O veneno do peixe peçonhento Thalassophryne nattereri induz a formação de uma resposta imune protetora de longa duração caracterizada por células B produtoras de anticorpos de memória (Bmem) e de longa vida (ASC antibody secreting cells). A partir de uma combinação de abordagens in vivo e in vitro investigamos a participação dos linfócitos T de memória e moléculas sinalizadoras CD4 e CD28 sobre a diferenciação e manutenção das ASC e analisamos a relação hierárquica entre os 2 tipos de células B de memória. Demonstramos que as ASC requerem mediante a sua localização (tecido inflamado, baço ou medula óssea) ou a expressão de B220 a integração de diferentes sinais cognatos (BCR, linfócitos TcM e TeM e a sinalização CD4 ou CD28) ou solúveis (IL-17A e IL-23) para a sobrevivência e a amplificação da produção de anticorpos de memória. / Thalassophryne nattereri fish venom induces the formation of a protective immune response characterized by memory B cells (Bmem) and the long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASC). From a combined in vivo and in vitro approaches, we investigated the participation of memory T lymphocytes and CD4 or CD28 signaling molecules on the differentiation and maintenance of ASC survival and analyzed the hierarchical relationship between the two types of memory B cells. We demonstrated that ASC require dependent by localization (inflamed tissue, spleen or bone marrow) or B220 expression the integration of different cognate signals (BCR, TcM and TeM lymphocytes, CD4 or CD28 signaling) or soluble (IL-17A and IL-23) to survival and amplification of the memory antibodies production.

As células T exercem papel crucial nas respostas imunes adaptativas e em doenças autoimunes, como a esclerose múltipla. O glutamato, neurotransmissor mais abundante no SNC, age por meio de duas famílias de receptores: metabotrópico e ionotrópico. As células T são alvo do glutamato durante a ativação e apresentação de antígenos, pois está presente nas sinapses imunológicas, porém, pouco se sabe a respeito de seu papel na função das células T. Nós estudamos o papel do NMDAR nas respostas mediadas por células T. In vitro, o uso do antagonista MK801 reduziu a linfoproliferação e a síntese de IFN-γ e IL-17A, bem com o NMDA reduziu a proliferação e produção de IFN-γ e IL-17A. In vivo, o MK801 reduziu a gravidade da EAE, resultado da menor infiltração de linfócitos Th1 e Th17 no SNC. Além disso, o MK801 reduziu a expressão de Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 e Ifna2 no SNC. Em suma, esses dados confirmam que o NMDAR exerce papel nas funções mediadas por células T, indicando que as células T são alvos do excesso do glutamato via NMDAR em doenças neuroinflamatórias. / T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immune responses and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the CNS, and it acts through two receptor families: metabotropic and ionotropic. T cells are target of glutamate during activation and antigen presentation, because glutamate is also present in the immunological synapses, however, little is known about its role on T cell functions. We investigated the role of NMDAR in immune-mediated T cell responses. In vitro, the use of the antagonist MK801 reduced T cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-γ e IL-17A), as well as NMDA reduced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ e IL-17A production, in a dose dependent manner. In vivo, MK801 diminished severity of EAE, result of the minor Th1 and Th17 infiltration in the CNS. In addition, MK801 reduced Rorc, Il17a, Stat4, Ccr4, Ccr6 and Ifna2 expression in the CNS. In short, our data confirm that the NMDAR play a role in T cell-mediated functions, indicating that T cells are target of glutamate excess via NMDAR in neuroinflammatory diseases.

