Tillsammans med företaget Houdini Sportswear har det här projektets ämne och avgränsningar tagits fram. Houdini är ett svenskt klädföretag som designar friluftskläder av hög kvalitet och med stort fokus på funktion och komfort. De letar ständigt efter nya lösningar för utveckling kring smartare materialval, förbättrad funktion och komfort och mindre materialåtgång. I det här projektet vill Houdini undersöka hur man kan utveckla förhållandet mellan värmeisolering och vikt i flatstickade textila strukturer. Genom att öka textilens värmeisolerande förmåga med fokus på minskad vikt kan både materialåtgång och ökad funktion och komfort nås. En av de viktigaste faktorerna som bidrar till hög värmeisolerande förmåga är mängden instängd stilla luft i den textila strukturen. En tät ytstruktur och mycket volym med många luftfickor är därför intressant för att behålla och immobilisera luften i varan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur justeringar av parametrar i en distanstextil, stickad på flatstickmaskin påverkar den värmeisolerande förmågan. Tillsammans med Houdini har en viktbegränsning satts på 400 g/m2 och genom hela studien används endast en typ av ullgarn med garngrovlek Nm 48/2 för att skapa en vara som är i monomaterial och som relativt lätt kan brytas ner.   För att testa den värmeisolerande förmågan hos textilier idag använder Houdini och flera andra företag standardiserade testmetoder. På forskningsinstitutet Swerea IVF finns möjligheten att testa sina textilier med vald testmetod. Dessa metoder är dock otillgängliga och kräver avancerad utrustning som kan försvåra processen och ta lång tid. Studiens syfte är därför även att ta fram och jämföra en egen, mer lättillgänglig, framtagen testmetod för värmeisolering med två standardiserade testmetoder, SS-­ISO 5085-­1:2004 och ISO 11092:2014, för att se om och hur resultaten varierar mellan dem.   En förstudie genomförs där olika bindningar och två egna testmetoder för värmeisolering tas fram. En av testmetoderna och en distanstextil utvecklas vidare i huvudstudien. Fokus ligger på variationer av distanstrådens masklängd och placering. Samtliga prover från huvudstudien testas på den egna testmetoden och vissa utvalda prover testas på de två nämnda standardiserade testmetoderna på Swerea IVF. Sedan görs en jämförelse mellan resultaten.   Resultatet visar att det inte finns något tydligt samband mellan ökad masklängd och ökad värmeisoleringsförmåga. Däremot kan vissa slutsatser dras om att ökade intervaller av distanstrådens placering kan öka den värmeisolerande förmågan. Detta ökar dock även vikten. Resultat från mätningar med tre olika testmetoder visar att rangordningen av provers värmeisolerande förmåga skiljer sig mellan de olika metoderna. Den egna testmetoden bör därför vidareutvecklas men anses ändå ha potential för att jämföra provers värmeisolerande förmåga. / This study is a collaboration with the sportswear company Houdini Sportswear. They are looking for new ways to improve function and comfort in their garments with less material waste and choosing more sustainable materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat and weight in flat bed knitted spacer structures and what parameters that affects it. By creating a material with high heat insulating properties and with focus on reducing the weight it is possible to reduce the material waste and to achieve an improved function. One of the most important factors contributing to high insulation value is the amount of entrapped still air within the textile structure. This project therefore investigates how the stitch length and the placement of the spacer thread can affect the amount of air within the structure and thereby the thermal insulation. Together with Houdini a weight limit has been set to 400 g/m2 and only one type of wool yarn is used throughout the project in order to make a mono-­material fabric that can more easily degrade.   When measuring the thermal insulation properties of a fabric standardized methods are often used. These might have advanced equipment and be hard to access.The second aim of this project is therefore to develop a more accessible test method for measurement of thermal insulation in textiles and also to compare the results from the own method with the results from two standardized methods.   A pre study is made where different structures and two own developed test methods are being investigated. One of the test methods and a spacer binding is further developed in the main study where focus lies on reproducibility of the tests, and variations of the spacer thread stitch length and placement. All of the samples from the main study is tested on the own developed test method and some chosen samples are tested on two standardized test methods: ISO 5085-­1:2004 and ISO 11092:2014 at the Swedish research institute Swerea IVF. A comparison is made between the results from the three methods.   The results show that tests with our own developed test method has not been able to show a clear relationship between heat insulation and the changes of parameters in different textiles. Although, the samples that have been tested indicate that there might be a relationship between high heat insulating properties when the spacer thread is knitting more frequently. When comparing the results from the three different test methods the own developed method show different raking from the two standardized methods. The own developed test method should therefore be further developed. But still, after discussion with Valter Dejke, researcher at Swerea IVF, and Sibel Okcabol, quality manager at Swerea IVF, it is believed that the own test method could be used for comparing thermal insulating properties between textiles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DorivaldaSMN_TESE.pdf: 6484052 bytes, checksum: e7f59e3b4e8445fc73cfec52837209f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The search for sustainable technologies that can contribute to reduce energy consumption is a great challenge in the field of insulation materials. In this context, composites manufactured from vegetal sources are an alternative technology. The principal objectives of this work are the development and characterization of a composite composed by the rigid polyurethane