Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, June 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-218). / This dissertation discusses the architectural writings of Louisa Tuthill ( 1798-1879), a little known nineteenth-century American author. Tuthill has been acknowledged for her History of Architecture from the Earliest Times (1848), the first history of architecture published in the United States. However, her numerous other books dealing with architecture have been largely ignored. As early as 1830, Tuthill published Ancient Architecture, a concise history of architectural origins for young readers. This volume was followed by three fictional works for juveniles describing the adventures of model Americans--an architect, an artist and a landscape architect. Tuthill also edited The True and the Beautiful, the first American collection of selections from Ruskin's work (reprinted twenty three times). Like her famous contemporaries, Downing and Ruskin, Tuthill associates architectural principles with moral qualities. Her educational books move beyond the sophisticated architectural and social theory of such authorities by presenting aesthetic ideas in popular literary forms for the common reader. While a tradition of male architectural writers addressed eager builders and wealthy patrons, Tuthill wrote for the American public of all classes and ages. In contrast to the tradition of builders' guides and style books, Tuthill contributed histories, advice books, children's stories and edited collections. When the History is placed within the context of Tuthill's other writings r it becomes part of a larger plan for elevating national morals, a plan requiring education in architecture history. / by Sarah Allaback. / Ph.D.

Many recent books and articles have aimed to account for the recent financial crisis. They have exposed the facts, identified the causes, and assigned responsibility. They have proposed solutions to prevent a similar crisis to happen in the future. The debate is still ongoing, revealing a process of History in the making. My dissertation builds on this debate, but it does not contribute to it. I do not try to understand who is responsible for this crisis. I instead try to grasp how responsibility for this crisis was constructed. I explore the production of - and response to - a discourse of accusation. To study accusation discourses, I conducted a media analysis of three main national newspapers: The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today. I show how a blame game dominated by Democrats participated in the crystallization on Wall Street’s responsibility. To study responses to accusation discourses, I conducted thirty-three interviews in three Wall Street banks from Fall 2008 to Summer 2010. I show that bankers became increasingly defensive over time, while never accepting any personal responsibility for the crisis. Similarly, they reject the label of the “greedy banker.” Overall I argue that the complexity of modern social arrangement loosens the intrinsic connection between responsibility and accountability.

Este trabalho é dedicado ao problema de programação em Flowshop Permutacional com tempos de preparação (setup) assimétricos e separados dos tempos de processamento e dependentes da seqüência de execução das tarefas e tem o objetivo de minimização da duração total da programação (Makespan). Através da investigação das propriedades estruturais do problema, são desenvolvidos os parâmetros XR e QR de uma programação, que indicam ociosidade das máquinas (para valores positivos) e bloqueio das tarefas (para valores negativos). Os novos parâmetros são utilizados para propor uma melhoria no cálculo eficiente de Makespan proposto por Taillard (1990). Esta melhoria é então utilizada no desenvolvimento de uma nova heurística construtiva baseada no método NEHT-RB de Ríos-Mercado e Bard (1998b) denominada CNIT, que é comparada durante a experimentação computacional com os métodos SETUP e TOTAL, de Simons (1992) com pequenas melhorias; com a proposta da utilização da propriedade UBX de Moccellin e Nagano (2007); e com o método NEHT-RB. Os métodos são então submetidos a uma busca local descendente como proposta em Ruiz e Stützle (2008) e seus desempenhos como soluções iniciais para este procedimento de busca local são avaliados. Em seguida, um método melhorativo derivado do novo método construtivo e baseado na meta-heurística IG de Ruiz e Stützle (2008) é proposto e denominado CNIT-IG. O método é comparado com a heurística IG original submetida às diferentes soluções iniciais estudadas durante a avaliação da nova heurística construtiva. As comparações são realizadas utilizando-se o banco de dados de Taillard (1990) para o flowshop permutacional adaptado para o problema de flowshop com tempos de setup assimétricos e dependentes da seqüência. Os resultados da experimentação computacional são analisados em termos da porcentagem média de sucesso, do desvio relativo médio e em relação ao tempo médio computacional e mostram a superioridade dos resultados da nova heurística construtiva CNIT e seu alto custo computacional, de complexidade mn³. Os resultados mostram ainda a superioridade da meta-heurística CNIT-IG sobre o método IG. / This work addresses the Permutation Flowshop scheduling problem with separated sequence-dependent setup times with the objective of minimizing Makespan. Through the investigation of the problem structural properties, two scheduling parameters XR e QR are developed, they indicate the machine idleness (for positive values) and task blocking (for negative values). These new parameters are used to propose an improvement in the efficient makespan calculation as stated by Taillard (1990). This improvement is then used for development of a new constructive heuristic based on Ríos-Mercado and Bard (1998b) method NEHT-RB nominated CNIT, and it is compared during computational experimentation with the methods SETUP and TOTAL of Simons (1992), with slight improvements; with the proposal of property UBX from Moccellin and Nagano (2007) and with NEHT-RB method. The methods are then submitted to descent local search as proposed in Ruiz and Stützle (2008) and its performance as initial solutions for this local search procedure is evaluated. Next, an improvement method derivate from the new constructive method and based on metaheuristic IG from Ruiz and Stützle (2008) is proposed and nominated CNIT-IG. This method is compared with original IG submitted to different initial solutions studied during constructive heuristic evaluation. Comparisons are done using Taillards instances (1990) for standard flowshop and adapted to the flowshop with sequencedependent setup times problem. The results of computation experimentation are analyzed in terms of average percentage of success, average relative percentage deviation and average computational time and show superiority of new constructive heuristic CNIT-IG and its high computational cost, with complexity mn³. The results also show superiority of metaheuristic CNIT-IG over IG method.