Camundongos selecionados para a alta (AIRmax) ou baixa (AIRmin) reatividade inflamatória aguda exibem diferenças no desenvolvimento de tumores de pele. O objetivo foi analisar a expressão gênica na medula e pele dos AIRmax e AIRmin submetidos a inflamação aguda e crônica. Os AIRmax, resistentes ao tumor de pele, apresentam intenso infiltrado celular e alta expressão de Il1b, Il6, Tnf e Ifng após estímulo agudo, sendo a resposta tardia nos AIRmin. Aos trinta dias, o infiltrado celular e a expressão dos genes Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Ifng e Casp8 é maior nos AIRmin. A expressão gênica global na medula dos AIRmax 24 h após o estímulo com Biogel, revelou genes diferencialmente expressos nos cromossomos 1, 3, 6 e 11, agrupados em categorias envolvidas na migração celular e reações inflamatórias. Após o estímulo crônico com TPA, foram encontrados genes de transdução de sinal ativados e de morfogênese de epitélio reprimidos nos AIRmax. Nos AIRmin, genes de transdução de sinal Rho-GTPase e angiogênese são ativados e de proliferação de linfócitos são reprimidos. / Mice selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactivity exhibit significant differences in the development of skin tumors. The objective was to analyze gene expression of bone marrow and skin of AIRmax and AIRmin subjected to acute and chronic inflammation. Resistant skin tumor AIRmax have an intense cellular infiltrate and high expression of II 1b, Il6, Tnf and Ifng after acute stimulation, while in AIRmin these responses take more time. After thirty days, the cellular infiltrate and the Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Ifng and Casp8 expressions are higher in AIRmin. The global gene expression in the AIRmax bone marrow 24 h after stimulation with Biogel, showed differentially expressed genes on chromosome 1, 3, 6 and 11, that were related to cell migration and inflammatory reactions. After TPA chronic stimulation, it was observed that genes involved in signal transduction are activated and others related to the epithelium morphogenesis are suppressed in the AIRmax. In the AIRmin, genes involved in Rho-GTPase signal transduction and angiogenesis are activated and others implicated in the proliferation of lymphocytes are repressed.

A identificação e caracterização das células reguladoras (Treg) trouxeram uma nova perspectiva para a indução da tolerância imunológica nos transplantes e um aumento na sobrevida dos enxertos. Uma vez que as células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo (ADSC) possuem a capacidade de suprimir uma resposta imune, nos questionamos se as ADSC poderiam melhorar a sobrevida de um enxerto em camundongos C57BL/6, associada à indução de Treg. Nossos resultados mostram que o tratamento com as ADSC aumentou a média de sobrevida do enxerto, com uma melhora na morfologia do tecido transplantado, um aumento na população de linfócitos Treg e na expressão de IFN-g e IL-10, alem de uma inibição da expressão de IL-17 e na proliferação de células T CD4+. Nossos achados sugerem que as ADSC suprimem a resposta imune ao enxerto por meio da indução de Treg, a qual inibe a participação das células Th17, com uma melhora no enxerto. Estes dados ajudam a desenvolver novos aspectos na estratégia terapêutica e possivelmente o uso futuro dessas células na prática clínica. / The identification and characterization de regulatory T cells that can control immune responsiveness to alloantigens opened up opportunities for new therapies in transplantation. After exposure to alloantigens in vivo, antigen-specific immunoregulatory activity is enriched in a population of CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD25 and Foxp3. Adipose tissue contains one type of mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) with capacity of suppressing immune response. In this work we propose the correlation of the ADSC cells in ameliorating skin graft survival, and if is associated with Foxp3 expression. Graft survival was enhanced in animals that received ASCs from the donor. Interesting, in the animals treated with ASCs from CBA presented a higher expression of Foxp3+ cells in the lymph-nodes. In treated mice Foxp3 expression was increased and IL-17 were increased in allogeneic group, suggesting a potent inflammatory response inside the graft. So far, these data suggest the ADSCs increase TReg population cells, inhibit IL-17 expression and prolonging skin graft survival.

