Objetivo: Avaliar por HR-pQCT a densidade mineral óssea volumétrica (vDMO), a microarquitetura e as características biomecânicas do rádio distal e tíbia, assim como os marcadores laboratoriais do metabolismo ósseo em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico de início juvenil (LESJ) comparados com controles saudáveis e determinar se este método permite identificar parâmetros que diferenciem pacientes com e sem fraturas vertebrais (FV). Métodos: Foram avaliadas 56 pacientes e comparadas a 56 controles saudáveis pareados por sexo, idade e estágio de Tanner. A HRpQCT foi realizada no rádio distal e na tíbia. Marcadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo foram avaliados: pró-peptídeo amino-terminal do colágeno tipo I (P1NP), telo-peptídeo carboxi-terminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX), paratormônio intacto (iPTH), esclerostina (SOST) e 25hidroxivitamina D (25OHD). Fratura vertebral foi avaliada por VFA-DXA (método semiquantitativo de Genant). Resultados: Redução na densidade volumétrica e na resistência óssea, assim como comprometimento da microarquitetura óssea tanto cortical como trabecular foram encontrados em pacientes com LESJ comparados com controles saudáveis, principalmente no rádio distal (p < 0.05). Além disso, pacientes com FV apresentavam valores significantemente menores nos parâmetros trabeculares, somente no rádio distal, comparados com pacientes sem FV (Total.DMO: 229,45 ± 42,09 vs 275,93 ± 56,87 mg/cm3; p = 0,034; Trabecular.DMO [Tb.DMO]: 136,96 ± 30,84 vs 163,17 ± 30,45 mg/cm3; p = 0,034; BV/TV: 0,114 ± 0,026 vs 0,136 ± 0,029; p = 0,034) e também menores valores em relação a propriedades biomecânicas (Módulo Aparente: 1236 ± 334 vs 1523 ± 367 N/mm2; p = 0,039). Pacientes com fratura vertebral apresentaram maiores índices de SLICC/ACR-DI (0,67 ± 0,78 vs 0,11 ± 0,32; p = 0,002). Parâmetros laboratoriais do metabolismo ósseo foram semelhantes entre os grupos avaliados. Análise de regressão logística incluindo parâmetros que foram significativos na análise univariada revelaram que Tb.DMO (OR:0,98; 95%IC 0,95-0,99; p = 0,039) e SLICC/ACR-DI (OR:7,37; 95% IC 1,75-30,97; p = 0,006) foram fatores de risco independentes para fratura vertebral. Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo demonstrando que pacientes com lúpus de início juvenil apresentam alteração na microarquitetura e resistência óssea, particularmente no rádio distal. Além disso, nossos resultados demonstram que as fraturas vertebrais estão associadas a um comprometimento trabecular e também evidenciamos a associação do dano da doença nesta condição de fragilidade óssea / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate using HR-pQCT the volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), microarchitecture and biomechanical features at distal radius and tibia, and laboratory bone markers in JoSLE patients compared to controls and determine whether this method can discriminate JoSLE patients with or without VF. Methods: We compared 56 female JoSLE patients with age- and Tanner- matched healthy controls. HR-pQCT was performed at distal radius and at tibia. Serum levels of amino-terminal pro-peptide of type I collagen (P1NP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), intact parathormone (iPTH), sclerostin (SOST) and 25 hydroxivitamin D (25OHD) were evaluated. Vertebral fractures (VF) were analyzed by VFA-DXA (Genant\'s method). Results: Reduced parameters of density and strength as well as microarchitecture alteration of cortical and trabecular bone were observed in JoSLE patients compared to controls, mainly at distal radius (p < 0.05). In addition, patients with VF had a significant decrease in trabecular bone parameters solely at distal radius (Total.BMD: 229.45 ± 42.09 vs. 275.93 ± 56.87 mg/cm3; p = 0.034; Trabecular.BMD[Tb.BMD]: 136.96 ± 30.84 vs. 163.17 ± 30.45 mg/cm3; p = 0.034; BV/TV: 0.114 ± 0.026 vs. 0.136 ± 0.29; p=0.034; Apparent modulus: 1,236 ± 334 vs. 1,523 ± 367 N/mm2; p = 0.039) and higher score disease damage (SLICC/ACR-DI: 0.67 ± 0.78 vs. 0.11 ± 0.32; p = 0.002). Bone metabolism markers were alike in all groups evaluated. Logistic regression analysis including parameters that were significant at univariate analysis reveal that Tb.BMD (OR:0.98, 95%CI 0.95-0.99, p = 0.039) and SLICC/ACR-DI (OR:7.37, 95%CI 1.75-30.97, p=0.006) were independent risk factors for vertebral fractures. Conclusion: In conclusion, this is the first demonstration of bone microstructure and strength deficit in JoSLE patients, particularly at distal radius. Furthermore, our results show that VF are associated with trabecular radius compromise and emphasizes the potential detrimental effect of disease damage in this condition

