As leishmanioses são antropozoonoses com amplo problema de saúde pública, que acometem aproximadamente 12 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo e causam cerca de 60 mil mortes por ano. No Brasil, a leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) apresenta coeficiente médio de detecção de 16 casos por 100 mil habitantes, onde em notificações no estado do Maranhão apresenta um dos maiores índices de incidência. Os fármacos utilizados atualmente apresentam eficácia limitada e algumas vezes significante toxicidade e efeitos adversos, sendo necessária a busca por novos tratamentos. Um dos meios para obtenção deste propósito é obter extratos vegetais que proporcionem a inativação da enzima arginase presente no parasito e responsável pela produção de poliaminas essenciais a sua sobrevivência. A escolha do material vegetal foi baseada através de práticas medicinais de populações onde a planta Stachytarpheta cayennensis é utilizada como analgésica, antiinflamatória e no tratamento de úlceras causadas por Leishmania. A planta foi coletada e feita a identificação botânica, e a droga foi utilizada para preparo de dois extratos por decocção e maceração em etanol 50%. Ambos foram fracionados com n-butanol e utilizados em testes de inibição da arginase. A fração butanólica do chá (BUF) foi a que apresentou menor número de constituintes. A análise do BUF por ressonância magnética nuclear indicou a presença de uma mistura de 7:3 de verbascosídeo/isoverbascosideo. Em seguida foi realizado o teste de inibição enzimática com a mesma fração e com os compostos estruturalmente relacionado com o verbascosídeo: ácido cafeico (IC50 = 1.5 µM), ácido clorogênico (IC50 = 3.4 µM), e ácido rosmarínico (IC50 = 1.5 µM). O teste de inibição na forma promastigota do parasito com a fração (BUF-CHÁ) em 72h de tratamento apresentou EC50 de 51 µg/mL. A partir dos resultados encontrados faz-se necessário mais experimentos com a planta, como a realização de ensaios com amastigotas de Leishmania e teste de toxicidade celular. Conclusão: S. cayennensis pode ser uma promissora fonte de novos fármacos para leishmaniose. / Stachytarpheta cayennensis is a plant traditionally used to treat tegumentary Leishmaniasis and as an anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of extracts from S. cayennensis on the arginase enzyme of the trypanosome parasite Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. S. cayennensis was collected in Formosa da Serra do Maranhão, Brazil. Crude water extract was fractionated with n-butanol and fractions were tested against arginase enzymes collected from L. (L.) amazonensis. The most potent arginase inhibitor fraction was then tested against L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes in axenic culture. To verify arginase inhibition in L. (L.) amazonensis, promastigote cultures were supplemented with L-arginine (substrate) and L-ornithine, a product of hydrolysis of L-arginine by the arginase enzyme. Butanolic fraction (BUF) is a potent L. (L.) amazonensis arginase inhibitor (IC50 = 5 ± 1 µg/mL). BUF showed an IC50 of 51 µg/mL against L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotas. In addition, caffeic acid and two acids containing caffeoyl moiety were tested against arginase showing IC50 1.5-3.4 µM. The inhibition of arginase by BUF in the promastigote cultures was demonstrated by adding L-ornithine, which enhances parasite growth. In conclusion, verbascoside present in S. cayennensis extracts (BUF) target the arginase enzyme of L. (L.) amazonensis, resulting in the death of the parasites.

