INTRODUÇÃO: Carcinomas de mama triplo-negativos (CMTN) constituem um grupo de tumores heterogêneos caracterizados por sobrevida pobre dos pacientes e falta de terapia-alvo. Receptor andrógeno (AR) tem sido descrito no CMTN, mas o impacto prognóstico da expressão nesse subgrupo não está bem claro. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação do status de expressão AR analisado por imunohistoquímica em casos de CMTN com parâmetros clínicos (idade, sobrevida) e variáveis patológicas (tamanho do tumor, grau do tumor). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 62 CMTN por imuno-histoquímica automatizada para receptor andrógeno. A imuno-histoquímica foi avaliada por dois diferentes patologistas e a expressão do biomarcador foi avaliada por H-Score (intensidade mais percentagem de coloração). Kaplan-Meyer foi o método usado para avaliar a sobrevida global, tendo as diferenças nas distribuições sido avaliadas com base na expressão do marcador. RESULTADOS: 26% dos CMTNs foram AR positivos (n = 16) e 74% AR negativos (n = 46). Todos os casos de AR positivos ocorreram em mulheres ≥ 40 anos enquanto 13% dos casos de AR negativos foram vistos em mulheres ≤ 40 anos. 93% (52/56) de todos os CMTNs foram carcinoma ductal invasivo do tipo não especial (ICNST) e 93% (14/15) de AR positivos dos casos de ICNST. O tamanho do tumor variou de 2 a 4,9 cm na maioria dos cânceres AR positivos (n = 8/13; 62%). 60% (n = 9/15) dos casos de AR positivos mostraram grau histológico 3 seguidos de 27% de tumores de grau 2. Não se observou diferença entre pacientes AR positivos e AR negativos quando comparados por idade, tamanho do tumor, grau do tumor e tipo do tumor (p > 0,17). A positividade imuno-histoquímica para ARs também não foi associada com melhor sobrevida (p = 0,737; n = 51) ou sobrevida livre da doença (p = 0,552; n = 45) em CMTNs. CONCLUSÃO: Sob o ponto de vista do prognóstico, a imunorreatividade do AR tem sido associada com melhor sobrevida das pacientes. Esse resultado não foi confirmado na presente série. Isso poderia estar relacionado com o pequeno tamanho amostral ou com uma baixa prevalência de casos de AR positivos especificamente nesse subtipo de câncer de mama. Estudos realizados com maiores amostras são necessários para investigar esse biomarcador em CMTNs. / INTRODUCTION: Triple negative breast carcinomas (TNBC) are a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by poor patient survival and lack of targeted therapies. Androgen receptor (AR) has been described in TNBC but the prognostic impact of the expression in this subgroup of tumors is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of AR expression status by immunohistochemistry in TNBC cases with clinical (age, survival) and pathological variables (tumor size, tumor grade). METHODS: 62 TNBC were analyzed by automated immunohistochemistry for androgen receptor. Immunohistochemistry was scored by two investigators and biomarker expression was assessed by H-Score (intensity plus the percentage of staining). Kaplan-Meier was used to evaluate overall survival, where differences in distributions were evaluated based on marker expression. RESULTS: 26% of TNBC were AR-positive (n = 16) and 74% AR negative (n = 46). All AR-positive cases occurred in women ≥ 40 years, while 13% of AR-negative cases were seen in women ≤ 40 years. 93% (52/56) of all TNBC were infiltrating ductal carcinomas of no special type (ICNST) and 14/15 (93%) of AR-positive cases were ICNST. Tumor size varied from 2-4.9 cm in the majority of AR-positive cancers (n = 8/13; 62%). 60% (n = 9/15) of AR-positive cases showed histological grade 3 tumors, followed by 27% of grade 2 tumors. No differences were observed between AR-positive and AR-negative patients when compared for age, tumor size, tumor grade and tumor type (all p > 0.17). AR immunohistochemical positivity was also not associated with better overall survival (p = 0.737, n = 51) or disease-free survival (p = 0.552; n = 45) in TNBCs. CONCLUSION: From the prognostic point of view, AR immunoreactivity has been associated with better overall patient survival. Unfortunately, this result could not be confirmed in our series. This could be related to the relatively small series of analyzed samples and to the low prevalence of AR-positive cases in this specific breast cancer subtype. Further studies with bigger samples are needed to investigate this biomarker in TNBC.