<p>In sera remitted for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) analysis, the supplement of a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the conventional ANA screening by immunofluorescence (IF) revealed that one fourth of the individuals with IF-ANA negative, but SSA/Ro ELISA positive sera, had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous LE. Consequently, adding a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the ANA screening is valuable for the serological detection of ANA negative SLE/LE patients.</p><p>SLE patients often have measurable interferon-alpha (IFN-α) levels in serum, and IFN-α treatment of patients with non-autoimmune diseases can induce SLE. Thus, the type I IFN system seems to be important in SLE and was therefore investigated. Initially, a decreased IFN-α producing capacity, due to a 70-fold reduction in the number of circulating natural IFN-α producing cells (NIPC), was noted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SLE patients. SLE-sera contained an endogenous IFN-α inducing factor (SLE-IIF), consisting of IgG and DNA in the form of small immune complexes (300-1000 kD). The SLE-IIF selectively activated NIPC and was more common in sera from patients with active disease compared to individuals with inactive disease. IFN-α producing cells could be detected by immunohistochemistry in both lesional and unaffected skin from SLE patients, and IFN-α gene transcription could be verified by in situ hybridisation in some of the skin biopsies. A reduced number of NIPC, detected by expression of the blood dendritic cell antigen (BDCA)-2, was noted among SLE-PBMC. The IFN-α production triggered by SLE-IIF in SLE-PBMC was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to BDCA-2 and markedly decreased by anti-BDCA-4 mAbs. </p><p>The observations in the present thesis may explain the ongoing IFN-α production in SLE patients, indicate an important role for the activated type I IFN system in the pathogenesis, and suggest that direct targeting of SLE-NIPC may constitute a new therapeutic principle in SLE.</p>

<p>Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an activated type I interferon (IFN) system with an ongoing IFN-α synthesis. This may be caused by circulating immune complexes, consisting of anti-DNA antibodies (Abs) and DNA, with IFN-α inducing capacity. Produced IFN-α may be crucial in the pathogenesis, because this cytokine can break tolerance and promote autoimmunity.</p><p>In the present thesis, possible mechanisms of the IFN-α production in SLE were studied. To investigate whether IFN-α inducing material could be derived from apoptotic cells, IgG from SLE patients (SLE-IgG) were combined with apoptotic cells. This combination induced high IFN-α production in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The IFN-α induction was associated to presence of anti-RNP Abs, but not to anti-dsDNA Abs, indicating that two inducers could be active in SLE, one containing DNA and the other RNA.</p><p>Apoptotic cells and SLE-IgG exclusively activated the natural interferon producing cells (NIPC) and the IFN-α response was enhanced by type I IFN and inhibited by IL-10 and TNF-α. The IFN-α induction was dependent on FcγRII, because blocking this receptor reduced IFN-α production and NIPC were found to express FcγRIIa.</p><p>To further elucidate the role of different autoantibodies in the IFN-α induction, sera from patients with Sjögren´s syndrome (SS), containing autoantibodies to RNA binding proteins (SSA, SSB, RNP and/or Sm) were investigated. The combination of SS or SLE sera and apoptotic or necrotic cell material induced high IFN-α production in PBMC. RNA, but not DNA, was required for IFN-α induction, indicating that RNA and Abs to RNA-binding proteins form potent IFN-α inducing complexes.</p><p>The findings in this thesis can explain central mechanisms for the activation of NIPC in SLE, and perhaps also other autoimmune diseases. This activation is mediated by interferogenic immune complexes, and modulating the NIPC activation may be a novel therapeutic approach in SLE.</p>