O gene do Retardo Mental do X Frágil (FMR1) possui 17 éxons e seu transcrito primário pode sofrer splicing alternativo, havendo, entre outros eventos, possibilidade de exclusão ou inclusão do éxon 12. O produto da expressão do FMR1, a proteína do retardo mental do X frágil (FMRP), possui papéis importantes no sistema nervoso central, atuando como repressora da tradução de RNAm em espinhas dendríticas e controlando a síntese de proteínas envolvidas na função sináptica. Entre dois domínios centrais do tipo KH presentes na FMRP, o segundo (KH-2) é responsável pela interação da proteína aos polissomos. O domínio KH-2 é codificado pelos éxons 9 a 13 do FMR1 e possui a alça variável mais longa já observada entre proteínas humanas, que é codificada pelos éxons 11 e 12. A inclusão do éxon 12 no RNAm do FMR1 causa uma extensão em fase dessa alça variável do KH-2 da FMRP. Estas isoformas apresentam expressão significativa em neurônios cortico-cerebrais e cerebelares do rato, no primeiro mês pós-natal. Este trabalho baseia-se em resultados prévios do grupo de pesquisa, em que se identificaram sequências curtas no íntron 12 do FMR1, com potencial para agir como acentuadores de splicing. Baseando-nos na hipótese de que essas sequências constituem elementos transcritos que se ligam a fatores proteicos do núcleo celular, potencialmente reguladores do splicing do pré-RNAm do FMR1, realizamos ensaios de precipitação por afinidade com extratos nucleares de córtex cerebral de rato e transcritos do loco, biotinilados. Análises por espectrometria de massas revelaram enriquecimento de proteínas nucleares, contendo domínios de ligação a RNA, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à regulação e processamento de pré-RNAm, sobretudo o splicing / Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1) comprises 17 exons. Its primary transcript is subject to alternative splicing, allowing for the possibility of exon 12 inclusion or skipping, among other events. The product of FMR1 gene expression, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), has important roles in the central nervous system, acting as a translational repressor in dendritic spines, thus controlling the synthesis of proteins involved in synaptic function. FMRP has two central KH domains. One of them (KH-2) is responsible for its interaction with polysomes. The KH-2 domain is encoded by FMR1 exons 9 to 13. It contains the longest variable loop ever observed among human KH-containing proteins, which is encoded by FMR1 exons 11 and 12. Exon-12 inclusion in FMR1 mRNA causes an in-frame extension of FMRP KH-2 domain variable loop. These isoforms appear significantly expressed in cortico-cerebral and cerebellar neurons of the rat in the first month after birth. We have previously identified short sequences within FMR1 intron 12 that may potentially act as splicing enhancers. Our study is based on the hypothesis that those sequences when transcribed should bind to nuclear protein factors that may function as FMR1 exon 12 pre-mRNA splicing regulators. To initiate an experimental approach to test that hypothesis, we conducted affinity precipitation assays with rat cerebral cortex nuclear extracts and biotinylated transcripts. Mass spectrometry analyses disclosed proteins that have been described to be enriched in the cell nucleus, contain RNA-binding domains, and be functionally related to pre-mRNA processing, notably splicing

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo parasita protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, afeta milhões de pessoas, a maioria delas vivendo na América latina. Apesar dos avanços da medicina e da biotecnologia, ainda existem poucas opções de tratamento para indivíduos com a doença. Assim, é importante compreendermos os detalhes moleculares da infecção parasitária, para que novas alternativas terapêuticas e de diagnóstico possam ser desenvolvidas para esses pacientes. Neste trabalho estudamos esta doença em duas frentes, uma do ponto de vista do parasita, e a outra, da resposta do hospedeiro. Utilizando bioinformática, identifcamos um peptídeo conservado (denominado TS9) presente nas proteínas de superfície gp85/transsialidases do parasita. Este peptídeo é capaz de promover adesão celular e, na sua forma sintética, inibe a entrada do T. cruzi na célula hospedeira. Análise da estrutura proteica revelou que o peptídeo TS9 encontra-se num domínio do tipo laminina-G, lado-a-lado com o peptídeo FLY, outro peptídeo conservado desta grande família, previamente descrito pelo nosso grupo. Juntos, eles formam um sítio de adesão a citoqueratinas e proteínas de flamento intermediário. Na segunda parte, investigamos os antígenos e epítopos reconhecidos pelas imunoglobulinas de pacientes portadores da doença nas suas diferentes formas clínicas: assintomática e cardiomiopatias, leve ou grave. Criamos uma biblioteca de phage display contendo, virtualmente, todos os fragmentos proteicos existentes no T. cruzi, que foi varrida contra imunoglobulinas para a construção de um mapa da resposta humoral dos pacientes com a doença de Chagas. Nossos resultados mostram que a resposta dos pacientes é complexa, e mais de dois mil epítopos foram mapeados. Muitos deles, como os antígenos B13, SAPA e FRA já foram previamente descritos, validando nosso método. Porém, um grande número de novos epítopos, inclusive contra proteína descritas como hipotéticas ou sem função conhecida, também foram encontrados. Seus papéis na infecção e resposta imune da doença merecem, portanto, atenção. Em resumo, as abordagens e técnicas utilizadas nesta tese são inovadoras, e permitiram a identifcação de peptídeos e moléculas que poderão ser úteis para o desenvolvimento de novos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos para a doença de Chagas. / Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, afects millions of people, most of them living in Latin America. Despite advances in medicine and biotechnology, there are still few treatment options for individuals with the disease. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular details of the parasitic infection, so that new therapeutic and diagnostic alternatives can be developed for these patients. In this work, we study this disease in two fronts, one from the point of view of the parasite, and the other, of the response of the host. Using bioinformatics, we identifed a conserved peptide (called TS9) present in the surface proteins gp85 / trans-sialidases of the parasite. This peptide is capable of promoting cell adhesion and, in its synthetic form, inhibits the entry of T. cruzi into the host cell. Analysis of the protein structure revealed that the TS9 peptide is in a laminin-G-like domain, side-by-side with the peptide FLY, another conserved peptide of this large family, previously described by our group. Together, they form an adhesion site to cytokeratins and intermediate flament proteins. In the second part, we investigated the antigens and epitopes recognized by the immunoglobulins of patients with the disease in their diferent clinical forms: asymptomatic and cardiomyopathies, mild or severe. We created a phage display library containing virtually all existing protein fragments in T. cruzi. This library was screened against immunoglobulins for the construction of a humoral response map of patients with Chagas disease. Our results show that the response of the patients is complex, and more than 2,000 epitopes have been mapped. Many of them, such as the B13, SAPA and FRA antigens have been previously described, validating our method. However, a large number of new epitopes, including many against proteins described as hypothetical or with no known function, were also found. Their roles in infection and immune response of the disease deserve, therefore, attention. In summary, the approaches and techniques used in this thesis are innovative and have allowed the identifcation of new peptides and molecules that may be useful for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods for Chagas disease.

This essay examines how trans people experience Swedish public libraries, as well as how the library can be an integral part of their trans identity work. The data sample was collected through semi-structured phenomenological interviews with five trans and non-binary library users. The analysis of the interview data was done using the method of thematic analysis (TA), following an inductive approach. The theoretical framework focuses on five different, but connecting, concepts. Mainly, theories about intersectionality; whiteness; the heterosexual matrix; orientation; and categorization. The results of this study show that trans people use and experience the library in a myriad of different ways. It is clear, however, that all the informants look to libraries to provide them with material that they can see themselves represented in, to get a sense of validation for their gender identity. Even though the library provides this in some ways, other aspects connected to libraries function to hinder trans people in their identity work. There are several ways that libraries can improve on their services toward trans patrons, and one of these are to better facilitate meetings between different trans people through more activities catering towards this group. In short, libraries need to be mindful about this specific group both when it comes to the services they offer, as well as the physical layout of the library space. These are all aspects which affect and influence trans people and their ability to construct and express their gender identity. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur transpersoner upplever Svenska folkbibliotek, och dessutom hur biblioteken kan fungera som en viktig faktor i deras identitetsarbete. Dataansatsen samlades in via semi-strukturerade fenomenologiska intervjuer med fem trans- och icke-binära biblioteksanvändare. Analysen denna intervjudata gjordes med hjälp av metoden tematisk analys (TA), utifrån en induktiv ansats. Det teoretiska ramverket fokuserar på fem olika, men integrerade, koncept. Detta baserat på teorier kring intersektionalitet; vithet; den heterosexuella matrisen; orientering; och kategorisering.  Resultatet av denna studie visar att transpersoner använder och upplever bibliotek på en rad olika sätt. Det framgår dock tydligt att informanterna alla ser till biblioteken för att erhålla material de kan se sig själva representerade i för att få en känsla av erkännande av deras genusidentitet. Även om biblioteken lyckas erbjuda detta i vissa fall lyckas andra apsekter av biblioteken fungera för att hindra dem i deras identitetsarbete som transpersoner. Det finns flera sätt som biblioteken kan förbättra deras tjänster gentemot sina användare som är trans, ett av sätten vilket relaterar till att arbeta mer mot att skapa mötesrum för transpersoner genom att erbjuda mer aktiviteter som riktar sig mot denna grupp. I korthet kan man säga att bibliotek måste vara medvetna kring hur de vänder sig mot den här användargruppen, både när det kommer till vilka tjänster de erbjuder samt hur biblioteket som fysisk plats utformas. Dessa är alla aspekter som påverkar och har en inverkan på transpersoners möjlighet att konstruera och uttrycka sin genusidentitet.