foam derived from castor oil (commercially available as RESPAN D40) and sisal fibers. The manufacture of the composite was done with expansion controlled inside a closed mold. The sisal fibers where used in the form of needlepunched nonwoven with a mean density of 1150 g/m2 and 1350 g/m2. The composite characterization was performed through the following tests: thermal conductivity, thermal behavior, thermo gravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), mechanical strength in compression and flexural, apparent density, water absorption in percentile, and the samples morphology was analyzed in a MEV. The density and humidity percentage of the sisal fiber were also determined. The thermal conductivity of the composites was higher than the pure polyurethane foam, the addition of nonwoven sisal fibers will become in a higher level of compact foam, reducing empty spaces (cells) of polyurethane, inducing an increase in k value. The apparent density of the composites was higher than pure polyurethane foam. In the results of water absorption tests, was seen a higher absorption percent of the composites, what is related to the presence of sisal fibers which are hygroscopic. From TG/DTG results, with the addition of sisal fibers reduced the strength to thermal degradation of the composites, a higher loss of mass was observed in the temperature band between 200 and 340 ?C, related to urethane bonds decomposition and cellulose degradation and its derivatives. About mechanical behavior in compression and flexural, composites presented a better mechanical behavior than the rigid polyurethane foam. An increase in the amount of sisal fibers induces a higher rigidity of the composites. At the thermal behavior tests, the composites were more mechanically and thermally resistant than some materials commonly used for thermal insulation, they present the same or better results. The density of nonwoven sisal fiber had influence over the insulation grade; this means that, an increaser in sisal fiber density helped to retain the heat / A busca por alternativas tecnol?gicas sustent?veis e, sobretudo que venham a contribuir para economizar energia, apresenta-se como um crescente desafio no campo dos materiais para isola??o t?rmica. Nesse contexto, os comp?sitos fabricados com mat?ria-prima de fontes renov?veis surgem como uma alternativa tecnol?gica. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram o desenvolvimento e a caracteriza??o do comp?sito formado pela espuma r?gida de poliuretana derivada de ?leo de mamona (dispon?vel comercialmente e denominada RESPAN D40?) - e fibras de sisal. O processamento do comp?sito foi feito com expans?o controlada em um molde fechado. As fibras de sisal foram utilizadas na forma de mantas agulhadas com gramatura m?dia de 1150 g/m2 e de 1350 g/m2. A caracteriza??o do comp?sito foi realizada atrav?s dos seguintes ensaios: condutividade t?rmica, desempenho t?rmico, an?lise termogravim?trica (TG/DTG), resist?ncia mec?nica em compress?o e em flex?o, densidade aparente, porcentagem de absor??o de ?gua e avalia??o morfol?gica por Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV). A gramatura e a porcentagem de umidade das fibras de sisal tamb?m foram determinadas. Os resultados dos ensaios foram comparados aos da espuma de poliuretana pura. A condutividade t?rmica dos comp?sitos foi maior que a da espuma pura, ou seja, a adi??o das mantas de sisal induziu um maior grau de compacta??o da espuma, reduzindo os espa?os vazios (c?lulas) da poliuretana, induzindo eleva??o do k. A densidade aparente dos comp?sitos foi maior que a densidade da espuma de poliuretana pura. Nos resultados do ensaio de absor??o de ?gua observou-se uma maior porcentagem de absor??o dos comp?sitos, o que est? relacionado ? presen?a das fibras de sisal que s?o higrosc?picas. A adi??o das fibras de sisal tamb?m diminuiu a resist?ncia ? degrada??o t?rmica dos comp?sitos. Houve uma maior perda de massa do comp?sito na faixa de temperatura entre 200 e 340?C, relacionada ? decomposi??o das liga??es uret?nicas e a degrada??o da celulose e de seus derivados. Na avalia??o mec?nica em compress?o e flex?o, os comp?sitos apresentaram melhor desempenho mec?nico que a espuma r?gida de poliuretana. O aumento do conte?do de fibras induziu um aumento na rigidez dos comp?sitos. Nos ensaios de desempenho t?rmico, os comp?sitos foram mais resistentes termicamente, ou seja, pode-se concluir que os mesmos podem ser usados como material de isolamento t?rmico em sistemas na faixa de temperatura entre 60 e 110?C, pois apresenta desempenho t?rmico e mec?nico semelhante, ou melhor, que alguns materiais comumente utilizados para fins de isola??o t?rmica. A gramatura da manta de sisal influenciou o grau de isolamento t?rmico, isto ?, o aumento da densidade de fibras ajudou na reten??o do calor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TarsimaATM.pdf: 1771648 bytes, checksum: 1c3036f849dc5e254481826b05a38a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-30 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / The standardization of the bovine skin thickness in the leather industry generates a residue known as wet-blue . At the end of twentieth century, the brazilian industry discarded about 131 thousand tons of this residue in nature, provoking a great environmental liability. In this paper is presented the analyses of the termophysical properties, thermal and volumetric expansion performance of a composite of vegetable resin of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) with load of industrial residue of leather "wet-blue", for application as thermal isolation material of warm surfaces. There were considered four percentile levels of residue load in the proportions in mass of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, added to the expansible resin of castor oil plant in two configurations: sawed leather and crushed leather in a smaller particle (powder) by grinding in a mill of balls. Twenty-one proof bodies were produced for termophysical properties analysis (three for each configuration) and four proof bodies for rehearsals of thermal acting. Analyses of thermal acting were done in test cameras. The results of the rehearsals were compared to those obtained considering the castor oil