In sera remitted for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) analysis, the supplement of a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the conventional ANA screening by immunofluorescence (IF) revealed that one fourth of the individuals with IF-ANA negative, but SSA/Ro ELISA positive sera, had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous LE. Consequently, adding a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the ANA screening is valuable for the serological detection of ANA negative SLE/LE patients. SLE patients often have measurable interferon-alpha (IFN-α) levels in serum, and IFN-α treatment of patients with non-autoimmune diseases can induce SLE. Thus, the type I IFN system seems to be important in SLE and was therefore investigated. Initially, a decreased IFN-α producing capacity, due to a 70-fold reduction in the number of circulating natural IFN-α producing cells (NIPC), was noted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SLE patients. SLE-sera contained an endogenous IFN-α inducing factor (SLE-IIF), consisting of IgG and DNA in the form of small immune complexes (300-1000 kD). The SLE-IIF selectively activated NIPC and was more common in sera from patients with active disease compared to individuals with inactive disease. IFN-α producing cells could be detected by immunohistochemistry in both lesional and unaffected skin from SLE patients, and IFN-α gene transcription could be verified by in situ hybridisation in some of the skin biopsies. A reduced number of NIPC, detected by expression of the blood dendritic cell antigen (BDCA)-2, was noted among SLE-PBMC. The IFN-α production triggered by SLE-IIF in SLE-PBMC was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to BDCA-2 and markedly decreased by anti-BDCA-4 mAbs. The observations in the present thesis may explain the ongoing IFN-α production in SLE patients, indicate an important role for the activated type I IFN system in the pathogenesis, and suggest that direct targeting of SLE-NIPC may constitute a new therapeutic principle in SLE.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an activated type I interferon (IFN) system with an ongoing IFN-α synthesis. This may be caused by circulating immune complexes, consisting of anti-DNA antibodies (Abs) and DNA, with IFN-α inducing capacity. Produced IFN-α may be crucial in the pathogenesis, because this cytokine can break tolerance and promote autoimmunity. In the present thesis, possible mechanisms of the IFN-α production in SLE were studied. To investigate whether IFN-α inducing material could be derived from apoptotic cells, IgG from SLE patients (SLE-IgG) were combined with apoptotic cells. This combination induced high IFN-α production in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The IFN-α induction was associated to presence of anti-RNP Abs, but not to anti-dsDNA Abs, indicating that two inducers could be active in SLE, one containing DNA and the other RNA. Apoptotic cells and SLE-IgG exclusively activated the natural interferon producing cells (NIPC) and the IFN-α response was enhanced by type I IFN and inhibited by IL-10 and TNF-α. The IFN-α induction was dependent on FcγRII, because blocking this receptor reduced IFN-α production and NIPC were found to express FcγRIIa. To further elucidate the role of different autoantibodies in the IFN-α induction, sera from patients with Sjögren´s syndrome (SS), containing autoantibodies to RNA binding proteins (SSA, SSB, RNP and/or Sm) were investigated. The combination of SS or SLE sera and apoptotic or necrotic cell material induced high IFN-α production in PBMC. RNA, but not DNA, was required for IFN-α induction, indicating that RNA and Abs to RNA-binding proteins form potent IFN-α inducing complexes. The findings in this thesis can explain central mechanisms for the activation of NIPC in SLE, and perhaps also other autoimmune diseases. This activation is mediated by interferogenic immune complexes, and modulating the NIPC activation may be a novel therapeutic approach in SLE.