As células dendríticas (DCs) são fundamentais no desencadeamento da resposta imune antitumoral. Mas, no microambiente tumoral há condições que impedem esta função imunoestimuladora das DCs. Este comprometimento funcional parece ser fruto da hiperativação de STAT-3. O presente estudo visou avaliar a capacidade de Ta1 de interferir na ativação de STAT-3. Então, monócitos e mo-DCs foram tratados ou não com Ta1 e comparados com o controle, o inibidor de STAT-3, JSI-124. Avaliou-se a expressão de moléculas de superfície e a capacidade de mo-DCs de estimular linfócitos T alogeneicos. Ta1 não interferiu na ativação de STAT-3. Além disso, Ta1 não reproduziu os efeitos encontrados em mo-DCs de pacientes com câncer. Já, o tratamento com JSI-124 levou a alterações nas mo-DCs fazendo com que exibissem perfil infamatório, com aumento de HLA-DR, CD86 e concomitante queda de PD-L1. Além disso, mostramos que STAT-3 está envolvido na expressão de leucointergrinas, uma vez que sua inibição proporcionou queda da expressão em nível proteico e gênico destas moléculas. / Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are critical in triggering antitumor immune response . But there are conditions in the tumor microenvironment that prevent this immunostimulatory function of DCs. This functional impairment appears to be the result of hyperactivation of STAT-3. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of Ta1 to interfere in the activation of STAT-3. Then, monocytes and mo-DCs were treated or not with Ta1 and compared with the control, the STAT-3 inhibitor, JSI -124. We assessed the expression of surface molecules and the mo-DCs ability in stimulating allogeneic T lymphocytes. Ta1 did not affect the activation of STAT-3. In addition, Ta1 did not reproduce the effects found in mo-DCs from cancer patients. However, JSI -124 treatment led to changes in mo-DCs, that exhibited an inflammatory profile, with an increase of HLA-DR , CD86 and concomitant drop in PD- L1. Furthermore, we have shown that STAT-3 is involved in the expression of leukointergrins, since its inhibition resulted in down-regulation of expression level of this gene and protein molecules.

Orientadores: José Andrés Yunes, Jorg Kobarg / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:56:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zenatti_PriscilaPini_D.pdf: 14781518 bytes, checksum: 2324b48b89768b42bcd5bf002d30a510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A IL-7 é uma citocina essencial para o desenvolvimento, sobrevivência, e proliferação dos timócitos prematuros normais no timo e linfócitos T maduros nos órgãos linfoides periféricos. O receptor da IL-7 é um heterodímero constituído pela IL-7Ra (codificado pelo gene IL7R) e IL-2Ry. A IL-2Ry participa também dos receptores da IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 e IL-21, sendo por isso conhecida como cadeia comum gama ou yc. A sinalização via IL-7 é imprescindível para o processo de rearranjo V(D)J dos receptores de células T (TCR), pois leva à modificação da cromatina que permite o acesso da recombinase aos loci TCR no DNA Camundongos defeituosos para a cadeia alfa do receptor da IL-7 (IL-7Ra) desenvolvem imunodeficiências devido à falta de células T. A via IL-7/IL-7Ra é também importante para proliferação e sobrevivência da leucemia linfóide aguda de células T (LLA-T). Suspeitando da existência de mutações em IL7R resultando em ganho de função e hiperativação da via IL-7/IL-7Ra, procurou-se por mutações no gene do IL-7Ra em mais de 50 casos de LLA-T pediátrica. Procurou-se também mutações no domínio de autoinibição das JAK1 e JAK3, moléculas associadas ao IL-7Ra e IL-2Ry, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 9% das LLA-T pediátricas apresentaram mutações no IL-7Ra, resritas a uma região estreita do éxon 6, que resultaram, na maioria dos casos, em inserções de uma cisteína no domínio transmembrana/justamembrana da proteína. A presença dessa cisteína leva à homodimerização das cadeias IL-7Ra mediante a formação de pontes de dissulfeto e à ativação constitutiva do IL-7Ra independente de seu ligante, conforme verificado pela fosforilação de JAK1, STAT5, AKT e BAD e análise de mutantes artificiais do IL-7Ra com subtração ou adição de resíduo de cisteína. Verificou-se também que o local de inserção da cisteína é crítico para que a homodimerização das cadeias IL-7Ra mutantes resulte em ativação da via JAK/STAT. Receptores imitados tiveram um efeito transformante nas linhagens celulares Dl e Ba/F3, que sobreviveram na ausência dos fator de crescimento IL-7 e IL-3, respectivamente. Além disso, células Dl transduzidas com IL7R mutante, quando injetadas em camundongos knockout (KO) para IL7, causaram esplenomegalia, metástase e tumor no local da injeção. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos com a expressão ectópica do IL7R mutante em células progenitoras hematopoiéticas de camundongos knockout para IL7R, JAK3 e/ou IL2RG, demonstrando que o homodímero IL-7Ra mutante atua independentemente dessas moléculas. Em conclusão, mutações no IL7R contribuem para a leucemogenese em 9% das crianças com LLA-T. Espera-se que a melhor caracterização do mecanismo responsável pela ativação constitutiva do IL-7Ra mutante abra caminho para o desenho de novas drogas e anticorpos monoclonais, o que permitirá avaliar o valor terapêutico do bloqueio/inibição do IL-7Ra mutante nas LLA-T / .Abstract: The IL-7, a product of stromal cells, is normally required for T cells development and for survival of mature peripheral T cells. The IL-7R consists of two components, the IL-7Ra (encoded by IL7R) and the common gamma chain (yc), or IL-2Ry, that is shared by receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. The IL-7 signaling has a role in V(D)J recombination in developing T and B cells by controlling access of the V(D)J recombinase to the locus. IL-7Ra deficiency mice showed a diminished T cell number and impaired lymphocyte development. Further, the IL-7/IL-7Ra pathway is important for T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) proliferation and survival. Hypothesizing that IL7R gain-of-function mutation could be occurring in T-ALL, 50 T-ALL samples were analyzed for mutations. The kinases JAK1 and JAK3, mat are associated with IL-7Ra and yc, respectively, were also studied for mutations. About 9% of childhood T-ALL presented mutations at the transmembrane domain encoded by éxon 6, and all of mem were in-frame insertions and deletions. In all but three cases there was an insertion of cysteine mat is essential for disulfide bond formation and constitutive activation of the receptor independent of IL-7. The constitutive signaling was confirmed by phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT5, AKT and BAD, and analysis of IL-7Ra artificial mutants with or without cysteine. The position of cysteine insertion is very important to disulfide bond formation, to activate the JAK/STAT pathway and to support the proliferation of Ba/F3 and Dl cell lines in the absence of cytokine. Moreover, IL7R mutant transduced Dl cells injected into ILT1' mice caused splenomegaly, metastasis and tumor at the injection site. Similar results were obtained with the ectopic expression of the IL7R mutant in hematopoietic progenitor cells of IL7K1', JAK3'1' and/or IL2RG'1' mice, demonstrating that the mutant homodimer IL-7Ra operates independently of these molecules. In conclusion, mutations in ÚÍQIL7R contribute to leukemo genes is in 9% of children with ALL-T. We hope mat a better comprehension of the mechanism responsible for the constitutive activation of IL-7Ra mutant opens new perspectives into the design of new drugs and monoclonal antibodies, which may turn into valuable therapeutic treatment / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Les travaux de l'équipe ont permis de montrer qu'IL4I1 est une L-amino acide oxydase sécrétée par les cellules d'origine myéloïde dégradant la phénylalanine en H2O2, NH3 et phénylpyruvate. Elle est fortement exprimée au sein des tumeurs humaines et facilite l'échappement tumoral dans un modèle de mélanome murin. Cette enzyme inhibe l'expression de la chaîne ζ du TCR ainsi que la prolifération des lymphocytes T effecteurs/mémoires via la production d'H2O2. IL4I1 appartient donc à une famille d'enzymes régulatrices des réponses immunitaires impliquées dans la défaillance de la réponse anti-tumorale.Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai montré qu'IL4I1 induit la différenciation des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs conventionnels en cellules CD25fortFoxP3+ chez l'Homme et la souris. Ces cellules exercent une action suppressive in vitro équivalente à celle de cellules régulatrices obtenues sans IL4I1 et leur phénotype est similaire. La promotion de la différenciation Treg par IL4I1 a pu être observée dans différentes conditions in vitro et s'avère particulièrement importante lorsque les cellules sont cultivées sans ajout d'IL2 et de TGFβ. Le mécanisme impliqué reposerait en partie sur la consommation de Phe par l'activité enzymatique qui serait responsable de l'inhibition de la voie mTORC1 observée.En conclusion, nous avons démontré un nouveau rôle d'IL4I1 sur les lymphocytes T. Ainsi, en inhibant la prolifération des lymphocytes T et en induisant la polarisation Treg, IL4I1 pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l'échappement tumoral. IL4I1 étant sécrétée et peu exprimée à l'état physiologique, elle pourrait être la cible de traitements adjuvants dans le cancer. / Our team has shown that IL4I1 is a secreted L-amino acid oxidase which degrades phenylalanine into H2O2, NH3 and phenylpyruvate.. This enzyme is produced by myeloid cells and expressed within human cancers. IL4I1 expression facilitates tumor growth in a mouse model. IL4I1 inhibits TCRζ chain expression and T lymphocyte proliferation via H2O2 production. Therefore IL4I1 belongs to a family of enzymes endowed with immune regulatory functions involved in the anti-tumor response failure.During my PhD, I showed that IL4I1 induces CD25highFoxP3+ cells differentiation from conventional naïve CD4+ T cells, both in humans and mice in vitro systems. These cells exert similar in vitro suppressive activity than those obtained without IL4I1 with a similar phenotype. Treg differentiation promotion by L4I1 is observed in various in vitro conditions and is particularly important when cells are cultured without addition of IL2 and TGFβ. The involved mechanism would partially depend on the phenylalanine consumption by the enzymatic activity which would be responsible for the mTORC1 pathway inhibition observed.In conclusion, we have demonstrated a new mechanism of IL4I1 action on T lymphocytes. Thus, by inhibiting T lymphocytes proliferation and by inducing Treg polarization, IL4I1 could play an important role in tumor escape. Since IL4I1 is secreted and weakly expressed under physiological conditions, it could be the target of adjuvant therapy in cancer.

Véritable immunothérapie adoptive, l’allogreffe de Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques (CSH) est destinée à prévenir la rechute d’une hémopathie maligne grâce au combat immunologique du greffon contre la maladie (effet GVL, Graft Versus Leukemia), dans lequel les lymphocytes T apportés par le greffon sont déterminants. Ils peuvent aussi compromettre le résultat escompté, en induisant une réaction du greffon contre l'hôte (GVH, Graft Versus Host) qui reste une complication redoutée de l’allogreffe. Dans une précédente étude prospective portant sur 62 couples donneur/receveur nous avons pu étudier l'impact de la composition du greffon en cellules T de phénotypes naïfs et mémoires sur le devenir des receveurs d’allogreffes à partir d'un donneur HLA-identique apparenté ou non; et nous avons pu démontrer qu’une proportion élevée de lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+ dans le greffon était un facteur de risque de la survenue, la précocité et la sévérité de la GVH aiguë, sans influence sur la GVH chronique ou la rechute. Dans le but de séparer l’effet GVL de la GVH, nous avons voulu à travers des travaux de cette thèse, étudier le concept d’une T déplétion partielle et sélective du greffon en lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+. Nous travaux se sont scindés en trois parties :1) Au plan clinique, nous avons pu confirmer nos précédents résultats sur une cohorte additionnelle de 137 patients. Non seulement, nous avons confirmé qu’une proportion élevée de lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+ dans le greffon était un facteur de risque de la survenue, de la GVH aiguë, mais également, nous avons observé un effet préférentielle de la sous-population naïve des lymphocytes T CD4+ sur l’incidence de la GVH aiguë. Bien entendu, aucun impact sur l’incidence de la rechute post-allogreffe n’a été enregistré.2) Dans un modèle expérimental utilisant des cultures lymphocytaires en présence des cellules dendritiques provenant des six couples (frère/sœur) HLA-identiques, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs déclenchaient la réponse allogénique la plus importante et avec un degré moindre les cellules mémoires centrales par rapport aux effecteurs mémoires T CD4+. Ces résultats non seulement, valident in vitro les constatations cliniques mais aussi mettent l’accent sur le rôle prépondérant des lymphocytes T naïfs dans l’alloréactivité, notamment en situation de compatibilité HLA.3) Nous avons dans la troisième partie pu démontrer qu’une déplétion partielle sélective des greffons en lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+ n’altère pas la réponse immunologique secondaires vis-à-vis des virus.La suite de nos travaux se focalise sur l’effet de la déplétion partielle sélective des greffons en lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+ sur la réaction anti-tumorale du greffon dans la situation HLA compatibilité chez l’homme.Nos résultats constituent une pierre angulaire dans le concept de déplétion partielle sélective des greffons en lymphocytes T CD4+CCR7+, ex vivo chez l’homme, en vue de réduire l’incidence de la GVHD sans altérer la réponse anti-infectieuse ou tumorale du greffon notamment chez les donneurs présentant un taux élevé de lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs et/ou mémoire centrale . / A genuine adoptive immunotherapy, Haematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) allotransplantation aims to prevent the recurrence of a malignant blood disease via an immunological action of the graft against disease (GVL or Graft Versus Leukaemia effect), in which the T lymphocytes supplied by the transplant play a key role. They may also compromise the targeted result, by triggering a GVH (Graft Versus Host) reaction, which remains a serious complication of allotransplantation. In a previous prospective study conducted in 62 donor/recipient pairings, we examined the impact of the transplant\\\'s naive and memory phenotype T cell composition on the fate of recipients of allotransplants from an HLA-identical donor, related to the recipient or otherwise. We demonstrated that a high proportion of CD4+CCR7+ T lymphocytes in the transplant was a risk factor for the development, early onset and severity of acute GVHD, with no influence on chronic GVHD or recurrence. With the objective of separating the GVL effect from the GVH effect, we wanted to investigate the concept of partial and selective CD4+CCR7+ T cell depletion of the graft in the studies conducted as part of this research. Our studies were split into three parts:1) Clinically, we confirmed our previous results in an additional cohort of 137 patients. In addition to confirming that a high proportion of CD4+CCR7+ T lymphocytes in the transplant was a risk factor for the development of acute GVH, we also observed a preferential effect of the naive CD4+T lymphocyte sub-population on the incidence of acute GVHD. Obviously, no impact on the incidence of post-allotransplantation recurrence was recorded.2) In an experimental model using lymphocyte cultures in the presence of dendritic cells taken from six HLA-identical pairings (brother/sister), we demonstrated that naive CD4+ T lymphocytes triggered the greatest allogenic response and, to a lesser degree, central memory cells compared to effector memory CD4+ T cells. Not only do these results validate the clinical observations made in vitro, they also highlight the dominant role of naive T lymphocytes in alloreactivity, particularly in situations of HLA incompatibility.3) In the third part, we demonstrated that selective partial CD4+CCR7+ T cell depletion of the transplants does not impair the secondary immunological response to viruses.The next phase of our research focuses on the effect of selective partial CD4+CCR7+ T cell depletion of grafts on the transplant's anti-tumoural reaction in situations of HLA compatibility in humans.Our results represent a cornerstone in the concept of partial selective T CD4+CCR7+ T cell depletion of transplants, ex vivo in humans, with a view to reducing the incidence of GVHD, without impairing the anti-infectious or anti-tumoural response of the graft, particularly in donors with high levels of naive and/or central memory CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Les lymphocytes T (LT) sont des acteurs-clés du système immunitaire, un système complexe et dynamique évoluant au cours de la vie de