In this thesis, medieval free translation is explored as a text-producing practice as it appears in Alexanders saga, a 13th century Old Norse translation of the medieval Latin epic Alexandreis. The practice is investigated through analyses of (1) the rendering of the source text and (2) the translator’s role in making the target text. The rendering is analyzed through a systematic comparison between source and target text using a method of analysis based on systemic functional linguistics (SFL). Contrary to what was assumed previously, the rendering pro­ves to be consistent in the text, but a surprising result is that the rendering in chapters 2–4 and in chapters 1 and 6–10 respectively represent two significantly dif­ferent patterns, the former being closer to the source text than the latter, pre­sumably due to two different translators. The investigation further confirms an observation in previous research on Old Norse free translation that the rendering of parts in direct speech are closer to the source than that of narrative and descriptive discourse. The rendering is closest where the translator indicates that he is quoting the author of the source text. These patterns are found in both groups of chapters, and as they are confirmed in other Old Norse translations, they might be interpreted as a translation norm. The conceptions of translation are further investigated by examining what kind of text-producing role the translator assumes. It is claimed that, despite the freedom in free ren­dering, the translator assumes the role of intermediary between the source text and the receivers of the target text rather than the role of independent text pro­ducer. From an analysis of the translator’s metatextual additions, it seems as though this is also what the translator assumes the receivers of the text expect him to do. The results indicate the presence of certain conceptions of how translation was to be carried out in West Nordic society. The ”free” translation strategies did not mean freedom from or obliviousness to translation norms, but rather re­late to a specific text-producing practice.

The dominant part of the research on the “Yûgao” (The Twilight Beauty) story of the Japanese eleventh-century classic the Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji) is philological and often excludes a general literary analysis. This story has also been related to Japanese and Chinese literary influences, thereby placing the text in its literary context. The present study is an attempt to relate it more to theories to which it has hitherto been unrelated and thereby formulate a descriptive stylistics in a decontextual perspective. This aim also includes a look at how the theories confronted with the “Yûgao” story may be affected. First I introduce the problematics of context versus decontext by means of a survey of metapoetical texts about the monogatari (tale, narrative) genre with special regard to the Genji Monogatari. Next I analyze the characters and the setting, primarily using a narratological method. This is followed by an analysis of the story’s themes and motives. Chapter 5 looks at compositional elements, while the starting-point for the succeeding chapter is the interpretation of the “Yûgao” story as more or less a fairytale, and thus not as advanced  a narrative as the latter part of the work. I shall, in contrast, argue that there are quite a few aspects of this story that do not fit into the model of the folktale. In Chapter 7 decontextualization as a concept turns from the story as such to address another concept, namely metaphor. Here the meaning of metaphor is expanded in order to include concepts that are not necessarily seen as such. Subsequently, I investigate the symbolic system surrounding the moonflower (yûgao) image. Lastly, the concept of decontext is taken a step further to survey how the genre of the Genji Monogatari has been transformed in the process of translation into the Tale of Genji. The main conclusion is that the “Yûgao” story combines tragic themes with comic motifs to build a symbolic narrative with characters hovering between roles.