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease, whereas autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) is a rare autosomal disorder characterized by combinations of organ-specific autoimmune manifestations including hypoparathyroidism and intestinal dysfunction, and may serve as a model for organ-specific autoimmunity. Autoantibodies directed against proteins expressed in the affected tissues are found in both diseases. From a chondrocyte cDNA expression library, we identified the protein AHNAK as an autoantigen in SLE. Anti-AHNAK antibodies were found in 29.5% (18/61) of patients with SLE, 4.6% (5/109) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 1.2% (2/172) of blood donors. Using a candidate approach, we analyzed the prevalence in APS1 and other organ-specific autoimmune diseases, of autoantibodies against the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), which are structurally closely related to known autoantigens. Anti-HDC and anti-CSAD reactivity was detected exclusively in APS1 patient sera. Anti-HDC antibodies were detected in 37.1% (36/97) of the APS1 sera, did not cross-react with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, and were associated with intestinal dysfunction and loss of histamine-producing gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. In contrast, anti-CSAD reactivity was detected in 3.6% (3/83) of APS1 sera and cross-reacted with recombinant glutamic acid decarboxylase. From a parathyroid cDNA expression library, novel spliced transcripts of the CLLD4 gene on human chromosome 13q14, encoding 26 and 31 kDa isoforms recognized by autoantibodies in 3.4% (3/87) of APS1 patients, were identified and found to be preferentially expressed in lung and ovary. Both isoforms contain an N-terminal BTB/POZ domain, similarly to the TNF-alpha-regulated protein B12, localize both to the cytoplasm and nucleus in transfected COS cells, and form oligomers in vitro. The CLLD4 gene is located in a region frequently deleted in several forms of cancer, including lung and ovarian tumors. In conclusion, we have identified and partially characterized AHNAK and HDC as two common targets of autoantibodies in SLE and APS1, respectively. We have also identified CSAD and CLLD4 as two minor autoantigens in APS1, one of which is a novel protein with unknown function.

Les anticorps anti-phospholipides (aPL), tels que les anticoagulants lupiques (LAC), sont associés au développement récurrent de thromboses chez les patients atteints du lupus érythémateux disséminé (LED). Il a été observé que des titres élevés d’auto-anticorps antilamine B1 (anti-LB1), chez des patients porteurs de LAC, diminuent le risque de ces manifestations thrombotiques. Toutefois, la relation existant entre la lamine B1 (LB1), les anti-LB1 et la thromboprotection n’est toujours pas expliquée. Dans cette étude, nous avons donc cherché à comprendre comment la LB1 et les anti-LB1 induisent cette thromboprotection. Nous avons testé les effets d'anti-LB1 purifiés et de LB1 recombinante sur l'activation des cellules endothéliales et des plaquettes. Nous avons été en mesure de déterminer que la LB1, contrairement aux anti-LB1, possède une activité anti-plaquettaire. En effet, la LB1 réduit l’activation et l’agrégation plaquettaires in vitro et in vivo. Cette activité est due à une liaison directe de la LB1 aux plaquettes, suivie par une internalisation rapide dans des vésicules de clathrine. Par co-immunoprécipitation, nous avons découvert que la LB1 interagit avec le récepteur de l’insuline situé sur la membrane plaquettaire. La liaison de la LB1 à ce récepteur entraîne vraisemblablement son internalisation et l'inhibition d'une des cascades de signalisation normalement induite par le récepteur de l’insuline, menant éventuellement à l’inhibition des fonctions plaquettaires. L’ajout d’anti-LB1 purifiés dans nos expériences a permis d'augmenter de façon significative