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Diante do estreitamento do horizonte emancipatório para uma parcela significativa da população brasileira, procuramos, neste estudo, descrever a história real destes muitos, para não dizer milhões, que acabaram condenados à margem de formas sociais, econômicas, estilísticas, consagradas pelos aparatos ideológicos que perpetuam e justificam a reprodução da racionalidade do capital como o único e exclusivo sistema social. Na contemporaneidade, a mercantilização da vida em sociedade e seu indissociável processo de descartabilidade marcam presença constante no cenário das médias e grandes cidades brasileiras. Perscrutando o campo exploratório, presenciamos grupos humanos cada vez mais desvinculados do sistema produtivo. Destituídos de qualidades aceitáveis circunscritas à esfera econômica e moral capitalista, figuram, apenas, como paisagem, apenas, como fragmentos do universo objetivo. Vidas em sobrestado permanente, confundidas e misturadas com o descartável, sem lugar no mundo produtivo, galgam a invisibilidade social. É esta incivilidade levada ao seu paroxismo chamada invisibilidade que, aqui, identificamos e trazemos à luz. Uma invisibilidade que se constrói não pelo olhar, mas num imaginário persistente que fixa a pobreza como marca de inferioridade, potencializando um modo de ser que descredencia indivíduos para o exercício de seus direitos e da vida social, já que percebidos numa diferença incomensurável, aquém das regras da equivalência, isto é, da alteridade que a formalidade da lei e o exercício dos direitos deveriam concretizar. É neste espaço de interpelação do outro que a invisibilidade se constitui. Ela habita o registro do impensável, do conflito com a ideia de essência, de alteridade que arbitra todas as formas de ser. O invisível surge como alguém que não É, provocação que incita o estranhamento, o que o torna assediado por um forte ranço moral que preserva a depreciação de tudo que perdeu o valor de uso. É assim decretada a sua tripla negação: desistoricizado, desumanizado e dessignificado, mesclado a um universo de contravalores que imobilizam a vida, tornando-o incodificável, um personagem inefável colocando em xeque toda a lógica da representação. Nossa proposta, com este trabalho, foi o de ir além de um trabalho documental, mas de constatação e denúncia, procurando ultrapassar visões reducionistas que naturalizam a pobreza e a miséria, reencontrando assim, nas mediações e contrapontos, as contradições fundas que conduzem muitos a invalidação social, cujas violações e mutilações, de toda ordem, prosperam a favor de uma ordem econômica que se apresenta desvinculada e independente de limites e de justificações morais / Given the narrowing of the emancipatory horizon for a significant portion of the Brazilian population, we seek in this study to describe the real story of these many, not to say millions, who ended up sentenced to the fringes of social, economic, stylistic forms enshrined by the ideological apparatuses which perpetuate and justify the reproduction of the rationality of capital as the only and exclusive social system. In contemporary times, the commodification of social life and its indissociable disposability process are constantly present in the scenario of medium and large Brazilian cities. By scrutinizing the exploratory field, we witness human groups being increasingly disconnected from the productive system. Devoid of acceptable qualities that are confined to the economic and moral capitalist sphere, they appear only as a landscape, just as fragments of the objective universe. Lives permanently halted, confused and mixed with the disposable, with no place in the productive world, reaching "social invisibility". It is this incivility taken to its paroxysm called "invisibility" that here we identify and bring to light. An "invisibility" which is built not by the look, but by a persistent imagery that sets poverty as a mark of inferiority, reinforcing a way of being that disqualifies individuals to exercise their rights and social life, perceived as an immeasurable difference below the rules of equivalence, i.e. the otherness that the formality of the law and the exercise of rights should achieve. It is through questioning each other that the "invisibility" is constituted. It abides in the records of the unthinkable, of the conflict with the idea of essence, of otherness that arbitrates all forms of "being". The invisible emerges as someone who ISNT, a provocation which encourages strangeness, which makes him harassed by a strong moral rancidity that preserves the depreciation of everything that has lost value. It is thus declared his triple denial: dishistoricized, dehumanized and insignificant, blended to a universe of countervalues which immobilize life, making him uncodifiable, an unfathomable character jeopardizing the entire logic of representation. Our proposal in this paper, was to go beyond a documentary work, but to verify and report, seeking to overcome reductionist views that naturalize poverty and misery, thus rediscovering, in mediations and counterpoints, the deep contradictions which lead many to social invalidation, whose violation and mutilation of all kinds thrive in favor of an economic order that appears detached and independent from limits and moral grounds

