Une démarche originale d’optimisation de gammes basée sur le partage des composants aété mise au point. Son application sur une série de machines a montré que la discrétisationoptimale de tôles dans un diamètre donné est fonction de la vitesse des machines. / The works of this thesis concern the ranges optimization for radial synchronousmachines conception. At first, a multiphysical sizing model dedicated to optimizationwas developed for every retained machine for our study. An analytical model for distributedwinding structure and a semi-analytical model with network reluctances for concetratedwinding motors. Secondly, we validated the models by comparison with the experimentalmesures. The range aspect of the study forced us to make this validation on variousmachines and for various operating points. A first phase of classic optimization, whichis realized due to the coupling of the models with a gradient based determinist methodshowed the possibility to optimize the motors. An original approach of range optimizationbased on the components sharing was developed. Its application on a series of motors showedthat, the optimal discretization of steel sheets in a given diameter is a function of themotor speed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes two vector control schemes for permanent magnet synchronous motors. They are destined to speed and position control, respectively, and are based on a control law called VS-RMRAC. Not being yet applied to the electric machines control, the VS-RMRAC control law presents robustness features that are potentially advantageous from the point of view of the closed loop PMSM dynamics. It also presents well established design and robust stability conditions, which makes its digital implementation easier. Both control structures are described and its respective design methods are presented. From simulation results, the behavior and performance of both structures are analyzed in face of load disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The speed control scheme and its simulation results are validated experimentally. This scheme is digitally implemented with fixed-point arithmetic using a TMS320F2812 DSP. Both schemes with its potentialities and limitations are then discussed. / Este trabalho propõe duas estratégias de controle vetorial para motores síncronos a ímãs permanentes (MSIP s). Destinam-se ao controle de velocidade e de posição, respectivamente, e são baseados em uma lei de controle chamada VS-RMRAC. Não tendo sido aplicado ainda ao controle de máquinas elétricas, a lei de controle VS-RMRAC apresenta características de robustez que são potencialmente vantajosas do ponto de vista da dinâmica em malha fechada de MSIP s. Também apresenta condições de projeto e estabilidade robusta bem estabelecidas para o tempo discreto, o que facilita sua implementação digital. Ambas as estruturas de controle são descritas e suas respectivas metodologias de projeto são apresentadas. A partir de resultados de simulação, o comportamento e desempenho de ambas são analisados frente a perturbações de carga e incertezas paramétricas. O esquema de controle de velocidade e seus resultados de simulação são validados experimentalmente. Este esquema é implementado digitalmente com aritmética de ponto fixo utilizando DSP TMS320F2812. As potencialidades e limitações de ambos os esquemas são, por fim, discutidos.

In a synchronous machine, radial, tangential, and axial forces are generated. In this thesis, three different technologies to control them are proposed. The first one, involves the utilization of the radial forces that arise between the rotor and the stator. This is achieved by segmenting the rotor field winding into groups of poles and controlling their corresponding magnetization individually. This technology is particularly useful to achieve magnetic balance and to create controllable radial forces. The second technology, involves the control of the rotor field in order to influence the tangential forces that produce torque. This is achieved by inverting the rotor field winding polarity with respect to the stator field. With this technique, breaking and accelerating torques can be created. It is particularly useful to start a synchronous machine. Finally, the application of axial forces with a magnetic thrust bearing is discussed. The main benefits of this technology are higher efficiency and increased reliability. The work presented in this thesis was carried out within the Division of Electricity in the Department of Engineering Sciences at Uppsala University. It is based on original research supported by analytical calculations, computational simulations and extensive experimental work.