plant foam without residue addition. A small reduction of the thermal conductivity of the composite was observed in the proportion of 10% of leather residue in both configurations. Regarding thermal conductivity, calorific capacity and diffusivity, it was verified that the proposed composite showed very close values to the commercial insulating materials (glass wool, rock wool, EPS). It was still demonstrated the technical viability of the use of composite as insulating thermal for systems of low potency. The composite presented larger volumetric expansion with 15% of sawed residue of leather. / A padroniza??o da espessura da pele bovina na ind?stria de couro gera o res?duo da serragem ou rebaixamento, tamb?m conhecido por wet-blue . No final do s?culo XX, a ind?stria brasileira descartou cerca de 131 mil toneladas desse res?duo na natureza, gerando um grande passivo ambiental. Neste trabalho apresentam-se an?lises de propriedades termof?sicas, desempenho t?rmico e de expans?o volum?trica de um comp?sito de resina vegetal de mamona (Ricinus communis) com carga de res?duo industrial de couro wet-blue , para aplica??o como material de isola??o t?rmica de superf?cies aquecidas. Foram considerados quatro percentuais de carga de res?duo nas propor??es em massa de 0%, 5%, 10% e 15%, adicionadas ? resina expansiva de mamona em duas configura??es: couro serrado e couro mo?do em uma granulometria menor (p?) por tritura??o em um moinho de bolas. Vinte e um corpos de prova foram produzidos para an?lises das propriedades termof?sicas (tr?s para cada configura??o) e quatro corpos de prova para ensaios de desempenho t?rmico. Foram realizadas an?lises de desempenho t?rmico em c?maras de teste. Os resultados dos ensaios foram comparados ?queles obtidos considerando-se a espuma de mamona sem adi??o de res?duo. Observou-se uma pequena redu??o da condutividade t?rmica do comp?sito na propor??o de 10% de res?duo de couro nas duas configura??es. Com rela??o ? condutividade t?rmica, ? capacidade calor?fica e ? difusividade, constatou-se que o comp?sito desenvolvido apresentou valores bem pr?ximos aos dos materiais isolantes comerciais (l? de vidro, l? de rocha e EPS). Demonstrou-se, ainda, a viabilidade t?cnica do comp?sito como isolante t?rmico para sistemas de baixa pot?ncia. O comp?sito apresentou maior expans?o volum?trica com 15% de res?duo serrado de couro.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCRO_DISSERT.pdf: 2657350 bytes, checksum: 6329dc6423194c512c4121d699e43fa5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-26 / This work proposes the development of an innovative material made from a vegetable polyurethane matrix and load of industrial waste, from retread tires, for thermal insulation and environmental comfort. Experimental procedures are presented, as well as the results of the thermal and acoustic performance of this composite material, made from an expansive foam derived from the castor seed oil and fiber of scrap tires. The residue was treated superficially with sodium hydroxide, to eliminate contaminants, and characterized macroscopically and microscopically. Samples were produced with addition of residues at levels of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight, for determination of thermal properties: conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity, sound absortion index and density. The results were compared to commercially available thermal insulation and sound absorbing products. According to the analysis of results, it was concluded that the developed composite presents characteristics that qualify it as a thermal insulation with superior performance, compared to commercial available insulation, and sound absorption capacity greater than the castor oil polyurethane s, without addition of the residue / Neste trabalho tratou-se do desenvolvimento de um material inovador constitu?do de matriz poliuret?nica vegetal e carga de res?duo industrial, proveniente de recauchutagem de pneus, para fins de isola??o t?rmica e conforto ambiental. Para tanto, s?o apresentados procedimentos e resultados experimentais obtidos da an?lise do desempenho t?rmico e ac?stico desse material comp?sito produzido a partir de resina expansiva derivada do ?leo da semente de mamona e fibras de pneus inserv?veis. O res?duo foi tratado superficialmente com hidr?xido de s?dio, para a elimina??o de impurezas, e caracterizados macrosc?pica e microscopicamente. Foram produzidos corpos de prova com adi??o de res?duo nas propor??es de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% em massa, para determina??o de propriedades t?rmicas: condutividade, capacidade calor?fica e difusividade t?rmica, do ?ndice de absor??o sonora e densidade aparente. Os resultados foram comparados aos isolantes t?rmicos e absorventes sonoros comerciais. De acordo com a an?lise dos resultados, concluiu-se que o comp?sito desenvolvido possui caracter?sticas que o qualificam como um isolante t?rmico com desempenho superior aos isolantes comerciais e com capacidade de absor??o sonora maior que o poliuretano de mamona sem a adi??o do res?duo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAVC_DISSERT.pdf: 920275 bytes, checksum: a0516528db6ebb50b81e76b753287023 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / The use of reflective surfaces functioning as thermal insulator has grown significantly over the years. Reflective thermal insulator are materials that have several characteristics such as low emissivity, low absorptivity and high reflectivity in the infrared spectrum. The use of these materials has grown a lot lately, since it contains several important radioactive properties that minimize the heat loss of thermal systems and cooling systems that are used to block the heat on the roof of buildings. A system made of three surfaces of 316 stainless steel mirror was built to analyze the influence of reflective surfaces as a way to reduce the heat loss and thereby conserve the energy of a thermal system. The system was analyzed both with and without the presence of vacuum, and then compared with a system that contained glass wool between the stainless steel mirror walls, since this isolator is considered resistive and also broadly used around the world in thermal systems. The reflectivity and emissivity