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cezar_vrs_dr_botfca.pdf: 165898 bytes, checksum: 5fb20932737337f84056a83d049a9b62 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Com o intuito de avaliar o efeito do processo de compostagem sobre a solubilização e a eficiência agronômica de diferentes fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados, foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. O primeiro constou da produção de compostos orgânicos enriquecidos ou não com superfosfato triplo (ST) ou fosfato natural de Arad (FN). Foi realizado o acompanhamento da temperatura da pilha e do pH do material orgânico durante o processo, além de uma análise química do composto ao final do processo de compostagem. No experimento II, conduzido em vasos com plantas de alface, em casa de vegetação, os compostos orgânicos gerados foram aplicados ao solo para avaliar, através da planta, a Eficiência Agronômica (IEA) do fósforo. Para ambas as fontes, as quantidades de P adicionadas nos vasos foram de 200 mg de P L-1 de terra. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, fosfato natural de Arad (FN), superfosfato triplo (ST), composto orgânico + ST (COST) com 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0% de P, composto orgânico com FN (COFN) com 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0% de P adicionada antes da compostagem, COSTF e COFNF com adição das mesmas quantidades de P (ST ou FN) no composto orgânico após o processo de compostagem. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado para os dois experimentos. Não se observou no experimento I, efeito favorável do enriquecimento com diferentes porcentagens de superfosfato triplo na compostagem sobre os parâmetros avaliados. Já para adição de diferentes porcentagens de fosfato natural de Arad, observou-se aumento sobre os valores de temperatura, pH, redução da massa da pilha e diminuiu à solubilidade do P solúvel em água, o que sugere que o processo biológico não promoveu a solubilização do fósforo. Para o experimento II os resultados do IEA, baseado na matéria seca e na quantidade de fósforo extraído pela parte aérea... / To evaluate the composting process on the solubility and agronomic efficiency of different phosphate sources, two experiments were developed. The first consisted of producing organic composts enriched with different levels of triple superphosphate (TS) or natural Arad phosphate (NP). Compost heap temperature and organic material pH were monitored throughout the process; compost chemical analysis was performed at the end of the composting process. In the second experiment, the organic composts were applied to the soil in potted lettuce plants under greenhouse conditions and agronomic phosphate efficiency (APE) was evaluated analysing the plants. For both compost sources, the quantity of additional phosphate was 200mg/L soil. Treatments were: control, NP, TS, organic compost + TS (OCTS) with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0% P, organic compost + NP (OCNP) with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0% P added before composting, OCTSP and OCNPP adding the same quantities of P (NP or TS) after the composting process. A completely randomized experimental design was used for both experiments. No favourable enrichment effects were seen in Experiment I from the different TS levels. However, increase in NP increased temperature and pH, and reduced heap mass and soluble P solubility; this suggests that the biological process did not promote phosphate solubility. APE results from Experiment II, based on dry material and quantity of phosphorous extracted from the above soil part of the lettuce plants, showed that the pre-enrichment composts were inferior to the post-enrichment composts in both crops, indicating that there was no favourable effect in adding TS and NP to the composting process in the evaluated period.