la persistance de la LB1 dans les plaquettes, une observation confirmée par la détection de LB1 uniquement dans les lysats de plaquettes prélevées chez des patients anti-LB1 positifs. iv Nos résultats suggèrent que la LB1 prend part aux mécanismes régulateurs des processus d’hémostase chez des sujets sains et que la présence d’anti-LB1, chez les patients lupiques, prolonge la persistance de cet auto-antigène dans les plaquettes, les empêchant ainsi de s’activer. Ce mécanisme expliquerait la diminution du risque de thrombose chez les patients LAC positifs porteurs d’anti-LB1 circulants. / Anti-phospholipid antibodies such as lupus anticoagulant antibodies (LAC) are associated with recurrent thrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, the risk of thrombosis in LAC positive patients is markedly reduced in the presence of high titers of autoantibodies to lamin B1 (anti-LB1). To date, the implication of lamin B1 (LB1) and anti-LB1 in thromboprotection remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the mechanism whereby LB1 and anti-LB1 induced thromboprotection. Functional platelet and endothelial cell activation assays were used to determine the effects of recombinant LB1 and affinity purified anti-LB1 on these two cell types. LB1, contrarily to anti-LB1, was found to possess an intrinsic anti-platelet activity. This protein reduced the activation and aggregation of platelets in vitro and in vivo. This activity was likely due to the direct binding of LB1 to platelets, followed by its rapid internalization within clathrin coated-pits. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that LB1 interacted with the insulin receptor located within the platelet membrane. The binding of LB1 to this receptor induced its internalization and inhibited at least one of the phosphorylation cascade stimulated by the receptor, which in turn inhibited platelet functions. The addition of affinity-purified anti-LB1 in our model markedly increased the persistence of LB1 within platelets, a finding supported by the detection of LB1 only in platelets from anti-LB1 positive SLE patients. Our results suggest that LB1 regulates haemostasis in normal subjects. The presence of anti-LB1 in SLE patients prolongs the persistence of LB1 within platelets, thus possibly vi preventing further platelet activation. This mechanism likely explains the reduced risk of thrombotic events in LAC positive SLE patients with circulating anti-LB1 autoantibodies.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, 1999. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 113-124.

Introdução: O aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) foi acompanhado por um aumento da frequência de comorbidades, tais como osteoporose e fraturas. Há descrições de associação de polimorfismos dos genes receptor ativador do fator nuclear kappa B (RANK), seu ligante (RANKL) e da osteoprotegerina (OPG) com alterações de densidade e fragilidade óssea, entretanto, não há estudos que avaliam estes polimorfismos em pacientes com LES. Objetivos: Avaliar polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) dos genes RANKL, OPG e RANK em pacientes pré-menopausadas com LES e sua associação com densidade mineral óssea (DMO), fraturas vertebrais e concentrações séricas de sRANKL e OPG. Métodos: 211 mulheres com LES na pré-menopausa e 154 controles saudáveis foram avaliadas. Os seguintes SNPs foram avaliados por PCR em tempo real: RANKL [290 A > G (rs2277438)], OPG [1181 G > C (rs2073618), 245 T > G (rs3134069), 163 A>G (rs3102735)] e RANK [A > G (rs3018362)]. Concentrações séricas de OPG e sRANKL foram determinadas por ELISA, DMO e fraturas vertebrais por DXA (densitometria de dupla emissão com fonte de raios-X). Resultados: Pacientes e controles apresentaram frequência semelhante do alelo G do gene RANKL 290 A > G (41,2 vs. 40,3%, p=0,91), do alelo C do gene OPG 1181 G >C (62,6 vs. 61,0%, p=0,83), do alelo G da OPG 245 T>G (21,3 vs. 22,7%, p=0,80) do alelo G da OPG 163 A > G (96,2 vs. 87,0%, p=1,00) e do alelo G do RANK A > G (88,2 vs. 96,8%, p=0,75). Quando analisados os pacientes com LES, a frequência dos genótipos associados AG/GG do gene RANKL 290 A>G foi menos frequente em