of the surfaces used were also measured in this experiment. A type K thermocouple was fixed on the wall of the system to obtain the temperature of the stainless steel mirror surfaces and to analyze the thermal behavior of each configuration used. The results showed an efficiency of 13% when the reflective surfaces were used to minimize the heat loss of the thermal system. However, the system with vacuum had the best outcome, a 60% efficiency. Both of these were compared to the system made of glass wool as a thermal insulator / O uso de superf?cies refletivas funcionando como isolante t?rmico tem crescido de forma significativa nos ?ltimos anos. Os isolantes t?rmicos reflexivos s?o materiais que possuem como caracter?sticas, baixa emissividade, baixa absortividade e elevada refletividade no espectro do infravermelho. A utiliza??o desses materiais ? uma alternativa que vem sendo incrementada a cada dia, uma vez que esse tipo de isolante tem propriedades radiantes importantes como forma de minimizar as perdas de calor em sistemas de aquecimento, como tamb?m em sistemas de climatiza??o quando se tem como finalidade o bloqueio da passagem de calor em coberturas de edifica??es. Visando analisar a influ?ncia dessas superf?cies refletivas como forma de reduzir a transfer?ncia de calor em sistemas onde se requer a conserva??o de energia, montou-se um sistema de paredes m?ltiplas de tr?s superf?cies de a?o inoxid?vel 430 espelhado, espa?adas igualmente entre si e que funcionam como barreira radiante. A an?lise foi feita no sistema com e sem a presen?a de v?cuo e comparados em seguida com an?lise feita utilizando a l? de vidro entre as mesmas, uma vez que este tipo de isolante al?m de ser considerado resistivo, ? utilizado tradicionalmente no mundo em sistemas t?rmicos. Foram tamb?m medidas experimentalmente a refletividade e emissividade das placas utilizadas. Para a obten??o das medidas de temperatura das superf?cies das chapas de a?o inox, foi inserido um termopar tipo K fixado em cada superf?cie a fim de avaliar o comportamento t?rmico para cada configura??o do sistema. Os resultados mostraram que, o uso de superf?cies refletivas como uma forma de minimizar as perdas de calor em sistemas t?rmicos teve uma efici?ncia de 13%, no entanto, o sistema com presen?a de v?cuo, foi o que obteve o melhor resultado, 60% de efici?ncia, ambos com rela??o ? utiliza??o de l? de vidro como isolante convencional

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaroCPG_DISSERT.pdf: 5603649 bytes, checksum: a174104255aac25a9810c32081bc2cd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Thermal insulation is used to protect the heated or cooled surfaces by the low thermal conductivity materials. The rigid ricin polyurethane foams (PURM) are used for thermal insulation and depend on the type and concentration of blowing agent. Obtaining PURM occurs by the use of polyol, silicone, catalyst and blowing agent are pre -mixed, reacting with the isocyanate. The glass is reusable, returnable and recyclable heat insulating material, whose time of heat dissipation determines the degree of relaxation of its structure; and viscosity determines the conditions for fusion, operating temperatures, annealing, etc. The production of PURM composites with waste glass powder (PV) represents economical and renewable actions of manufacturing of thermal insulating materials. Based on these aspects, the study aimed to produce and characterize the PURM composites with PV, whose the mass percentages were 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. PURM was obtained commercially, while the PV was recycled from the tailings of the stoning process of a glassmaking; when the refining process was applied to obtain micrometer particles. The PURM + PV composites were studied taking into account the standard sample of pure PURM and the influence of the percentage of PV in this PURM matrix. The results of the chemical, physical and morphological characterization were discussed taking into account the difference in the microstructural morphology of the PURM+PV composites and the pure PURM, as well the results of the physicochemical, mechanical e thermophysical tests by values obtained of density, hardness, compressive strength, specific heat, thermal conductivity and diffusivity. In general, the structure of pure PURM showed large, elongated and regular pores, while PURM+PV composites showed irregular, small and rounded pores with shapeless cells. This may have contributed to reducing their mechanical strength, especially for PURM - PV50. The hardness and density were found to have a proportional relationship with the PV content on PURM matrix. The specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity showed proportional relationship to each other. So, this has been realized that the increasing the PV content on PURM matrix resulted in the rise of diffusivity and thermal conductivity and the decrease of the specific heat. However, the values obtained by the PURM composites were similar the values of pure PURM, mainly the PURM-PV5 and PURM-PV10. Therefore, these composites can be applied like thermal insulator; furthermore, their use could reduce the production costs and to preserve the environment / O isolamento t?rmico ? empregado na prote??o de superf?cies aquecidas ou resfriadas atrav?s de materiais de baixa condutividade t?rmica. As espumas r?gidas de poliuretano de mamona (PURM) s?o utilizadas para o isolamento t?rmico e dependem do tipo e da concentra??o do agente de expans?o. O vidro ? um material isolante t?rmico reutiliz?vel, retorn?vel e recicl?vel, cujo tempo de dissipa??o do calor determina o grau de relaxa??o da sua estrutura e a viscosidade determina as condi??es de fus?o, temperaturas de trabalho, recozimento, etc. A produ??o de comp?sitos de PURM com rejeito de p? de vidro (PV) representa a??es econ?micas e renov?veis de fabrica??o de materiais isolantes t?rmicos. Baseado nestes aspectos, o trabalho objetivou a produ??o e caracteriza??o de comp?sitos de PURM com PV 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 % em massa. A PURM foi obtida comercialmente, enquanto que o PV foi reaproveitado do rejeito do processo de lapida??o de uma ind?stria vidreira, cujo processo de refino foi utilizado para se obter