No contexto de universidade empreendedora, as incubadoras de empresas são um locus onde se acolhe empreendedores apoiando-os para que seus projetos tornem-se realidade através da constituição de pequenas empresas. Estar no ambiente de uma incubadora universitária de empresas significa estar próximo à universidade e tendo facilitado e estimulado o acesso e colaboração com a Academia. Se poderia questionar que efeitos o processo de incubação provoca na universidade que mantém uma incubadora de empresas e; por outro lado, que vantagens uma empresa nascente teria em estabelecer-se dentro de uma incubadora. Para subsidiar a análise dessas questões, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar as interações universidade- empresa, em empresas incubadas e graduadas, que ocorrem no âmbito de uma incubadora universitária de empresas. Foi estudado o ambiente de incubação da Incubadora de Empresas de Base Tecnológica da UNISINOS, conhecida por UNITEC, através de coleta de dados via questionário submetido às empresas que estavam residentes na Incubadora no ano de 2009. Este estudo foi conduzido do ponto de vista da empresa que passa pelo processo de incubação, materializado na visão de seu empreendedor, sendo respondido por 15 empreendedores que representam 15 das empresas incubadas e graduadas residentes. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar: as parcerias, a receita mensal regular das empresas incubadas, o baixo nível de endividamento, e a troca de informações técnicas com outras empresas, como efeitos do processo de incubação nas empresas. Também pemitiram identificar as palestras em sala de aula, as visitas de alunos nas empresas e a consultoria prestada por alunos, como principais efeitos na Universidade. Além disso, se pode identificar que as percepções dos executivos das empresas graduadas e incubadas, divergem na maioria das questões. / Considering the entrepreneurship university context, the business incubators are a kind of locus that holds entrepreneurs, helping them to make their projects come true via the establishment of small companies. Being inside university business incubator means to have easy access and stimulated collaboration with the University. It could be asked which effects the incubation process brings to a university that holds a business incubator and, on the other hand, which advantages could be reached by a startup company settled inside an incubator. In order to support the analysis of these kinds of questions, the objective of this research is to analyze the interactions university-industry that occurs in a university business incubator. This study considers the incubation environment at UNISINOS University (located in the southern Brazil), called UNITEC, throw data collected using a questionnaire that was submitted to companies that were resident at UNITEC incubation environment at the year 2009. This whole study considers the point of view of 15 companies that were passed through incubation process, including incubated companies and also graduated ones. From the obtained results, it´s possible to indentify: the partnerships among resident companies, the recurring monthly income of incubated companies, the low level of indebtedness of all companies and, the technical information exchange among the companies, as effects from the incubation process in the resident companies. It´s also to indentify that the lectures by entrepreneurs at university classes, the students visits at companies and, consultancy services by students, as the main effects of the incubation process at the University. Besides that, it´s possible to realize that entrepreneurs from the incubated and graduated companies diverge in most questions.

abstract: Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a phenomenon that affects both the physical and chemical properties of several intrinsically ductile metals. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms behind HE has been of particular interest in both experimental and modeling research. Discrepancies between experimental observations and modeling results have led to various proposals for HE mechanisms. Therefore, to gain insights into HE mechanisms in iron, this dissertation aims to investigate several key issues involving HE such as: a) the incipient crack tip events; b) the cohesive strength of grain boundaries (GBs); c) the dislocation-GB interactions and d) the dislocation mobility. The crack tip, which presents a preferential trap site for hydrogen segregation, was examined using atomistic methods and the continuum based Rice-Thompson criterion as sufficient concentration of hydrogen can alter the crack tip deformation mechanism. Results suggest that there is a plausible co-existence of the adsorption induced dislocation emission and hydrogen enhanced decohesion mechanisms. In the case of GB-hydrogen interaction, we observed that the segregation of hydrogen along the interface leads to a reduction in cohesive strength resulting in intergranular failure. A methodology was further developed to quantify the role of the GB structure on this behavior. GBs play a fundamental role in determining the strengthening mechanisms acting as an impediment to the