Kryptografie je velmi důležitým aspektem našeho každodenního života, protože poskytuje teoretický základ informační bezpečnosti. Kvantové výpočty a informace se také stávají velmi důležitou oblastí vědy kvůli mnoha aplikačním oblastem včetně kryptologie a konkrétněji v kryptografii veřejných klíčů. Obtížnost čísel do hlavních faktorů je základem některých důležitých veřejných kryptosystémů, jejichž klíčem je kryptosystém RSA . Shorův kvantový faktoringový al-goritmus využívá zejména kvantový interferenční účinek kvantového výpočtu k faktorovým semi-prime číslům v polynomiálním čase na kvantovém počítači. Ačkoli kapacita současných kvantových počítačů vykonávat Shorův algoritmus je velmi omezená, existuje mnoho rozsáhlých základních vědeckých výzkumů o různých technikách optimalizace algoritmu, pokud jde o faktory, jako je počet qubitů, hloubka obvodu a počet bran. v této práci jsou diskutovány, analyzovány a porovnávány různé varianty Shorova factoringového algoritmu a kvantových obvodů. Některé varianty Shorova algoritmu jsou také simulované a skutečně prováděné na simulátorech a kvantových počítačích na platformě IBM QuantumExperience. Výsledky simulace jsou porovnávány z hlediska jejich složitosti a míry úspěšnosti. Organizace práce je následující: Kapitola 1 pojednává o některých klíčových historických výsledcích kvantové kryptografie, uvádí problém diskutovaný v této práci a představuje cíle, kterých má být dosaženo. Kapitola 2 shrnuje matematické základy kvantového výpočtu a kryptografie veřejných klíčů a popisuje notaci použitou v celé práci. To také vysvětluje, jak lze k rozbití kryptosystému RSA použít realizovatelný algoritmus pro vyhledávání objednávek nebo factoring. Kapitola 3 představuje stavební kameny Shorova algoritmu, včetně kvantové Fourierovy transformace, kvantového odhadu fází, modulární exponentiace a Shorova algoritmu. Zde jsou také uvedeny a porovnány různé varianty optimalizace kvantových obvodů. Kapitola 4 představuje výsledky simulací různých verzí Shorova algoritmu. V kapitole 5 pojednejte o dosažení cílů disertační práce, shrňte výsledky výzkumu a nastíňte budoucí směry výzkumu.

La peau est un organe se trouvant à l’interface de notre organisme et de notre environnement. Ellesubit un vieillissement qui se traduit par des modifications affectant ses différentes couches. Parmi celles-cile derme est particulièrement affecté. Les fibroblastes, présents dans le derme, synthétisent des moléculesde la matrice extracellulaire ainsi que des enzymes de dégradation. Lors du vieillissement, cette sécrétionest modifiée favorisant ainsi la sécrétion d’enzymes et la dégradation du derme. L’un des objectifs de ces travaux de thèse est d’évaluer les modifications ayant lieu chez les fibroblastes lors du vieillissement. Pour cela, trois modèles de vieillissement de fibroblastes primaires dermiques humains ont été développés et caractérisés. Une étude transcriptomique a été réalisée par PCR quantitative en temps réel et a permis de mettre en évidence des différences d’expression de gènes codant pour des composants du derme. Dans le but de développer des actifs cosmétiques à visée « anti-âge », des extraits riches en polysaccharides ont été réalisés à partir de plantes et de microorganismes, puis leur efficacité a été évaluée sur des modèles de peaux humaines. L’appareil de Golgi est un organite jouant un rôle majeur dans la modification post-traductionnelle et la sécrétion. La modification structurale de celui-ci lors du vieillissement a été évaluée sur les modèles de fibroblastes en utilisant des techniques de microcopie optique et électronique. Les résultats montrent une altération de la morphologie du réseau trans-golgien chez les fibroblastes sénescents, l’un des modèles développés au cours de ces travaux. Chez ces cellules, le TGN présente une morphologie particulière qui s’étend dans le cytoplasme. Ainsi, lors de la sénescence, nous avons pu révéler par le biais d’une étude transcriptomique que l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la structure et la fonctionnalité de l’appareil de Golgi étaient modifiée. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs biologiques innovants pour le criblage d’actifs dermo-cosmétiques à visée «anti-âge». / Skin is an important organ of the human body representing a protective structure in direct contactwith the external environment. During aging, skin undergoes dramatic changes including alteration ofdermal cells and components. Among these, fibroblasts synthetize and secrete a large variety ofcomponents and degrading enzymes involved in the modulation of dermal structure and functions. It isestablished that modification of the secreted components and enzymes during aging is related to dermisdegradation. This work aims to characterize aging-related alteration in fibroblasts. For this purpose, three aged human dermal primary fibroblast models have been developed. A transcriptomic study, using real-time quantitative PCR, has also been undertaken and has shown modifications in the expression of genesencoding dermal proteins. Using these results and in order to develop “anti-aging” cosmetic ingredients, extracts from polysaccharides-rich plant and microbial cells have been prepared and their efficiency evaluated on skin explants.As the Golgi apparatus is a major organelle of the secretory pathway, its structural organization has been investigated in fibroblasts using microscopy. The data show a marked alteration of trans-Golgi network morphology in aged cells. In contrast to its small and compact structure in young cells, the trans-Golgi network displays a large and expanded configuration in senescent cells. In addition, a transcriptomic analysis reveals that the expression of some genes, related to Golgi shape and/or function, is significantly modified in senescent cells. These genes could be then, used as innovating targets for the screening of novel dermo-cosmetic products with anti-aging activity.

Adaptation of host receptor system to optimal detection of infection-related structures is one of the key evolutionary challenges of immunity in host-pathogen interactions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are genetically variable molecules of vertebrate innate immunity that recognise danger signals, e.g. pathogenic molecules. Examination of genetic variation in TLRs may reveal mechanisms of host immunity adaptation to pathogenic pressure at molecular level. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is a phenomenon which assumes that several identical alleles or allelic lineages are inherited from ascendant to descendant species and these may be subsequently maintained over a long period of time in a polymorphic state. Whereas in adaptive immune genes the concept of TSP is well understood, little is presently known about TSP in innate immune genes such as TLRs. In this thesis I describe genetic polymorphism in functionally-relevant regions of TLR4 and TLR5 in 192 individuals representing 20 species Paridae family (tits, chickadees and titmice). These two receptors bind mainly bacterial ligands (TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide and TLR5 detects flagellin), being among the first ones to trigger immune response to bacterial pathogens. To differentiate presumed TSP from gene flow among species, intron sequences of six...

This diploma thesis deals with experiences and ideas of parenting trans*'s persons in the context of their identity. I primarily follow feminist theories and constructivist paradigm, where the research being realized through semi-structured interviews. In the theoretical part I define the basic terms and concepts on which my work is based. I focus on the conceptualization of trans* identities, on the concept of transsexuality in the Czech medical and socio-legal discourse, as well as on their limits in terms of gender perspective. Furthermore, I present the partnership and sexual relations of trans* persons, which then lead me to parenthood itself in the context of trans * identities. Finally, I deal with the coming-out process, especially with a focus on offspring. Within the analytical part I am interested in the attitude of trans* people to prevent reproductive function as the legal condition of gender transition, what reproductive ways and ways of parenting they choose, what obstacles they encounter in the context of parenthood and how they perform their parental role. Key words: gender, trans* identity, heteronormativity, coming out, homophobia, transphobia, limits of identity, parenting, parenting role, kids

The major sorting station of biosynthetic material destined for the cell surface or secretion is the trans Golgi Network, TGN. This organelle sorts proteins and lipids into vesicular transport carriers that are targeted via different pathways to distinct membrane compartments of the cell. The molecular principles that operate in cargo sorting at the TGN are still not very well understood. Especially, we know very little about the sorting of lipids. It was postulated that a sorting mechanism based on clustering of lipid rafts, dynamic membrane domains enriched in sphingolipids and sterols, could be an important part of the picture. My thesis study dealt with the elucidation of the molecular sorting principles at the TGN and their exploitation for cell surface polarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To this end, we