This thesis focuses on the domestic use of plant-based medicines within Early Modern English and Colonial American households, and establishes the defining framework of a domestic botanical culture. It reconstructs the relationship between domestic, popular, and learned medical cultures to reveal the breadth of that practice, demonstrating the unique characteristics of the domestic culture which are underpinned by a shared canon of herbs and a high degree of flexible adaptability by individual practitioners. The botanicals (medicinal plants and the remedies made from them) are themselves analysed through the genres of household receipt book manuscripts, private letters, and journals, as well as almanacs, vernacular medical books, travel writing and settler texts in order to explore more fully and expand our understanding of the domestic culture within a broad social setting. Oral, scribal, and print networks are reconstructed in order to demonstrate that domestic medical practitioners shared a distinctive and influential medical construct, commonly portrayed by current scholarship as a mere reflection of popular and learned practices. Close engagement with both Early Modern English and Colonial women’s receipt books in particular reveals a commonality of practice based upon a shared materia medica which was sensitive and responsive to individual adaptation. Old and new world herbs are examined as a means of providing ingress into this shared and communal domestic practice, as well as to highlight the prevalence and importance of household individualization. The clear commonality of plants in trans-Atlantic domestic use demonstrates a continuous, shared, inherited practice which ends only with eighteenth-century Colonial inclusion of indigenous plants not found in the shared canon. Contemporary views of Early Modern and Colonial domestic medical practice are explored in order to argue that far from simply reflecting learned medical thinking and practice, domestic knowledge and use of botanical medicines was uniquely practical, communal, and flexible in its administration and expression.

The overall aim was to study transgender persons’ experiences of, and reactions upon, attitudes and social norms in relation to their gender identity. Another question that was relevant to answer was how transgender persons are affected by the hetero norm. The method used to collect data was through questionnaires published on the internet. The only requirement to participate was to be a transgender over 18 years old, and when the survey closed, 35 respondents had answered it. The questionnaire consisted of both quantitative and qualitative questions. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results indicate that transgender persons living conditions are largely affected by norms, and that they encounter a considerable amount of negative attitudes due to their gender identity. To "pass" as either man or woman turned out to be something that made it easier for transgender people to evade negative attitudes. One hope is that this study can provide knowledge to different instances in the community to open up to be more open to critical thinking around norms. The conclusion was that persons with a transgender identity are affected by societal norms and by heteronormativity. It takes a lot of courage to be able to be one self but everything boils down to how strong a person are and the availability of support and role models in the surrounding society. / Studiens övergripande syfte var att studera transpersoners erfarenheter av, och reaktionerpå, omgivningens attityder samt samhällets normer i relation till deras könsidentitet. Ytterligare en fråga som var relevant att besvara var hur deras liv påverkas av heteronormen. Forskning kring transpersoner och hur de påverkas av normer och det omgivande samhället är relativt begränsat vilket var en av anledningarna till valet av ämne. Data samlades in genom enkäter publicerade på webben där 35 respondenter svarade. Kriterierna för att delta var att man var transperson och över 18 år. Svaren som kom in var från transpersoner spridda i Sverige. Enkäten bestod av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa frågor. Majoriteten av frågorna hade hämtats från Folkhälsomyndighetens frågeformulärriktat till transpersoner. Insamlat material har analyserats med hjälp av beskrivande statistik samt innehållsanalys. Resultatet tyder på att transpersoners livsvillkor i stor utsträckning påverkas av normer samt att de får utstå en hel del negativt bemötande på grund av sin könsidentitet. Att ”passera” som antingen man eller kvinna visade sigvara något som gör det enklare för transpersoner att undvika negativt bemötande. Kränkande behandling kom vanligast från främlingar och personer på internet. Negativt bemötande var något som respondenterna var vana vid och många berättade om händelser i vården där de blivit negativt bemötta av personalen. En förhoppning är att detta arbete kan bidra till att sprida kunskap till människor inom olika instanser i samhället för att öppna upp för ett mer normkritiskt perspektiv. Slutsatsen blev att transpersoner i stor utsträckning påverkas av normer och av det omgivande samhället. Dock beror mycket på hur stark man är som person, vilka förebilder som finns och hur mycket stöd man får från omgivningen.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis examines queer feminine representation in the movie Stonewall (2015). One aim has been to analyse if and how the queer feminine characters have been constructed in a negative way based on hegemonic ideas about queer femininity. Another aim has been to analyse if and how the queer feminine characters can be recognized in a way that is subversive in relation to these hegemonic ideas. The material consists of the fictional movie Stonewall (2015), produced by Roland Emmerich, which is inspired by ”the Stonewall riots”. The Stonewall riots was a series of violent demonstrations carried out by queer people against the police that broke out on June 28th 1969 in New York City. Stonewall Inn was the name of the bar where the riots started, hence the name ”Stonewall”. My theoretical perspectives is based on theories about cultural dominance and deconstruction. My methodology consists of two different readings of the movie in line with the thesis’ two aims. The first reading shows that the queer feminine characters are represented in different negative ways in the movie based on hegemonic ideas of queer femininity. One example is how the older queer feminine characters are portrayed as sexual offenders and how their ”non-passing” femininity is made visible in different ways. Other findings in the thesis show how a deconstructive reading enables a different interpretation of the queer feminine representation. One finding shows how the queer feminine identity is used for provocation as a political strategy that turn a vulnerable position into a subversive position. Another finding shows how dreaming enable a space were the queer feminine characters can express themselves in a more freer way. My conclusions are that a deconstructive perspective enabled both a critique and a transformation of the hegemonic structures in my material. Because of lack of previous research on the historical construction of the Stonewall riots my thesis fill a knowledge gap. The thesis has relevance for gender studies as a field since it examines how norms of gender affect the writing of queer history.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Das Präfix "trans-" ist aus dem Lateinischen hergeleitet und bedeutet "jenseits". Bezogen auf Geschlecht deutet trans* auf Lebensweisen hin, die nicht in einer (vermeintlich natürlichen und angeborenen) Zweigeschlechtlichkeit aufgehen. Transgeschlechtlichkeit wurde in aktivistischen Zusammenhängen in Abgrenzung zu der medizinisch-psychologisch geprägten Kategorie Transsexualität entwickelt. Seit den späten 1960er Jahren eröffnete sich, vor dem Hintergrund ethnomethodologischer Theoriebildung, ein Feld der sozialwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung transgeschlechtlicher Lebensweisen. Im Gegenzug dazu perspektivieren die Queer- und Gender Studies Transgeschlechtlichkeit in den 1990er Jahren neu.