dislocation motion; however, the presence of an unsurmountable barrier for a dislocation can generate slip localization that could further lead to intergranular crack initiation. It was found that the presence of hydrogen increases the strain energy stored within the GB which could lead to a transition in failure mode. Finally, in the case of body centered cubic metals, understanding the complex screw dislocation motion is critical to the development of an accurate continuum description of the plastic behavior. Further, the presence of hydrogen has been shown to drastically alter the plastic deformation, but the precise role of hydrogen is still unclear. Thus, the role of hydrogen on the dislocation mobility was examined using density functional theory and atomistic simulations. Overall, this dissertation provides a novel atomic-scale understanding of the HE mechanism and development of multiscale tools for future endeavors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2015

abstract: In the U.S., breast cancer (BC) incidences among African American (AA) and CA (CA) women are similar, yet AA women have a significantly higher mortality rate. In addition, AA women often present with tumors at a younger age, with a higher tumor grade/stage and are more likely to be diagnosed with the highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. Even within the TNBC subtype, AA women have a worse clinical outcome compared to CA. Although multiple socio-economic and lifestyle factors may contribute to these observed health disparities, it is essential that the underlying biological differences between CA and AA TNBC are identified. In this study, gene expression profiling was performed on archived FFPE samples, obtained from CA and AA women diagnosed with early stage TNBC. Initial analysis revealed a pattern of differential expression in the AA cohort compared to CA. Further molecular characterization results showed that the AA cohort segregated into 3-TNBC molecular subtypes; Basal-like (BL2), Immunomodulatory (IM) and Mesenchymal (M). Gene expression analyses resulted in 190 differentially expressed genes between the AA and CA cohorts. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were over-represented in cytoskeletal remodeling, cell adhesion, tight junctions, and immune response in the AA TNBC -cohort. Furthermore, genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were over-expressed. These results were validated using RT-qPCR on an independent cohort of FFPE samples from AA and CA women with early stage TNBC, and identified Caveolin-1 (CAV1) as being significantly expressed in the AA-TNBC cohort. Furthermore, CAV1 was shown to be highly expressed in a cell line panel of TNBC, in particular, those of the mesenchymal and basal-like molecular subtype. Finally, silencing of CAV1 expression by siRNA resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation in each of the TNBC cell lines. These observations suggest that CAV1 expression may contribute to the more aggressive phenotype observed in AA women diagnosed with TNBC. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Molecular and Cellular Biology 2015

Abstract Today's society is developing towards a more conscious and dedicated attitude concerning the need for sustainable businesses. To ensure that the construction business who is responsible for massive impacts to environment and the society, the legislation demanding sustainability reporting has been passed in the EU. The purpose of this legislation is to force companies to include the environmental and social aspects of their operations and not just the economic. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how the construction companies in Sweden has been affected due to the legislation on sustainability reporting. The aim of this study is, through a qualitative working method, to answer which governing instruments the construction companies use in order to implement sustainability in the entire organisation on a day to day basis. The study has investigated four construction companies largely based in and around the three biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The interviewees in each company has a role in which they are involved in the strategic operations towards sustainability. The aim is here for the study to answer which governing instruments has been the most influential and successful. The results of the study reveals that beyond the legislation each company has a very different approach and layout concerning the sustainability reporting. The reason for this is because each company has different guidelines through frameworks and certification standards. Depending on what they consider to be vital elements to report, the reportings differ leading to different forms of governing throughout the companies. This also shows that the most successful governing instruments differ as well. Although the study concludes that the companies have mutual governing instruments in the form of education for the employees to enhance competence. It also shows that they all use instruments impacting employee values which leads to a comprehensible understanding of the company’s visions and guidelines.