A Produção Enxuta vêm exercendo um papel cada vez mais importante durante as transformações das organizações em busca de competitividade no mercado. O nivelamento de produção surge como uma das mais importantes características da Produção Enxuta. O ambiente de produção com alta variedade de produtos, tipologia de produção Engineer to Order e com alta variação de tempo de ciclo está se tornando cada vez mais significativo no mercado atual e possui as mesmas necessidades de nivelamento da produção que os ambientes de produção nos quais tradicionalmente são aplicados os conceitos de Produção Enxuta. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de programação nivelada da produção para o tipo de ambiente de produção citado e descreve uma aplicação utilizando o método apresentado em uma empresa de vidros para a construção civil. / Lean Production has played an increasingly important role in the transformation of organizations for market competitiveness. The production leveling appears as one of the most important characteristics of Lean Production. The production environment with high variety of products, production typology Engineer to Order, with high variation of cycle time is becoming increasingly significant in today\'s market and has the same needs leveling production environments in which traditionally applied the concepts of Lean Production. This paper proposes a programming model of the production level for the kind of production environment cited and describes an application using the method presented in a glass company for civil construction.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-11T11:13:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel de Freitas Santos.pdf: 1326474 bytes, checksum: 71ae88950f3ebc0272cf82f2fbfbaecb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-11T11:13:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel de Freitas Santos.pdf: 1326474 bytes, checksum: 71ae88950f3ebc0272cf82f2fbfbaecb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this master’s degree thesis is the examination of the persuasive process that runs through an editorial published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo and another one in The New York Times concerning the impeachment process which removed Brazil’s president Dilma Rousseff from office in 2016. The research focuses on the issue of the representation of the event as well as their social actors in both newspapers, analyzing the correspondence between the choices of certain linguistic forms and the ideologies and relations of power that underlie these forms. Guided by proposals for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and with the support of the analytical context offered by Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL), the project examines, in particular, two dimensions of the grammar of the clause: transitivity and modality/appraisal, respectively associated to the ideational and interpersonal metafunctions of language, according to SFL. Through this this theoretical-methodological support, it is attempted to unravel both explicit and implicit persuasive processes on which newspapers count to persuade their readers. For this purpose, the research should answer the following questions: (a) how does a transitivity and modality/ appraisal contribute to the persuasive process in editorials? (b) how can the underlying ideology of the two newspapers be revealed? The research shows that the Brazilian editorial "Muitos anos em um" blames government institutions for the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, whereas the American editorial "Brazil’s ousted president" attributes responsibility to former president Dilma Roussef. The support of SFL through its ideational and interpersonal metafunctions, as well as complementary theories, were paramount to characterize the persuasion that pervades the editorials to achieve the alignment of the reader with the newspapers’ positions / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o exame do processo persuasivo que percorre um editorial publicado na Folha de S. Paulo e outro no The New York Times referentes ao impeachment – que destituiu a presidente do Brasil, Dilma Rousseff, em 2016. A pesquisa focaliza a questão da representação do evento e de seus atores sociais nos dois jornais, analisando a correspondência entre as escolhas de certas formas linguísticas e as ideologias e relações de poder que subjazem a essas formas. Guiada por propostas de Análise do Discurso Crítica (ADC) e com o apoio básico do contexto analítico oferecido pela Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), esta dissertação examina, em especial, duas dimensões da gramática da oração: a transitividade e a modalidade/avaliatividade, que são associadas respectivamente às metafunções ideacional e interpessoal da linguagem, nos termos da LSF. Por meio desse apoio teórico-metodológico, além de teorias complementares, tenta-se desvendar a persuasão tanto explícita quanto implícita de que se valem os jornais para persuadir seus leitores. Para tanto, a pesquisa deve responder à seguintes perguntas: (a) de que modo a transitividade e a modalidade/avaliatividade contribuem no processo persuasivo dos editoriais? (b) como a ideologia subjacente aos dois jornais pode ser revelada? A pesquisa mostra que o editorial brasileiro “Muitos anos em um” responsabiliza as instituições governamentais pelo impeachment de Dilma Rousseff, enquanto que o americano “Brazil’s ousted president”, concentra a responsabilidade na pessoa da ex-presidente. O apoio das metafunções ideacional e interpessoal da LSF, além de teorias complementares, foram fundamentais para caracterizar a persuasão que perpassa os editoriais para conseguir o alinhamento do leitor na linha de raciocínio dos jornais