The present study addresses, in a comparative Swedish-French perspective, the derived adverb and its modification by a following adjective. From a translational point of view, the structure derived adverb + adjective is interesting, since its translation into French is reputed to generate problems. In this study, a linguistic approach is adopted to these translation problems. For the investigation, a corpus of 510 Swedish tokens representing the structure derived adverb + adjective, and their respective translations into French, was compiled. The tokens originate from 22 contemporary Swedish novels. The number of translators represented in the corpus amount to 14. The tokens were classified into two major groups: intensifying adverb + adjective and qualitative adverb + adjective. The former group was further divided into subcategories according to the semantic nature of the adjective from which the adverb is derived. The main objectives of the study are (1) to investigate the solutions adopted by the translators when rendering the construction derived adverb + adjective in French, (2) to analyse the factors − those inherent to the language and those situated on the contextual level − involved in the cases where the original structure is not maintained in the French translations, (3) to show that the solutions adopted by the translators differ according to which semantic category the adverb belongs to − the intensifying group or the qualitative group. Furthermore, the difficulties of making a clear division between intensifying adverbs and qualitative adverbs placed before the adjective are discussed at some length. The results show that when the adverbial element is intensifying, the same structure is more often maintained in the French translations than in those cases where the adjective is modified by a qualitative adverb. The study also demonstrates the great variety of factors involved in the cases where the structure derived adverb + adjective is not maintained in the French translations. These cases may be due to the fact that the equivalent of the Swedish phrase in question would form a non-established unit in French, to the lack of an equivalent adverb in French, to the tendency of the French language to favour nominal constructions, or to individual preferences of the translator.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Emiliana Fernandes Bonalumi / Banca: Adriane Orenha Ottaiano / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a tradução de vocábulos considerados recorrentes e preferenciais na obra As mulheres de Tijucopapo, de Marilene Felinto, bem como observar possíveis tendências de normalização por parte da tradutora Irene Matthews na tradução para o inglês: The women of Tijucopapo. Esta pesquisa é parte de um projeto maior, o PETra - Padrões de Estilo de Tradutores, coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. A metodologia situa-se no campo dos estudos da tradução baseados em corpus (proposta de Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004; estudos sobre normalização de Scott, 1998; e pesquisas de Camargo, 2005, 2007), e no da linguística de corpus (estudos de Berber Sardinha, 2003, 2004); também se apoia na fortuna crítica da autora (trabalhos de Araújo, 2006; Bailey, 2010; Fiorucci, 2009; Gonçalves, 2001; Jacomel, 2008; Santos, 2005; Schmidt, 2009; Vieira, 2001; Wanderley, 2009 e Xavier, 2003). A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma combinação de análises semimanuais e de análises computadorizadas. Inicialmente, utilizamos o programa WordSmith Tools para obter a frequência das palavras na obra de Felinto. Em seguida, utilizamos a ferramenta KeyWords para identificar quais seriam as palavras-chave presentes no romance. Após esse levantamento, recorremos à fortuna crítica de Felinto e definimos cinco vocábulos considerados preferenciais da autora:"homem", "mulheres", "chuva", "amor" e "égua". Com base em Scott (1998), examinamos a tradução dos cinco vocábulos em relação a nove características de normalização. Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa mostram que a tradutora Irene Matthews tende a usar estratégias que podem ser identificadas como características de normalização / Abstract: This thesis aims at analyzing the translation of words considered recurring and preferred in the novel As mulheres de Tijucopapo, by Marilene Felinto, as well as observing possible tendencies of normalization by the translator Irene Matthews in the translation to English: The women of Tijucopapo. This research is part of a bigger project, the PETra (Padrões de Estilo de Tradutores), coordinated by Doc. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. The methodology employed is that of corpus-based translation studies (proposed by Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004; Scott's study concerning normalization, 1998; and Camargo's research studies, 2005, 2007), and that of corpus linguistics (Berber Sardinha's study, 2003, 2004). We also base our study on Felinto's critical heritage (studies by Araújo, 2006; Bailey, 2010; Fiorucci, 2009; Gonçalves, 2001; Jacomel, 2008; Santos, 2005; Schmidt, 2009; Vieira, 2001; Wanderley, 2009, and Xavier, 2003). The research was carried out by means of a combination of semi- manual and computerized analyses. Initially, we used the computer software WordSmith Tools to obtain the frequency of the words in Felinto's book. Then, we went on to use the tool KeyWords to identify which would be the keywords in the author's novel. After collecting these data, we used Felinto's critical heritage in order to select five words that could be considered as recurring and preferred in Felinto's writing: 'homem' ('man‟), 'mulheres' ('women)', 'chuva' ('rain'), 'amor' ('love') and 'égua' ('mare'). Based on Scott (1998), we analyzed the translation of the five selected words in relation to nine normalization features. The results obtained in this study show that the translator Irene Matthews tends to use strategies that may be identified as features of normalization / Mestre