conducted a genome wide screen that identified yeast mutants defective in cell surface delivery of the model cargo protein FusMid-GFP. The most striking result of this screen was that mutant strains with defects in ergosterol (the major yeast sterol) and sphingolipid biosynthesis lost sorting competence. To elucidate a direct role for sphingolipids and ergosterol in cargo sorting and secretion we sought to characterize the lipid composition of secretory vesicles. Hence, we established a vesicle purification protocol based on an immunoisolation strategy. Additionally, in collaboration with the group of A. Shevchenko, we developed a mass spectrometry methodology that allows the comprehensive and quantitative lipid analysis of subcellular organelles. Preliminary results corroborate our genetic evidence. The data show that the vesicles are enriched in sphingolipids and decreased in phosphatidylcholine indicating a role for raft clustering in cargo sorting at the TGN. The studies of cell polarity during yeast mating also unraveled a role for raft clustering. We could identify that the lipid bilayer at the tip of the mating projection was more ordered than at the plasma membrane enclosing the cell body and that this was dependent on sphingolipid synthesis. The results of my thesis suggest that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae fundamental cell biological processes such as cargo sorting and vesicle formation at the TGN as well as cell surface polarity during mating employ raft clustering mechanisms.

Diskriminering mot transpersoner är ett omfattande problem på arbetsmarknaden. Samtliga forskningsresultat påvisar att transpersoner utsätts för olika diskriminerande handlingar på deras arbetsplatser. Den brist som framträder i den svenska forskningen om arbetsmarknadsdiskriminering är att den inte utforskar hur arbetsplatsens kontext formar diskrimineringen. Studiens syfte blir därför att generera kunskap om hur arbetsplatsen påverkar transpersonernas erfarenheter av diskriminering, samt vilka konsekvenser som genereras kopplat till formen av diskriminering. Den teori som används i studien för att förklara arbetsplatsens betydelse för hur diskrimineringen utformas är Anthony Giddens struktureringsteori. Giddens struktureringsteori är en teori som används för att förklara hur kontexten påverkar utformningen av dess sociala system. Den datainsamlingsmetod som tillämpas för att undersöka studiens syfte är nio semistrukturerade intervjuer och dataanalysmetoden utgår ifrån en modell inspirerad av Grounded Theory. Studiens empiri påvisar att intervjupersonerna har erfarenheter av direkt diskriminering, indirekt diskriminering och trakasserier på sina arbetsplatser. De konsekvenser diskrimineringen medför är framförallt psykiskt lidande, emotionella svårigheter, bristande tillgång till arbetsmarknaden och sämre ekonomi. Slutsatsen härleder diskrimineringen till arbetsplatskontexter karaktäriserade av (1) manligt kodade normer, (2) mindre storlek, (3) mer homogen arbetsgrupp och (4) låg utbildningsnivå hos personalen. En arbetsplatskontext karaktäriserade av dessa fyra koder är således mindre transvänliga. / Discrimination against transgender people is a widespread problem in the labour market. All research results shows that transgender people are exposed to various discriminatory acts in their workplaces. The shortcoming that emerges in Swedish research regarding discrimination in the labour is that it does not explore how the context of the workplace shapes the acts of discrimination. The purpose of this study is therefore to generate knowledge about how the context of the workplace affects the trans people's experiences of discrimination, and what consequences that are generated because of the discrimination. The theory used in this study are Anthony Giddens Theory of structures. Gidden's structuring theory is a theory used to explain the context's influence on the constructions of social systems. The method used to investigate the purpose of this study is nine individual semi-structured interviews and the method for analysis is based on a model inspired by Grounded Theory. The study's empirical evidence shows that transgender people have experiences of direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, and harassment in the workplace. The consequences of being exposed to discrimination are mental and emotional fatigue, as well as financial vulnerability. The conclusion derives the discrimination is constructed the context of the workplace characterized by (1) male-coded norms, (2) smaller size, (3) small diversity and (4) low level of education. A workplace context characterized by these four codes is thus less trans-friendly.