part?culas microm?tricas. Os comp?sitos de PURM + PV foram estudados levando-se em considera??o o padr?o de refer?ncia PURM pura e a influ?ncia do percentual de PV desta matriz. Os resultados das caracteriza??es qu?micas, f?sicas e morfol?gicas foram apresentadas e discutidas levando-se em considera??o a diferen?a na morfologia estrutural dos comp?sitos do PURM e da PURM pura e os valores obtidos nos ensaios de massa espec?fica, dureza, resist?ncia ? compress?o, condutividade t?rmica, calor espec?fico e difusividade t?rmica. Em geral, a estrutura da PURM pura apresentou poros regulares alongados e grandes, enquanto que os comp?sitos de PURM + PV apresentaram poros irregulares, pequenos e arredondados com presen?a de c?lulas disformes, o que p?de ter contribu?do na redu??o de sua resist?ncia mec?nica, principalmente para a PURM-PV50. A dureza e a massa espec?fica revelaram ter uma rela??o proporcional com o teor de PV na matriz de PURM. O calor espec?fico, condutividade e difusividade t?rmica apresentaram rela??es proporcionais entre si. Assim, foi percebido que o aumento do teor de PV na matriz de PURM proporcionou um aumento da difusividade t?rmica e da condutividade t?rmica e a diminui??o do calor espec?fico. Contudo, os valores apresentados pelos comp?sitos de PURM foram similares aos valores da PURM pura, principalmente os comp?sitos PURM-PV5 e PURM-PV10. Portanto, estes comp?sitos podem ser aplicados como isolantes t?rmicos, al?m disto, o seu uso poderia reduzir os custos de fabrica??o e preservar o meio ambiente

Questões ligadas ao desempenho térmico e acústico de edificações têm sido cada vez mais abordadas, num cenário em que ganham importância a economia de energia e o controle do ruído. O advento dos materiais compósitos propiciou o emprego de resíduos de processos que, aliados a materiais de origem renovável, contribuem para a obtenção de produtos de reduzido impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a produção e caracterização de painéis de partículas e espuma poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona, para destinação em composições termoacústicas. Os painéis de partículas foram produzidos utilizando-se resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp., tratado com CCB (preservante de cromo, cobre e boro - base óxido), borracha de pneus inservíveis e adesivo poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona. Foram adotadas variações na produção dos painéis, quanto aos fatores: proporção e configuração da borracha, espessura e pressão de prensagem; verificando sua influência no desempenho dos painéis. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis foram determinadas conforme a ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2006) e avaliadas segundo os principais requisitos de normas neste âmbito. Análises estatísticas (ANOVA) foram realizadas para verificação da influência dos fatores de produção, e de suas interações, nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis. Também foram avaliadas a morfologia e estabilidade térmica dos painéis e espumas. O isolamento térmico foi avaliado pela determinação experimental da condutividade térmica. A absorção sonora dos painéis e espumas, em diferentes montagens, foi determinada por medições em câmara reverberante, conforme ISO 354 (1985). Os resultados das propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis estiveram em grande parte condizentes com os documentos normativos. O teor de borracha e a sua interação com os demais fatores apresentaram influência estatística nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis. A morfologia dos painéis e espumas permitiu visualizar sua adequação aos produtos propostos, por meio da porosidade. Em relação ao isolamento térmico e absorção sonora, os painéis e espumas, bem como as composições formadas, apresentaram desempenho coerente com produtos e normas utilizados como referência. Sendo assim, verificou-se a viabilidade de produção e aplicação dos painéis e espuma poliuretana à base de mamona em composições destinadas ao conforto termoacústico. / Issues relating to thermal and acoustic performance of buildings have been increasingly addressed in a scenario where energy savings and noise control are essential. Advent of composite materials enabled the use of residues from production processes that, coupled with renewable source materials, contribute to obtain products with low environmental impact. So, this study aimed to the production and characterization of particleboards and castor-oil-based polyurethane foam, for thermo-acoustic compositions. Panels were produced with residues of Pinus sp., treated with CCB (chromium, copper and boron basic oxide preservative), tire rubber wastes and castor-oil-based polyurethane adhesive. Variations in the production parameters were adopted: proportion and configuration of tire rubber; panels thickness; and pressing pressure, to determine their influence on panel performance. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboards were determined based on ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2006) and evaluated according to the main requirements of standards in this area. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was performed to check the influence of production factors, and their interactions, in those properties. Morphology and thermal stability of foams and panels were also evaluated. Thermal insulation was evaluated by experimental values of thermal conductivity. Sound absorption of the panels and foams, in different assemblies, was determined by measurement in a reverberation room, according to ISO 354 (1985). Results of evaluated panel properties were consistent with the normative requirements. The tire rubber content and its interaction with other factors influenced in almost all physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards. Morphology of the foams and panels permitted confirming their suitability to the proposed product by the porosity. With respect to thermal insulation and sound absorption, panels and foams as well as the correspondent compositions showed performance consistent to the references. Therefore, it was demonstrated the production feasibility and applying of studied compositions intended for the thermo-acoustic comfort.