l'organisme. On appelle " répertoire lymphocytaire ", une collection de lymphocytes partageant un même phénotype, une même fonction ou tout autres critères, chacun caractérisé par un récepteur membranaire unique, appelé TCR, lui permettant de reconnaitre de manière spécifique les antigènes. Les TCR sont caractérisés par des régions variables, produites par une série de réarrangements somatiques ayant lieu pendant la différenciation thymique, et qui assurent la diversité de reconnaissance des LT. On parle de répertoire TCR lorsque l'on s'attache à définir les caractéristiques clonales des populations lymphocytaires T sur la base de la diversité des TCR exprimés à l'échelle de la population. Le séquençage à haut débit des chaînes TCR permet désormais de décrire cette diversité avec une précision sans précédent. Cette approche requiert néanmoins des outils adaptés pour permettre une caractérisation pertinente de la structure des répertoires analysés. Un axe de recherche de L'unité I3 est l'analyse du répertoire TR de plusieurs populations lymphocytaires T en situation d'auto-immunité ou d'inflammation. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ma thèse ont été de : i) approfondir le concept de diversité du répertoire lymphocytaire, ii) mettre au point une méthodologie adaptée permettant d'exploiter les données de séquençage de manière optimale en prenant en compte les limites de cette technologie, et iii) développer un outil permettant aux immunologistes une caractérisation approfondie et facilement interprétable des répertoires qu'ils étudient. / T lymphocytes (LT) are key players in the immune system, a complex and dynamic system evolving over the organism’s life. The concept of "lymphocyte repertoire" designates a collection of lymphocytes sharing the same phenotype, the same function or any other criteria. Each LT is characterized by a unique membrane receptor, called TCR, allowing it to recognize specifically antigens. TCRs are characterized by variable regions produced by a series of somatic rearrangements that occur during the thymic differentiation; these regions engage LT recognition diversity. The “TCR repertoire” approach focuses the clonal characterisation of LT populations on the diversity of the TCR expressed on the scale of the population. The high-throughput sequencing of TCR chains (RepSeq) describes this diversity with unprecedented precision. However, this approach requires adapted tools to enable a relevant deciphering of the analysed TCR repertoire diversity. My thesis aimed to: i) deepen the concept of diversity of the lymphocyte repertoire, ii) develop an appropriate methodology to exploit optimally RepSeq data while taking into account the limits of this technology, and iii) develop a tool providing immunologists a thorough characterisation of their TCR repertoires of interest.

Le syndrome de Sézary (SS) est un variant leucémique et érythrodermique de lymphomes T cutanés. Il est caractérisé par la présence d’une population clonale de LT CD4+, présentant un noyau cérébriforme atypique, dans la peau, les ganglions lymphatiques et le sang périphérique. Après un bilan clinique, le diagnostic de cette pathologie est confirmé par l’analyse immunohistochimique d'une biopsie cutanée. Néanmoins, la cytomorphologie des cellules de Sézary circulantes n’est pas uniquement associée au SS. Notre laboratoire a identifié CD158k comme marqueur membranaire spécifique des cellules de Sézary. Ce récepteur offre un intérêt dans le diagnostic du SS et dans le suivi de l’évolution de la pathologie. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent qu’un immuno-marquage CD3+ CD158k+, analysé en cytométrie en flux, est une technique spécifique et sensible de détection de la cellule de Sézary par rapport à la cytomorphologie. Alors que dans plus de 30% des cas le SS passe inaperçu durant l’examen cytomorphologique, une analyse en cytométrie en flux permet la mise en évidence de cellules tumorales résiduelles. La présence systématique de CD158k à la surface des cellules de Sézary nous a conduit à rechercher l’expression d’autres KIRs. Sur les lymphocytes tumoraux circulants d’un patient ainsi que sur la lignée cellulaire correspondante, l’expression des formes activatrices et inhibitrices des récepteurs CD158a/h et CD158b/j est détectée. A la différence des lymphocytes NK et T CD8+, le récepteur