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

Comment adapter des technologies de la traduction, initialement conçues pour des traducteurs spécialisés professionnels, à des experts métier devant traduire pour leur entreprise ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons comparé les pratiques de ces deux types d'utilisateurs, à l’aide de questionnaires. Ensuite, nous avons constitué un corpus à partir de traductions d’experts métier et nous l’avons passé en revue pour renforcer l’analyse des différences. La différence la plus flagrante est l'utilisation de la traduction automatique (TA) ainsi que le contexte de production des traductions. La réalité du terrain montre en effet des textes source qui ne sont souvent pas exploitables par des machines ; nous proposons de travailler sur l'exploitabilité informatique des textes. En étudiant les technologies de TA actuelles, nous constatons qu'elles permettent soit une post-édition en langue cible après le processus de traduction, soit une pré-édition en langue source avant le processus de traduction. Nous suggérons de tirer profit de la situation inédite de rédacteur traduisant, pour utiliser l’expertise du rédacteur pendant le processus de traduction et de développer une fonctionnalité de TA permettant une édition en cours de processus. / How to adapt translation technologies, initially designed for professional translators, to domain experts who have to translate for their company?We address this issue by first comparing the practices of two groups of translators, professional and non-professional, with two surveys. Secondly, we built a corpus of translations done by domain experts and we studied it to reinforce the analysis. The most obvious difference are the use of machine translation (MT) and the production context. Actually, the reality in companies shows texts, in source language that often cannot be processed by machines; we propose to focus on text processability. By looking at current MT technologies, it appears that they can either post-edit the texts that are in target language, after the translation process or pre-edit the texts that are in source language, before the translation process. We propose to take advantage of the unprecedented situation of having the "writer" and the "translator" working together, to use the writer expertise during the translation process by creating a new MT feature that allow editing during the process.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo identificar e analisar questões pertinentes à tradução da literatura infantojuvenil no contexto sistêmico brasileiro com ênfase nas soluções encontradas pelos tradutores perante os desafios tradutórios enfrentados. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e nos pressupostos teóricos de Gideon Toury, André Lefevere e Lawrence Venuti, é feito um estudo de caso de duas traduções brasileiras do clássico infantojuvenil em inglês Mary Poppins de P. L. Travers, de 1934. O corpus envolve, além do texto fonte de Travers, as traduções de Donatello Grieco, de 1967 (Record), e de Joca Reiners Terron, de 2014 (Cosac Naify). Visando à análise macro e microestrutural, os seguintes elementos são investigados: capítulos e títulos; parágrafos, períodos, orações e pontuação; a linguagem (discurso informal e vocabulário); nomes próprios; o lúdico; questões de gênero; situações pedagógica ou moralmente (in)corretas; a imagem da personagem Mary Poppins; e as ilustrações. A hipótese considerada é a de que os tradutores fazem escolhas e adotam estratégias tradutórias conforme as restrições impostas pelas normas de escrita da literatura infantojuvenil nos respectivos contextos históricos. A fim de entender as exigências e normas desse gênero literário, são analisadas também algumas características específicas da literatura infantojuvenil e de sua tradução: o público duplo formado por leitores infantojuvenis e adultos, bem como os efeitos dessa assimetria de poder; a filiação aos sistemas sociocultural, literário e educacional, assim como as restrições e normas tradutórias decorrentes desse contexto; e, por fim, a posição sistêmica periférica e a possível manipulação textual resultante desse posicionamento. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to identify and analyze issues specifically related to the translation of children s literature within the Brazilian systemic context focusing on the solutions reached by translators when faced with certain translation difficulties. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theoretical assumptions of Gideon Toury, André Lefevere and Lawrence Venuti, a case study is conducted involving two Brazilian translations of the children s classic Mary Poppins written in English by P. L. Travers and published in 1934. In addition to Traver s source text, the corpus includes the translation into Brazilian Portuguese made by Donatello Grieco in 1967 (Record) and that of Joca Reiners Terron in 2014 (Cosac Naify). By means of a macro and microstructural analysis, the following items are investigated: chapters and titles; paragraphs, clauses and punctuation; language (informal discourse and vocabulary); proper names; sense of humor issues; gender situations; pedagogic and morally (in)correct aspects; the Mary Poppins character image; and illustrations. The hypothesis is that translators make choices and adopt strategies according to restrictions imposed by children s literary writing norms within historical contexts. In order to understand these requirements and norms, some of the characteristics of children s literature and of its translation are analyzed: the dual audience composed of children and adults, as well as the effects of this power asymmetry; the affiliation to sociocultural, literary and educational systems, as well as the resulting translation restrictions and norms; and, finally, the peripheral systemic position and the possible text manipulation deriving from this status.