Older q-labeled buildings may not be changed according to the corruptions banning, resulting in difficulties in energy efficiency of q-marked buildings, as traditional energy efficiency methods cannot be used without altering the building's properties. This report examines the profitability to energy-efficient a q-labeled building with a heat insulating plaster based on Z1 quartzene and lime cement render. By only changing the render properties of the plot, the building does not change characteristic or cultural historical value. The report sets out a general framework describing the maximum additional cost of a heat insulation plaster in comparison to a traditional plaster at four different thermal conversion coefficients; 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 W/m2 ×K. The framework can be used as a template that shows what a heat insulation plaster at varying thermal conductivities maximally may cost for the product to be economically viable compared to lime cement plaster.  A life cycle cost analysis is used in a case study to assess if it is profitable to energy-efficient a qlabeled building in Gävle, with a heat insulating plaster based on Z1 and lime cement pits. Five theoretical mixtures with different proportions of Z1 and lime cement plaster was analyzed to assess profitability at different thermal conductivity. The result of the case study shows that all heat-insulating plasters is economically profitable, where the most profitable mixing is the one with the highest proportion of Z1 (80%). That the most profitable mixture is the one with the highest proportion of Z1 can be explained by the fact that energy saving is increasing at a faster rate than the additional cost of the heat insulating plaster The estimated additional cost of the case study is tested in the cost ceiling to identify the profitability at different heat transfer coefficient. The results shows that walls with an high heat transfer coefficient has the largest profitability, while the walls with a lower heat transfer coefficient (a better heat transfer coefficient) is the least profitable. This is because of the walls with a higher heat transfer coefficient has a greater energy saving potential then walls whit a lower heat transfer coefficient / Äldre q-märkta byggnader får enligt förvanskningsförbudet inte förändras, vilket resulterar i svårigheter att energieffektivisera q-märkt byggnader, eftersom traditionella energieffektiviseringsmetoder inte kan användas utan att förändra byggnadens egenskaper. I denna rapport undersöks lönsamheten att energieffektivisera en q-märkt byggnad med en värmeisolerande puts baserad på Quartzene av typen Z1 och kalkcementputs. Genom att endast förändra putsens termiska egenskaper förändras inte byggnaden karaktärsdrag eller kulturhistoriska värde. I rapporten fastställs ett generellt ramverk som beskriver den maximala merkostnaden för en värmeisolerande puts i jämförelse med en traditionell puts vid fyra olika värmegenomgångskoefficienter; 0,2, 0,4, 0,6 och 0,8 W/m2×K. Ramverket kan användas som en mall som visar vad en värmeisolerande puts vid varierande värmekonduktiviteter maximalt får kosta för att produkten ska vara ekonomisk lönsam i jämförelse med kalkcementputs. I en fallstudie används en livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) för att bedöma om det är lönsamt att energieffektivisera en q-märkt byggnad beläggen i Gävle med en värmeisolerande puts, baserat på Z1 och kalkcementputs. Fem modellerade blandningar med olika andelar Z1 och kalkcementputs analyseras för att bedöma lönsamheten vid olika värmekonduktivitet. Fallstudiens resultat visar att samtliga värmeisolerande puts är ekonomiskt lönsamma, där den mest lönsamma värmeisolerande putsen är den med högsta andel Z1 (80%). Att den mest lönsamma blandningen är den med högst andel Z1 kan förklaras av att energibesparingen ökar i snabbare takt än merkostnaden för den värmeisolerande putsen. Fallstudiens beräknade merkostnad prövas i kostnadstaket för att identifiera lönsamheten vid olika värmegenomgångskoefficienter. Resultatet visar att väggar med en sämre värmegenomgångskoefficient (ett högt U-värde) har störst lönsamhet medan väggar med en bättre värmegenomgångskoefficient (ett lågt U-värde) har minst lönsamhet. Detta beror på att väggar med en sämre värmegenomgångskoefficient har större energibesparingspotential än byggnader med en god värmegenomgångskoefficient.

Climate change has caused severe vulnerabilities for the global food production system and alternative agriculture methods are needed as a solution. Urban agriculture (UA) can be a sustainable solution, making the global food system more resilient and increasing the global food security. Using available empty rooftops to implement green roofs for food production can be a solution to challenges faced by urban agriculture, such as unavailability of land and proper amount of sunlight. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of green roofs in Uppsala city, looking into the food production capacity and the energy conservation benefits for buildings having a green roof. With the help of GIS software, 745 flat roofs with a total available area of 877408 m2, were considered feasible for implementing green roofs. Upon calculations based on yields obtained from other studies, the results revealed that the annual vegetable production on potential green roofs in Uppsala city is 23550 T of tomato, 48 T of cabbage and 96 T of chilli. On comparing the tomato production with the amount of tomato consumed annually by the population of Uppsala city, the data reveals that less than 10 % of the estimated production can meet the annual demand.Upon investigating the thermal insulation effects of green sedum roof on a building in Uppsala city, the thesis reveals that annually, 824 kWh or .824 MWh can be saved, providing a monetary benefit of SEK 543. The results point out that, on implementation of green sedum roofs on 100 buildings, about 82 MWh amount of energy can be conserved, thus reducing the overall consumption of fuels such as peat and oil and reducing the emissions of green house gases. Green roofs in comparison with conventional roofs can also act as a heat sink to keep the building cooler during warmer summers, thus reducing the demand for artificial cooling. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Urban Sustainability, Food Security, Energy Security, Resilience, Urban Agriculture, Green Roof, Thermal Insulation, Energy Conservation, Climate Change.