Volunteer tourism is a globally, popular and well-known field in which anyone may participate. During recent years the industry has increasingly received some criticism, in contrast to the otherwise quite commonly positive view of it. Hence, this thesis is taking a closer look at the industry and the discourse surrounding it and how the public opinion has changed during the last years. It will bring into light the impact volunteer tourism has both on the local communities and the volunteer tourists themselves. This will be done with respect to the following cases; positive, critical and seeing both sides of the discourse. The data derives from secondary and tertiary sources, the majority from articles from four of the world’s biggest newspapers. Post-Development theory will be used to identify the ideas regarding the discourse, which will be done with an approach of structured, focused comparison and critical discourse analysis. Additionally it will aim to identify the pros and cons with volunteer tourism and discuss why one of the perspectives might require more attention than it has had up until now. Significantly though, it will aim to provide the reader with an overall and objective view of the field.

This study is an examination of the ideologies present in celebrity substance abuse news stories in The New York Times online from December 2012 to December 2013. I analyzed news stories by employing a critical discourse analysis to determine the dominant discourses in celebrity substance abuse news articles. Drawing from cultivation and framing theories, celebrity substance abuse stories in The New York Times are presented in a limited, individual fashion with relatively little effort when it comes to recovery. Rather than treating substance abuse as a serious social issue and a medical condition, it is presented as an individual, moral problem. Moreover, recovery from substance abuse is presented as a personal choice which involves very little to no assistance and is easy to acquire.

Le contexte énergétique et politique en France laisse présager de l'apparition d'une forte contrainte de réduction des émissions de CO2 des ménages dans les décennies à venir. Plusieurs interrogations se posent alors : Quelles sont les technologies permettant d'atteindre une telle réduction ? Quelles politiques mettre en œuvre pour atteindre un tel objectif ? Et quel est l'impact de ces politiques sur le budget des ménages ? Le présent travail de thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions à partir d'un modèle bottom-up d'optimisation de type TIMES portant sur les secteurs résidentiel et transports, réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ce modèle s'appuie notamment sur une représentation des ménages très désagrégée qui permet d'apporter beaucoup plus de robustesse par rapport aux autres modèles de ce type, basés sur la description d'un ménage moyen. De plus, à l'aide d'une enquête auprès de 2000 ménages réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse, il est possible de prendre en compte le comportement de consommation des ménages de manière relativement fine, notamment en rendant compte des contraintes subies par les ménages et des arbitrages qu'ils réalisent entre coût et confort. L'exercice de prospective réalisé à partir de ce modèle permet d'évaluer l'efficacité en terme de réduction et l'impact sur le budget des ménages de différents outils politiques. Il permet notamment de visualiser que l'instauration d'une taxe carbone est un moyen efficace de réduire les émissions et que la mise en place conjointe de subventions ciblées permet de compléter l'action de cette taxe tout en diminuant son impact distorsif sur le budget des ménages.