présentant une fonction inhibitrice (KIR-L) ne l’emporte pas sur celui ayant une fonction activatrice (KIR-S) dans la cellule de Sézary. En fait, les KIR-L, à l’exception de CD158k, sont trouvés non fonctionnels dans la cellule tumorale. Ainsi, l’engagement des formes activatrices CD158h ou CD158j permet une régulation positive de la voie de signalisation CD3-dépendante de JNK et de la prolifération tumorale. Une étude fonctionnelle de la population T CD4+ KIR+, équivalent normal de la cellule de Sézary, a aussi été réalisée. Nous avons mis en évidence une expression préférentielle de la forme activatrice ou inhibitrice des récepteurs KIR homologues, selon le donneur. D’autre part, les KIRs activateurs ou inhibiteurs, exprimés à la surface des LT CD4+, jouent un rôle de co-récepteur vis-à-vis du TCR. Ainsi, une régulation positive ou négative de la prolifération et de la voie de signalisation CD3-dépendante de ERK est observée en fonction du type de récepteur co-engagé. Il est bien établi que les KIR-S s’associent à la molécule adaptatrice KARAP/DAP12 pour la transduction d’un signal d’activation. Dans les cellules T CD4+ saines et tumorales, la protéine recrutée par ces récepteurs est encore non identifiée. Notre étude sur la population T CD4+ CD158j+ de sujets sains montre l’implication de la protéine HS1 dans la signalisation mise en place par le récepteur KIR activateur. La réalisation de ce travail a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en place à partir des KIRs dans les cellules T CD4+. Ce travail ouvre de nouvelles perspectives concernant le rôle de ces récepteurs dans les mécanismes permettant l'expansion tumorale des cellules de Sézary / Sézary syndrome (SS) is a leukemic and erythrodermic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. It is characterized by the presence of a clonal CD4+ T lymphocyte population in the skin, lymphnodes and peripheral blood. After clinical assessment, diagnosis of this disease is confirmed by immunohistochemistry analysis of a skin biopsy. However, the cytomorphology of circulating Sézary cells is not just associated to SS. Our laboratory has identified CD158k as a phenotypic marker for Sézary cells. This receptor can be used in the diagnosis of the SS and in monitoring the evolution of the disease. Our results show that the CD3/CD158k immunostaining, analysed by flow cytométrie, is more specific and sensitive than cytomorphology to detect atypical circulating cells. While more than 30% of the SS is misdiagnosed by the cytomorphologic identification, flow cytometry analysis allows the detection of residual tumor cells. Given the systemic expression of CD158k on Sézary cells, we next investigated the expression of additional KIRs. On circulating malignant lymphocytes from one patient and the corresponding cell line, the expression of inhibitory and activating forms of CD158a/h and CD158b/j receptors was detected. In contrast to NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the inhibitory receptor signaling (KIR-L) does not outweigh the activating receptor signaling (KIR-S) in the Sézary cell. In fact, KIR-L, except CD158k, are found not functional in the tumor cell. Thus, CD158h or CD158j engagement results in an enhanced CD3-induced cell proliferation and JNK activation. A functional study of CD4+ KIR+ T lymphocyte population, the normal equivalent of Sézary cells, was then performed. We observed an exclusive expression of the activating or the inhibitory form of KIR receptors, depending on the donor. Activating or inhibitory KIRs, expressed on the CD4+ T cell surface, act as coreceptors. Thus, a positive or negative regulation of the CD3-induced cell proliferation and ERK activation is observed by triggering the KIR-S or -L respectively. It is well known that stimulatory KIR initiates intracellular signals through their association with the adaptor protein KARAP/DAP12. However, in normal and malignant CD4+ T cells the protein recruited by these receptors is still not identified. Our study on CD4+ CD158j+ T lymphocyte population from healthy individuals showed the involvement of HS1 protein as a potential adaptor molecule in the activating KIR signaling pathway. This work has provided insight into the mechanisms of KIRs signaling in CD4+ T cells and opens new perspectives on the role of these receptors in proliferation of Sézary cells