Das Präfix "trans-" ist aus dem Lateinischen hergeleitet und bedeutet "jenseits". Bezogen auf Geschlecht deutet trans* auf Lebensweisen hin, die nicht in einer (vermeintlich natürlichen und angeborenen) Zweigeschlechtlichkeit aufgehen. Transgeschlechtlichkeit wurde in aktivistischen Zusammenhängen in Abgrenzung zu der medizinisch-psychologisch geprägten Kategorie Transsexualität entwickelt. Seit den späten 1960er Jahren eröffnete sich, vor dem Hintergrund ethnomethodologischer Theoriebildung, ein Feld der sozialwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung transgeschlechtlicher Lebensweisen. Im Gegenzug dazu perspektivieren die Queer- und Gender Studies Transgeschlechtlichkeit in den 1990er Jahren neu.

Ce mémoire présente trois approches différentes vers la synthèse du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, un intermédiaire synthétique de la hormaomycine. Cette molécule naturelle démontre d’intéressantes activités biologiques et pharmacologiques. Il est intéressant de souligner que ce dérivé donne facilement accès au 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, unité centrale de la bélactosine A. Ce composé naturel possédant lui aussi d’intéressantes propriétés biologiques, plusieurs études relationnelles structures-activités menant à des dérivés plus actifs de cette molécule ont été entreprises, démontrant l’intérêt toujours présent de synthétiser de façon efficace et optimale ces dérivés cyclopropaniques. Une méthodologie développée au sein de notre groupe de recherche et basée sur une réaction de cyclopropanation intramoléculaire diastéréosélective sera mise à profit afin d’élaborer une nouvelle voie de synthèse aussi élégante qu’efficace à la construction du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl) alanine. En utilisant un carbène de rhodium généré soit par la dégradation d’un dérivé diazoïque, soit par la formation d’un réactif de type ylure d’iodonium, une réaction de cyclopropanation diastéréosélective permettra la formation de deux autres centres contigus et ce, sans même utiliser d’auxiliaire ou de catalyseur énantioenrichis. Ensuite, un réarrangement intramoléculaire précédant deux réactions synchronisées d’ouverture de cycle et de décarboxylation permettront l’obtention du composé d’intérêt avec un rendement global convenable et en relativement peu d’étapes. De cette manière, la synthèse formelle de la bélactosine A et de l’hormaomycine a été effectuée. Cette synthèse se démarque des autres par l’utilisation d’une seule transformation catalytique énantiosélective. / This master’s thesis presents three different approaches toward the synthesis of 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, a key constituent of the natural product hormaomycin. This unusual compound demonstrates interesting biological and pharmaceutical activity. It is noteworthy that this unique amino acid can be readily converted to the corresponding 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, the central core of belactosin A, a natural compound exhibiting interesting biological properties. Efficient syntheses of these aminocyclopropane derivatives are of current interest since several structure-activity relationships in syntheses of belactosin A and hormaomycin analogues are currently under study in an effort to discover enhanced biological activity. A methodology developed in our research group based on a diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction will be used to elaborate a unique and elegant pathway to the synthesis of the 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine. By using a rhodium carbene generated either by the degradation of a diazoic derivative or by the formation of the corresponding iodonium ylide, a diastereoselective cyclopropanation reaction can be applied in the concerted elaboration of two chiral centers needed in the desired aminocyclopropanes, avoiding in this way the utilisation of chiral reagents. Following this key sequence, an intramolecular rearrangement followed by synchronous ring–opening/decarboxylation reactions will permit a convenient formation of the desired product in an acceptable overall yield and in few ensuing steps. In this manner, the formal synthesis of the hormaomycin and the belactosin A can be achieved. This synthesis is unique since it involves only one asymmetric step in the whole synthetic process.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.