<p>Syfte: Syftet är att se om det finns likheter och skillnader mellan Oslobodjenjes, DN:s och New York Times rapportering om massakern som inträffade den 5 februari 1994 på Markalemarknaden i centrala Sarajevo. Syftet är också att se hur journalister från de tre tidningarna förhåller sig till händelsen och de inblandade aktörerna. Avsikten är dessutom att upptäcka om vilken typ av journalistik det handlar om i rapporteringen om den utvalda krigssituationen, samt att se av vilka metoder som tidningarna använder sig av för att uppnå och förmedla ett visst budskap om situationen till sina läsare.</p><p>Metod: kritisk diskursanalys</p><p>Material:</p><p>Oslobodjenje (11-18 februari 1994), Sarajevo/Ljubljana. Europeisk utgåva. Nr. 48</p><p>Dagens Nyheter (6-7 februari 1994)</p><p>New York Times (6-7 februari 1994)</p><p>Huvudresultat:</p><p>Det har visats existera både likheter och skillnader mellan de utvalda tidningarnas rapportering om Markalemassakern. Tidningarna har på ett likadant sätt definierat massakern, samt offer. Dock finns det skillnader mellan tidningarnas förhållningssätt till de inblandade parterna i konflikten, samt till de internationella aktörerna. När det handlar om typen av journalistiken i rapporteringen om Markalemassakern, har det visats existera sida vid sida olika typer av journalistiken. Resultaten har också visat att tidningarna, i produceringen av en bestämd kunskap om situationen, använt sig av nästan likadana metoder. Dessa metoder har även lett till insikten om att tidningarna strävat efter att visa och bevisa existensen av den ”objektiva” nyhetsförmedlingen. Dock har enbart New York Times lyckats bekräfta sin profil som ”oberoende” och ”objektiv” förmedlare av situationen på Markalemarknaden. Hos andra två tidningar har det varit svårt att bekräfta en sådan status, då Oslobodjenjes rapportering visade följa en bosnisk politisk linje, medan det hos Dagens Nyheter uppenbarades ett NATO-perspektiv.</p>

<p>The settings investigated were departments of internal medicine (IM), orthopaedics and surgery in acute care hospitals in Sweden. The objective was to identify exogenous and endogenous determinants of accessibility of health care. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of utilisation was performed on national and regional level of data aggregation. The study proposes that accessibility to acute health services is influenced by exogenous factors, partly outside the control of health care professionals, such as season, physical proximity and overall supply. Organisational properties such as availability of inpatient beds, hospital and physician specialisation and the degree of system integration between provides of emergency care have effects on the quality of care. The novel finding is the strong association between acute readmissions and remaining inpatient utilisation indicating effects of bed supply on global use within IM. These conclusions follow: </p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>There are conflicts between accessibility, efficiency and appropriateness of settings calling for attention to capacity to benefit in addition to needs as priority criteria.</p> / <p>De studerade enheterna var kliniker för internmedicin, ortopedi och kirurgi vid akutsjukhus i Sverige. Studiernas syfte var att identifiera exogena och endogena determinanter av tillgänglighet till sjukvården. Kvalitativa och kvantitativa analyser av vårdutnyttjande utfördes på nationell och regional nivå av dataaggregering. Studierna utmynnar i slutsatsen att tillgängligheten till akutsjukvården påverkas av exogena faktorer, delvis utanför kontrollen för de professionella inom sjukvården, såsom säsong, fysiskt avstånd och totalt utbud. Organisatoriska egenskaper som tillgången till vårdplatser, sjukhusens och läkarnas specialisering och graden av systemintegration mellan producenter av akutvård har effekter på vårdens kvalitet. Det nya fyndet utgörs av upptäckten av en stark association mellan akuta återinskrivningar och övriga inskrivningar. Sambandet indikerar effekterna av vårdplatsutbudet på totalt slutenvårdsutnyttjande inom internmedicinen. Slutsatserna är som följer:</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>§</p><p>Det finns uppenbara konflikter mellan tillgänglighet, produktivitet och vårdgivarens ändamålsenlighet. Det fordras större uppmärksamhet på kapaciteten att tillgodogöra sig behandling utöver behov som ett kriterium för prioritering mellan patientgrupper.</p>