pacientes com fraturas vertebrais que em pacientes sem fraturas (28,1 vs. 46,9%, p=0,01). Com relação à densidade mineral óssea, a frequência dos genótipos associados TG/GG do polimorfismo 245 T > G da OPG foi maior em pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea do que em pacientes com densidade mineral óssea normal (31,4 vs. 18,1%, p=0,04). Não houve associação da DMO/fraturas com polimorfismos da OPG 1181 G > C, OPG 163 A > G e RANK A > G. Também não houve associação dos polimorfismos com as concentrações séricas de sRANKL e OPG. Conclusões: O presente trabalho demonstra pela primeira vez que variações genéticas no sistema OPG/RANKL podem desempenhar um papel importante na remodelação óssea e fratura em paciente pré-menopausadas com LES / Introduction: Survival rate improvement in systemic lupus erythematosus was accompanied by an increase in the incidence of long-term bone disorders such as osteoporosis, fractures and osteonecrosis. Polymorphisms of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) genes are known to influence bone mineral density and structure. However, there are no studies assessing these polymorphisms in SLE patients. Objective: To evaluate receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) it ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) genes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in premenopausal SLE patients and their association with sRANKL and OPG serum levels, vertebral fractures and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: 211 premenopausal SLE patients (ACR criteria) and 154 healthy controls were enrolled. SNPs of RANKL [290 A > G (rs2277438)], OPG [1181G > C (rs2073618), 245T>G (rs3134069), 163 A>G (rs3102735)] and RANK [A > G (rs3018362)] were obtained by real-time PCR. sRANKL/OPG serum levels were determined by ELISA. BMD and vertebral fractures were evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: SLE patients and controls had similar frequency of RANKL 290 G allele (41.2 vs. 40.3%, p=0.91), OPG 1181 C allele (62.6 vs. 61.0%, p=0.83), OPG 245 G allele (21.3 vs. 22.7%, p=0.80), OPG 163 G allele (96.2 vs. 87.0%, p=1.00) and RANK G allele (88.2 vs. 96.8%, p=0.75). Further analysis of SLE patients revealed that the frequency of RANKL 290 G allele was lower in patients with fractures than in patients without fractures (28.1 vs. 46.9%, p=0.01). In addition, the frequency of OPG 245 G allele was higher in patients with low BMD than in patients with normal BMD (31.4 vs. 18.1%, p=0.04). No association of OPG 1181 G > C, OPG 163 A > G and RANK A > G SNPs with BMD/fractures were found. Also, no association was observed between RANKL/OPG/RANK SNPs and sRANKL/OPG serum levels. Conclusions. Our study provides novel data demonstrating that RANKL/OPG genetic variations seem to play a role in bone remodeling and particularly in its main complication, fracture, in premenopausal patients with SLE

INTRODUÇÃO: A nefrite lúpica é uma complicação frequente e de alta morbimortalidade do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). A evolução para insuficiência renal crônica terminal varia entre 8 e 15% dos casos, após um período de 5 anos. A fase inicial da nefrite se deve a uma atividade imunológica exacerbada que leva a sequelas renais, como a fibrose intersticial, sinéquias glomerulares, e glomeruloesclerose. Uma vez instalada, vários fatores aceleram a velocidade de progressão da insuficiência renal, como a presença de proteinúria residual, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a etnia do paciente. Estudos recentes mostraram que a presença de polimorfismos do MYH9 são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com GESF (glomeruloesclerose focal e segmentar), nefropatia do HIV e em pacientes com doença renal crônica não diabética. Os polimorfismos do MYH9 mais relacionados com essas doenças são os do haplótipo E1, causados pelos polimorfismos rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 e rs3752462, presentes principalmente na população negra e de hispano-americanos. No Brasil não há estudos sobre a prevalência desse gene. MÉTODOS: Nosso estudo analisou retrospectivamente 196 pacientes com nefrite lúpica, acompanhadas no