In-cylinder thermal barrier materials have been thoroughly investigated for their potential improvements in thermal efficiency in reciprocating internal combustion engines. These materials show improvements both directly in indicated work and indirectly through reduced demand on the cooling system. Many experimental and analytical sources have shown reductions in heat losses to the combustion chamber walls, but converting the additional thermal energy to indicated work has proven more difficult. Gains in indicated work over the expansion stroke could be made, but these were negated by increased compression work and reduced volumetric efficiency due to charge heating. Typically, the only improvements in brake work would come from the pumping loop in turbocharged engines, or from additional exhaust energy extraction through turbine-compounding devices. The concept of inter-cycle wall-temperature-swing holds promise to reap the benefits of insulation during combustion and expansion, while not suffering the penalties incurred with hotter walls during intake and compression. The combination of low volumetric heat capacity and low thermal conductivity would allow the combustion chamber surface temperature to quickly respond to the gas temperature throughout combustion. Surface temperatures are capable of rising in response to the spike in heat flux, thereby minimizing the temperature difference between the gas and wall early in the expansion stroke when the greatest conversion of thermal energy to mechanical work is possible. The combination of low heat capacity and thermal conductivity is essential in allowing this temperature increase during combustion, and in enabling the surface to cool during expansion and exhaust to avoid harmfully affecting engine volumetric efficiency during the intake stroke and minimizing compression work performed on the next stroke. In this thesis, thermal and thermodynamic models are constructed in an attempt to predict the effects of material properties in the walls, and to characterize the effects of heat transfer at different portions of the cycle on indicated work, volumetric efficiency, exhaust energy and gas temperatures of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. The expected impact on combustion knock in spark-ignited engines was also considered, as this combustion mode was the basis for the experimental engine testing performed. Conventional insulating materials were evaluated to benchmark the current state-of-the-art, and to gain experience in the analysis of materials with temperature-swing capability. Unfortunately, the effects of permeable porosity within the conventional coating on heat losses, fuel absorption and compression ratio tended to mask the effects of temperature swing. The individual impact of each of these loss mechanisms on engine performance was analyzed, and the experience helped to further refine the necessary traits of a successful temperature-swing material Finally, from the learnings of this analysis phase, a novel material was created and applied to the piston surface, intake valve faces, and exhaust valve faces. Engine data was taken with these coated components and compared to an un-coated baseline. While some of the test pieces physically survived the testing, analysis of the data suggests that they were not fully sealed and suffered from the same permeability losses that affected the conventional insulation. Further development is necessary to arrive at a robust, effective solution for minimizing heat transfer through wall temperature swing in reciprocating internal combustion engines. The success of temperature-swing thermal barrier materials requires very low thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and appropriate insulation thickness, as well as resilient sealing of any porous volume within the coating to avoid additional heat and fuel energy losses throughout the cycle. / Los materiales aislantes han sido investigados a fondo por sus posibles mejoras en la eficiencia térmica de los motores de combustión interna alternativos. Estas mejoras se ven reflejadas tanto directamente en el trabajo indicado como indirectamente a través de la reducción del sistema de refrigeración del propio motor. Diferentes estudios, tanto experimentales como analíticos, han mostrado la reducción en la transferencia de calor a través de las paredes de la cámara de combustión mediante la utilización de estos materiales. Sin embargo, demostrar la conversión de la energía térmica adicional en trabajo indicado ha resultado más difícil. En ciertos estudios se pudieron obtener mejoras en el trabajo indicado durante la carrera de expansión, pero éstas fueron reducidas debido a un menor rendimiento volumétrico debido al calentamiento de la carga durante el proceso de admisión y un mayor trabajo en la carrera de compresión. Típicamente, las únicas mejoras en el trabajo al freno provendrían de la reducción de pérdidas por bombeo en los motores turboalimentados, o de la extracción de la energía adicional de los gases de escape a través de turbinas. El concepto de los materiales con oscilación de la temperatura durante el ciclo motor intenta aprovechar los beneficios del aislamiento durante los procesos de combustión y expansión, mitigando las perdidas por el incremento de la temperatura de las paredes durante la admisión y la compresión. La combinación de baja capacidad calorífica y baja conductividad térmica permitiría que la temperatura de la superficie de la cámara de combustión respondiera rápidamente a la temperatura del gas durante el proceso de combustión. Las temperaturas de la superficie son capaces de aumentar en respuesta al pico de flujo de calor, minimizando así la diferencia de temperatura entre el gas y la pared en la carrera de expansión cuando es posible la mayor conversión de energía térmica en trabajo mecánico. La combinación de baja capacidad calorífica y conductividad