Submitted by Tiago Pereira Rodrigues (tiago7.letras@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-25T00:21:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_rodrigues_t_me_arafcl.pdf: 1743860 bytes, checksum: dd5d3d44ee236f9d83c111ebe5043550 (MD5) / Rejected by Carolina Lourenco null (carolinalourenco@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Bom dia, Tiago, Para a aprovação no Repositório Institucional da UNESP serão necessárias algumas correções na sua dissertação. Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: *Remover as páginas em branco localizadas após a capa, folha de aprovação, epígrafe e lista de tabelas. A última p. do trabalho, que consta somente o nome da universidade, também deve ser excluída; *Numeração de páginas: de acordo com o Manual de Normalização da Biblioteca, todas as folhas pré-textuais do trabalho, a partir da p. de rosto, devem ser contadas sequencialmente, mas não numeradas. A ficha catalográfica não deve ser contada. A numeração deve figurar, a partir da primeira folha da parte textual, em algarismos arábicos, no canto superior direito da folha. Como a sua parte textual começa com uma Apresentação, você deve começar a numerar a partir dela. Portanto, após remover as folhas em branco, você deve numerar a Apresentação como p. 15. Lembrando também que quando o trabalho for digitado ou datilografado em anverso e verso, a numeração das páginas deve ser colocada no anverso da folha, no canto superior direito; e no verso, no canto superior esquerdo. *Adequar o sumário e listas de acordo com a nova numeração das páginas; *As margens devem ser: esquerda e superior de 3 cm e direita e inferior de 2 cm; *Ficha catalográfica: a entrada deve ser pelo último sobrenome: "Rodrigues, Tiago Pereira” e deve ser feita através do nosso sistema automático: http://www.fclar.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/servicos/formulario-de-ficha-catalografica/ *De acordo com as exigências da FAPESP, você deve colocar o número de financiamento, tanto do CNPq quanto da FAPESP, na p. de rosto, folha de aprovação e agradecimentos; Para maiores esclarecimentos, acesse as normas da biblioteca: http://fclar.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/normas-da-abnt/normalizacao/ ou procure as bibliotecárias da Seção de Referência (Elaine ou Camila): (16) 3334 6222. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-08-27T12:14:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tiago Pereira Rodrigues (tiago7.letras@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-09-03T08:41:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Uma análise das criações lexicais mais frequentes na tradução da série Harry Potter para o português brasileiro.pdf: 1792723 bytes, checksum: 551f7e2255c41b6b705113f3f731b7ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Priscila Carreira B Vicentini null (priscila@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-09-03T17:03:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_tp_me_arafcl.pdf: 1770741 bytes, checksum: b69dcfaabf6ce98df5538767b9e050a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T17:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_tp_me_arafcl.pdf: 1770741 bytes, checksum: b69dcfaabf6ce98df5538767b9e050a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta pesquisa lida com a morfologia, os sentidos e as simbologias de 35 criações lexicais mais frequentes na versão britânica da série Harry Potter e de seus correspondentes linguísticos pertencentes à versão brasileira. Nesse sentido, um dos objetivos da pesquisa foi identificar os processos de criação lexical mais recorrentes entre os vocábulos de ambas as versões. Outro objetivo foi verificar se os processos criativos dos vocábulos que não foram mantidos no texto de chegada influenciaram as escolhas morfológicas e lexicais da tradutora da série no Brasil, na criação de novas formas lexicais e no emprego de palavras já existentes em português em novos contextos ou com novos significados, no texto de chegada. Para tanto, foram descritos os processos criativos e os sentidos primários dos vocábulos em tela. A fim de facilitar a consulta das criações lexicais analisadas e de contextualizá-las, foi elaborado, também, um glossário bilíngue. Além disso, entre os dados obtidos, foram selecionados os vocábulos Dumbledore, Malfoy e Quirrell, que foram mantidos na tradução, com o intuito de realizar uma análise comparativa e detalhada acerca das relações simbólicas envolvendo os três vocábulos, nos textos de partida e de chegada. Em termos teórico-metodológicos, considerou-se a tradução como uma atividade interpretativa produtora de significados que nunca escapa da hierarquia de valores culturais da língua de chegada. Além disso, foram empregados os pressupostos da Linguística de Corpus e dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, bem como aqueles advindos de teorias de cunho lexical-morfológico que são relevantes para o entendimento e a descrição de fenômenos de criação lexical. Para a extração dos dados, foram utilizados um corpus paralelo contendo os textos de partida e de chegada da série, o software WorldSmith Tools (versão 6.0), obras lexicográficas e os corpora British National Corpus (World Version) e Lácio-Ref. No que concerne aos resultados, constatou-se