ambulatório de glomerulopatias do Hospital das Clínicas da USP. Foram recuperados os dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2010. Foi feita análise dos polimorfismos do haplótipo E1 do gene do MYH9 (rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 e rs3752462) e correlacionados com suas características clínicas e laboratoriais, apresentando como desfecho a duplicação da creatinina ou a evolução para doença renal crônica terminal. RESULTADOS: O tempo de seguimento médio dos pacientes foi de 6,1 anos, com a creatinina inicial média de 1,6 g/dL e proteinúria média de 3,9 g/dia. Dezenove pacientes não recuperaram função renal, mantendo-se em diálise. Dos 177 pacientes restantes 43 (24%) apresentaram o desfecho de duplicação (DC) da creatinina, ou necessidade de diálise (DRCT). Pacientes progressores eram tinham maior SLEDAI renal (10 vs 8,9 p=0,04), maior índice de cronicidade renal à biópsia (5 vs 2, p<0,001) e maior frequência de reativações da doença renal (flare renal) (82,9% x 53,8%, p=0,002), assim menores índices de remissão completa ou parcial (p<0,0001). Os 4 polimorfismos se segregam em conjunto, ou seja, como um haplótipo, pelo modelo de Hardy-Weinberg. Analisando separadamente cada polimorfismo, apenas o rs3752462, apresenta associação com o desfecho DC/DRCT, na análise por genótipo (CC/CT/TT, p=0,03) e quando feita análise TT/CT vs CC (p=0,02). Não houve relação dos polimorfismos com a etnia negra ou parda. Pacientes com haplótipo E1 eram progressores em 28% dos casos, conferindo um OR de 1,79 (IC 1,02 a 3,0) de DC/DRC. DISCUSSÃO: A presença do haplótipo E1 têm alta prevalência em pacientes portadores de nefrite lúpica no Brasil, sendo fator de risco para progressão da doença renal crônica / BACKGROUND: Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent complication with high morbidity and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Chronic renal failure is observed in 8 to 15% of the patients after 5 years of follow up. LN is an inflammatory disease after a systemic autoimmune activation. Once inflammation is shutdown several renal and nonrenal factors, such as residual proteinuria, hypertension and ethnicity of the patient, may emerge and impose to the kidney a chronic phenotype (interstitial fibrosis, glomerular adhesions and glomerulosclerosis. Recently E1 haplotype (rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 and rs3752462 polymorphisms) of the MYH9 gene was associated to progressive kidney diseases in patients with FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), HIV nephropathy and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, in african american and spanic american patients. In Brazil there is no data on this subject. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 196 patients with LN followed in our outpatient glomerular disease ward were enrolled glomerulopathies. Patients clinical data from January 1999 to December 2010 were retrieved and MYH9 rs4821480, rs2032487, rs4821481 and rs3752462 polymorphisms were genotyped. Outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine, or end stage renal disease (ESRD). RESULTS: The mean follow-up of patients was 6.1 years, with an initial mean creatinine of 1.6 g/dL and mean proteinuria 3.9 g/day. On enrollment nineteen patients were on dialysis and did not recover renal function, they were withdraw from analyses of progressive kidney disease. On follow up, from 177 remaining patients, 43 (24%) showed the composite outcome: dialysis, or doubling creatinine. Progressors had higher renal SLEDAI (10 vs 8.9, p = 0.04), higher chronicity index at biopsy (5 vs 2, p <0.001) and more frequently renal flares (82, 9% vs. 53.8%, p=0.002), as well as lower rates of complete or partial remission (p <0.0001). The four polymorphisms segregate as a haplotype, according the Hardy-Weinberg model. Analysing each polymorphism, only TT/CT genotype from rs3752462 polymorphism was associated with the outcome of DC/ESRD (p = 0.02). E1 haplotype were associated with progression with an OR of 1.79 (CI 1.02 to 3.0). DISCUSSION: The presence of the E1 haplotype is associated with worse prognosis of chronic renal failure in lupus nephritis patients