térmica es también esencial para permitir este aumento de temperatura durante la combustión y para permitir que la superficie se enfríe durante la expansión y el escape para no perjudicar así el rendimiento volumétrico del motor durante la carrera de admisión y minimizar el trabajo de compresión realizado en el siguiente ciclo. En esta tesis se han desarrollado modelos térmicos y termodinámicos para predecir los efectos de las propiedades de los materiales en las paredes y caracterizar los efectos de la transferencia de calor en diferentes partes del ciclo sobre el trabajo indicado, el rendimiento volumétrico, la energía en los gases de escape y las temperaturas del gas para un motor de combustión interna alternativo. También se ha evaluado el impacto del uso de estos materiales en el knock en motores de combustión de encendido provocado, ya que los estudios experimentales de esta tesis se realizaron en un motor de estas características. Durante la investigación se evaluaron materiales aislantes convencionales para comprender el estado actual de esta técnica y para adquirir también experiencia en el análisis de materiales aislantes con oscilación de temperatura. Desafortunadamente, los efectos de la permeabilidad a través de la porosidad del material en los recubrimientos convencionales, la absorción de combustible y la relación de compresión tendieron a ocultar los efectos de la oscilación de la temperatura y la reducción de la transferencia de calor a través de las paredes. Así pues, se analizó el impacto individual de cada uno de estos mecanismos y su influencia en el rendimiento del motor para así definir un nuevo material con las características necesarias que mejorasen el aislante con de oscilación de temperatura. Finalmente, a partir de los estudios de esta fase de análisis, se creó un nuevo material y se aplicó a la superficie del pistón y a la supe / Els materials aïllants han estat investigats a fons per les seves possibles millores en l'eficiència tèrmica en el motors de combustió interna alternatius. Aquestes millores es veuen reflectides tant directament en el treball indicat com indirectament a través de la reducció del sistema de refrigeració del propi motor. Diferents estudis, tant experimentals com analítics, han mostrat la reducció en la transferència de calor a través de les parets de la cambra de combustió mitjançant la utilització d'aquests materials. No obstant això, demostrar la conversió de l'energia tèrmica addicional en treball indicat ha resultat més difícil. En certs estudis es van poder obtenir millores en el treball indicat durant la carrera d'expansió, però aquestes van ser reduïdes a causa d'un menor rendiment volumètric causat de l'escalfament de la càrrega durant el procés d'admissió i un major treball en la carrera de compressió. Típicament, les úniques millores en el treball al fre provindrien de la reducció de pèrdues per bombeig en els motors turbo alimentats, o de l'extracció addicional de l'energia dels gasos d'escapament a través de turbines. El concepte dels materials amb oscil·lació de la temperatura durant el cicle motor intenta aprofitar els beneficis de l'aïllament durant els processos de combustió i expansió, mitigant les perdudes per l'increment de la temperatura de les parets durant l'admissió i la compressió. La combinació de baixa capacitat calorífica i baixa conductivitat tèrmica permetria que la temperatura de la superfície de la cambra de combustió respongués ràpidament a la temperatura del gas durant el procés de combustió. Les temperatures de la superfície són capaços d'augmentar en resposta al flux de calor, minimitzant així la diferència de temperatura entre el gas i la paret en la carrera d'expansió quan és possible la major conversió d'energia tèrmica en treball mecànic. La combinació de baixa capacitat calorífica i conductivitat tèrmica és també essencial per permetre aquest augment de temperatura durant la combustió i el refredament de la superfície durant l'expansió i l'escapament per no perjudicar així el rendiment volumètric del motor durant la carrera d'admissió i minimitzar el treball de compressió realitzat en el següent cicle. En aquesta tesi s'han desenvolupat models tèrmics i termodinàmics per predir els efectes de les propietats dels materials en les parets i caracteritzar els efectes de la transferència de calor en diferents parts del cicle sobre el treball indicat, el rendiment volumètric, l'energia en els gasos d'escapament i les temperatures del gas per un motor de combustió interna alternatiu. També s'ha avaluat l'impacte d'aquests materials en el knock en motors de combustió d'encesa provocada, ja que les proves experimentals d'aquesta tesi es van realitzar en un motor d'aquestes característiques. Durant la investigació es van avaluar materials aïllants convencionals per comprendre l'estat actual d'aquesta tècnica i per adquirir també experiència en l'anàlisi de materials aïllants amb oscil·lació de temperatura. Desafortunadament, els efectes de la permeabilitat a través de la porositat del material en el recobriment convencional, l'absorció de combustible i la relació de compressió van tendir a ocultar els efectes de l'oscil·lació de la temperatura i la reducció de la transferència de calor a través de les parets. Així doncs, es va analitzar l'impacte individual de cada un d'aquests mecanismes i la seva influència en el rendiment del motor per així definir un nou material amb les característiques necessàries que milloressin el aïllant d'oscil·lació de temperatura. Finalment, a partir dels estudis d'aquesta fase d'anàlisi, es va crear un nou material i es va aplicar a la superfície del pistó i a la superfície interna de les vàlvules d'admissió i d'escapament. Les dades de motor es van prendre a / Andruskiewicz, PP. (2017). ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE-SWING INSULATION ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90467 / TESIS