que, entre as 35 criações lexicais mais frequentes no texto de partida, os processos criativos mais recorrentes são a composição por justaposição e a passagem de nome comum para nome próprio. Constatou-se, também, que entre essas criações, a maioria (19) foi mantida no texto traduzido. Quanto aos 16 vocábulos do texto de chegada que não são manutenções, identificou-se que os processos criativos mais recorrentes entre eles são a passagem de nome comum para nome próprio e outros processos que não foram encontrados na bibliografia consultada. Ao comparar esses 16 vocábulos com seus correspondentes no texto de partida, observou-se que tal comparação não permite verificar se as escolhas morfológicas e lexicais da tradutora foram influenciadas pelos processos criativos desses correspondentes. Os vocábulos mostraram que outros fatores podem ter influenciado essas escolhas, que são: sentidos do vocábulo de partida, o fato de o vocábulo de partida ser ou suscitar o étimo do vocábulo de chegada, estrutura do vocábulo de partida, determinada característica do referente, sistema da língua de chegada. Por meio das análises simbólicas dos vocábulos Dumbledore, Malfoy e Quirrell, verificou-se que o texto traduzido rompe redes simbólicas ao mesmo tempo em que mantém relações e sentidos, gera novos significados e novas relações e veicula traços culturais da língua de chegada. / This research deals with the morphology, the meanings and the symbologies of 35 most frequent lexical creations in the British version of the Harry Potter series and of their linguistic correspondents belonging to the Brazilian version. In this sense, one of the aims of the research was to identify the most recurrent lexical creation processes among the words in both versions. Another aim was to verify whether the creative processes of the words that were not maintained in the target text influenced the morphological and lexical choices of the translator of the series in Brazil, in the creation of new lexical forms and in the use of words already existing in Portuguese in new contexts or with new meanings, in the target text. For both aims, the creative processes and the primary meanings of the words in question were described. Also, to facilitate the consultation of the analysed lexical creations and to contextualise them, a bilingual glossary was elaborated. Furthermore, among the obtained data, the words Dumbledore, Malfoy and Quirrell, which were maintained in translation, were selected, in order to carry out a comparative and detailed analysis about the symbolic relations involving these three words, in the source and target texts. In theoretical and methodological terms, translation was considered as an interpretative activity that produces meanings and never escapes the hierarchy of cultural values existing in the target language. Furthermore, the presuppositions from Corpus Linguistics and Corpus-Based Translation Studies, as well as those from lexical and morphological theories that are relevant to understand and to describe lexical creation phenomena, were employed. To extract the data, a parallel corpus containing the source and target texts of the series, the software WordSmith Tools (version 6.0), lexicographical works and the corpora British National Corpus (World Version) and Lácio-Ref were used. In respect of the results, composition by juxtaposition and the change from common name to proper name were found to be the most recurrent creative processes among the 35 most frequent lexical creations in the source text. Also among these creations, most (19) was found to have been maintained in the translated text. Concerning the 16 words in the target text that correspond to the other 16 lexical creations belonging to the source text, it was identified that the most frequent creative processes among them are the change from common name to proper name and other processes that were not found in the consulted bibliography. When comparing these 16 words with their correspondents in the source text, it was observed that this comparison does not permit to verify whether the translator’s morphological and lexical choices were influenced by the creative processes of these correspondents. The words showed that other factors can have influenced these choices, namely: meanings of the source word, the fact that the source word is or arouses the etymon of the target word, structure of the source word, a certain characteristic of the referent, system of the target language. Through the symbolic analyses of the words Dumbledore, Malfoy and Quirrell, it was verified that the translated text breaks symbolic nets, whilst maintaining relations and meanings, generating new meanings and new relations and conveying cultural features of the target language. / CNPq: 132918/2016-1 / FAPESP: 2016/03328-5

