The unprecedented degradation of freshwater ecosystems due to the rampant exploitation of water resources re-establishes the importance of preserving freshwater ecosystems in order to ensure their continued viability that supports the attainment of sustainable development. This concern is addressed in Article 20 of the 1997 Watercourses Convention that specifically provides for the preservation of ecosystems of international watercourses. However, the interpretation and the subsequent application of this obligation are complicated by the proliferation of international instruments concerning the environment, which leads to the fragmentation of international law. In response to the apprehension raised over the undesirable consequences of the fragmentation of international law, the potential of Article 31(3)(c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention as an interpretative mechanism that enables the systemic integration of rules has come into the limelight. The objective of the present thesis, titled ‘Preservation of Ecosystems of International Watercourses and the Integration of Relevant Rules’ is to develop a interpretative framework for the operationalisation of Article 31(3)(c) that allows the full realisation of its potential as a tool of integration. A three-tier operationalisation framework that re-interprets the salient features of Article 31(3)(c) through the prism of an interactional understanding of international law is developed and executed through Chapters Two to Eight, where Chapter Nine provides a general conclusion of the thesis. The reconstruction of existing interpretation of Article 31(3)(c) provides a new understanding of this Article, which enables the realisation of its systemic integration potential. The application of this framework of operationalisation in the interpretation of the obligation to preserve ecosystems of international watercourses stipulated under Article 20 reflects contemporaneous development in international environmental law, and enhances the normative content and scope of Article 20.

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Esta pesquisa tem como hipótese o fato de que a corrupção desponta como uma questão de significativo relevo no cenário político, social e econômico dos países, tendo profunda imbricação com o desenvolvimento e estrutura institucional das nações. Um dos aspectos da estrutura institucional implicados se refere justamente à arquitetura normativa, a qual deve se ver dotada de instrumentos básicos e eficazes para um adequado enfrentamento do problema. Nesse contexto é que a novel Lei Anticorrupção se apresenta como mais um diploma a complementar o microssistema brasileiro de combate à corrupção, incrementando instrumentos punitivos, consensuais e de mutação de culturas corporativas. A harmonização sancionatória e o alinhamento dos diferentes atores encarregados da persecução, nesse viés, se apresentam como os mais candentes desafios a serem superados pelos operadores do direito. Cuidou-se, pois, de se apresentar os novos instrumentos e hipóteses-tipo com as respectivas sugestões de harmonização sistêmica. / This research has as hypothesis the fact that corruption emerges as a matter of significant importance in the political, social and economic scenario of the countries, having deep imbrication with the development and institutional structure of the nations. One of the aspects of the institutional structure involved is precisely the normative architecture, which must be equipped with basic and effective instruments for an adequate confrontation of the problem. In this context, the novel Anticorruption Law presents itself as another diploma complementing the Brazilian anti-corruption micro-system, increasing punitive, consensual and mutating corporate culture. The sanctioning harmonization and the alignment of the different actors in charge of the persecution, in this bias, are presented as the most burning challenges to be overcome by the operators of the law. Therefore, the new instruments and standard hypotheses were presented with the respective suggestions for systemic harmonization.

Pour traiter des défis écologiques et créer de nouveaux avantages concurrentiels, les entreprises ont besoin de considérer et d’intégrer les aspects environnementaux dans tous les processus de l'entreprise. De nombreuses méthodes environnementales existent, ainsi que des solutions visant leur intégration dans les processus de l’entreprise. Mais la revue de la littérature montre qu’une approche systémique combinant besoins stratégiques et pratiques de l’éco-conception pourrait favoriser cette intégration.Cette thèse, qui s’intègre dans le module « tactique » du projet national ANR-Convergence,vise à fournir un nouveau cadre d’analyse, s’appuyant sur un ensemble de méthodes environnementales. Ce cadre doit permettre d'identifier et de planifier une séquence d’actions appropriée pour une meilleure intégration de l’environnement en entreprise. Ainsi, une analyse claire, visant l’identification de l’ensemble des méthodes et solutions existantes et l’identification de leurs interrelations a été menée.Notre travail a ainsi consisté à identifier les corrélations opérationnelles entre les méthodes via une cartographie, puis a mettre en évidence des relations entre ces méthodes et les besoins dynamiques des entreprises. Ceci nous a permis de proposer au final une approche systémique pour la création de feuilles de route environnementales en entreprise. Ces feuilles de route vont s’adresser aussi bien aux niveaux stratégiques, tactiques qu’opérationnels des entreprises.Les résultats de trois expérimentations menées montrent que les propositions ci-dessus conduisent bien à la création de feuilles de routes appropriées aux besoins réels et souvent dynamiques des entreprises.Ces feuilles de routes tracent ainsi les actions à mener et indiquent les potentiels outils à leur associer,afin d’identifier le processus opérationnel réel et d'organiser le flux de travail entre les différentes fonctions de l'entreprise. / To answer environmental challenge and create new competitive advantages, the companies needto consider and integrate environmental considerations into all its processes. Numerous environmentalmethods exist as well as solutions to integrate them into companies. But, the literature review realisedindicates that a systemic approach combining strategic and practical needs from eco-design couldfacilitate this integration.This thesis, which represents the "tactic" module of the national research project ANR- Convergence,aims to provide a new framework to identify a suitable operational trajectory for a better integration ofenvironmental consideration in companies. Thus, a clear analysis about the identification of theseexisting methods and their interrelationships was realised. Our work was to identify the operativecorrelation between methods via a cartography, then the relationship between those methods and thedynamic needs/contexts of companies to finally propose ” environmental roadmaps. So, we finallypropose a systematic approach to define environmental roadmaps in companies.Those roadmapsconcern the strategis, tactic and operational levels in companies.The results of three academic/industrial experiments demonstrate that all proposals of this thesis couldensure effectively the identification of a suitable systemic trajectories’ group based on actual corporateneeds and its dynamic context. The pre-defined chain of action and the list of available tools providedsupport the company to identify the working process and to organize the workflow between differentcorporate functions.