La thèse étudie les traductions en grec moderne de deux œuvres du mouvement des Lumières françaises. Elle explore les Lumières néohelléniques et appréhende les principaux points de l’idéologie de ce mouvement en relation avec le contexte socioculturel et historique du monde grécophone, afin de présenter les facteurs qui donnent naissance à la « question de la langue » et d’établir les conditions qui influent sur l’art de la traduction et sur la langue utilisés à l’époque. Les relations idéologiques du mouvement des Lumières néohelléniques avec l’œuvre de Montesquieu et de Voltaire et leur réception sont également explorées. Il est question de l’art de la traduction en même temps que de la langue utilisée dans le monde grécophone au XIXe siècle, dans une approche méthodologique originale. L’étude contrastée de la question de la langue avec l’univers idéologique de chaque type d’expression langagière, ainsi que la présentation pragmatologique des œuvres étudiées permettent d’étayer la relation des choix linguistiques avec le contexte socioculturel de leur apparition. L’étude conclut sur la présentation d’un travail à vocation lexicologique où les vocables sont interrogés sous un angle diachronique, et à partir du texte français, les traductions de deux œuvres sont analysées depuis le XIXème siècle jusqu’à l’âge contemporain. L’évolution sémantique des termes recherchés est présentée dans un souci de précision, à partir d’un corpus conséquent, mobilisant des sources primaires et des dictionnaires du XVIIIème au XXIème siècle. Ce travail permet de dégager des conclusions sur la langue, valables pour l’appréhension de l’évolution du vocabulaire néohellénique dans son ensemble. / The thesis studies the translations into Modern Greek of two works of the French Enlightenment. It examines the ideological hallmarks of the Greek Enlightenment in light of the sociocultural reality of the Greek-speaking world, in order to elucidate the origins of the language controversy as well as the various forces shaping translations and language at that time. It also explores the ideological affinities between Montesquieu, Voltaire and the Greek Enlightenment, as well as the reception of the two writers in Greece. The art of translation is separately analyzed and discussed, as is language as key to a novel methodological approach towards translation in the Greek-speaking world of the 19th century. Throughout the thesis, linguistic matters are addressed against the backdrop of ideological developments. The approach to the individual works is intended to reveal the linguistic choices that were made, how these affected the lexicological development of the language, and the sociocultural context in which this occurred. The thesis concludes with an extensive lexicological analysis of terms found in the corpus, predicated on a comparison of the different translations of the two works in question, from the 19th century to the present. The semantic evolution of the terms studied is traced in detail, using a wide range of literary sources and dictionaries, going back to the 1700s. Based on this historical cultural and lexicological groundwork, a number of conclusions are drawn. In the end, this study of the language and vocabulary reveals certain tendencies and, more generally, sheds new light on the dynamics and advancement of the Modern Greek lexicon as a whole.

This study examined the translation of adjectival pre-modifiers (i.e. pre-modifying adjectives and pre-modifying participles) from English into Swedish. The selection of this topic and material was inspired by previous research on the increasing frequency of noun phrase pre-modification in English, contrasted with notions of Swedish-specific preferences for translating English pre-modifiers into different structures found in previous research and literature. Swedish tendencies included rendering English pre-modifiers as post-modification and the compounding of pre-modifying adjectives or participles with noun phrase heads to form Swedish compound nouns. The concept of translation shifts as labels for translation methods was used to classify translations of adjectival pre-modifiers, in addition to categorising the translation choices based on word class, rank and position. The study concluded that English adjectival pre-modifiers were overwhelmingly translated with formal correspondence (86%), i.e. as adjectival pre-modifiers. The other translation methods that were applied were used considerably less extensively; unit shifts and class shifts constituted 9% and 4% of all translation choices, respectively; omissions of the sense and meaning of the adjectival pre-modifier were found as the translation method for 1% of English adjectival pre-modifiers.  Unit shifts were found to result in a total of 8 different types of structural equivalents to adjectival pre-modifiers. In order of frequency, these were: prepositional phrase, first element of compound noun, extended attribute, pre-modifying prepositional phrase, verb phrase, first element of compound adverb, last element of compound participle and relative clause. Class shifts resulted in 3 categories of formally non-correspondent structures, namely adverb, noun and genitival attribute. The conclusions that could be drawn from the results were that the tendency for the Swedish translation of adjectival pre-modifiers to result in post-modification and compound nouns was small. A qualitative analysis showed that select examples of translations to formally correspondent equivalents were commonly motivated by considerations of readability to reduce sentence length and complexity. Examples of various category shifts were for the most part found to have been caused by the questionable idiomaticity of formally correspondent translation options.