Submitted by Edilene de Souza Leite null (edilenesz@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-07T12:30:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdileneSz Meditação e Monismo publicada.pdf: 1502925 bytes, checksum: e1bd0b706103c532c177742e1d1d732e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T13:53:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_es_me_mar.pdf: 1502925 bytes, checksum: e1bd0b706103c532c177742e1d1d732e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T13:53:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_es_me_mar.pdf: 1502925 bytes, checksum: e1bd0b706103c532c177742e1d1d732e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Pesquisas sobre meditação em muitos campos de investigação cresceram amplamente no Ocidente no último século, principalmente por causa de seus benefícios. No entanto, não há um conceito bem definido do que é meditação. Há uma diversidade de técnicas e tradições de culturas diferentes que a cultivam, de tal forma que podemos encontrá-la em todos os continentes. No campo científico, a maioria dos pesquisadores procura pelas relações da meditação e atividades cerebrais, contribuindo para investigações sobre a consciência e para filosofia da mente, e ajudando a abordar debates não resolvidos sobre percepção, atenção e processos de aprendizagem. Neste trabalho enfrentamos o desafio de abordar filosoficamente a meditação, considerando a variedade de abordagens disponíveis e a diversidade de achados empíricos. Revisamos teorias e interpretações sobre a natureza da mente, e abordamos a hipótese de Walach (2014) que a meditação seria uma capacidade epistêmica da consciência que acessa uma realidade objetiva. Partindo do Monismo de Triplo Aspecto de proposto por Pereira Jr. (2013, 2015) assumimos que a marca da consciência é o sentimento, e resgatamos os antigos argumentos budistas de Nagarjuna sobre o sofrimento para conceber a meditação como uma experiência que é sobre o sentimento. Sugerimos também ao final da dissertação que a intuição pode ser vista como uma maneira de conhecer o mundo por meio de práticas de meditação. / Research on meditation in many fields of investigation has been widely growing in the Occident in the last century, mainly because of its benefits. However, there isn‘t a well-defined concept of what is meditation and there is a vast quantity of technics and traditions from different cultures that cultivate it, in a way that we can find it in every continent. On the scientific field, most of the researchers are looking for the relations of meditation and brain activities, contributing to investigations on consciousness and to the philosophy of the mind, helping to approach unsolved debates about perception, attention, and learning processes. In this work we present the challenge of working with meditation, considering the many approaches available and the diversity of empirical findings. We review theories and interpretations about the nature of the mind and address a hypothesis by Walach (2014) that meditation would be an epistemic capacity of the consciousness that accesses an objective reality. Starting up from Monism of Triple Aspect proposed by Pereira Jr. (2013, 2015) we assume that the mark of consciousness is feeling, and rescue the ancient Buddhist arguments of Nagarjuna about suffering to conceive meditation as an experience that is about feeling. We also suggest by the end of the dissertation that intuition can be regarded as a way of knowing about the world by means of meditation practices.

Orientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Resumo: Com o intuito de avaliar o efeito da biodigestão anaeróbia sobre a solubilização e a eficiência agronômica de diferentes fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados, foi desenvolvido um experimento no Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo em Botucatu (SP). O estudo realizado foi dividido em duas etapas, onde a primeira constou da construção de três biodigestores e a produção de biofertilizantes enriquecidos ou não, pelas diferentes fontes de fósforo. O biofertilizante gerado foi caracterizado quimicamente em relação a sua solubilidade pelos diferentes extratores. Após a análise química, o biofertilizante foi utilizado na etapa seguinte, sendo aplicado ao solo e avaliado o Índice de Eficiência Agronômica (IEA) das fontes quanto à produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e a quantidade de fósforo nas plantas de milho, as quais foram cultivadas durante 30 dias após a emergência. Foram realizados dois cultivos consecutivos, onde as fontes de fósforo foram aplicadas apenas no primeiro cultivo, na dose de 200 mg de P kg-1 de solo...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An experiment was realized with the objective of evaluate the anaerobic disgestion effect about the solubilization and agronomic efficiency of different phosphate fertilizer. The research was realized in two phases, than the first was the construction of three reactors and the biofertilizer production. The biofertilizer generated was characterizated chemically relationship its solubility in different extractors. After the chemical analysis, the biofertilizer was used in the next phase, it being applicated into soil and it was evaluate about the agronomic efficiency of the phosphorous fonts, that dry matter production and phosphorous amount in the corn plants. The corn plants were cultivated during 30 days after its emergence. Two consecutives cultivation were realized, where the phosphorous fonts were only applicated in the first cultive (200mg P Kg-1 of soil). The study conclusions were: because some extractor solutions used in the assays doesn't digest the organic matter present in the material, and yet, the difficult to have homogenous biofertilizer samples by reactors... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

INTRODUÇÃO: o câncer de mama é uma doença heterogênea. Há necessidade de critérios diagnósticos e prognósticos mais refinados. O emprego da imunohistoquímica, através do painel prognóstico, fez despontar a figura do carcinoma triplonegativo e, da mesma forma, a histogenética trouxe à evidência o carcinoma basal. Paralelamente, o conhecimento sobre a origem biológica das neoplasias e da sua heterogeneidade vem sendo acentuadamente debatido através do tema das células-tronco tumorais. OBJETIVOS: investigar a prevalência de carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, numa amostra de carcinomas triplonegativos, e estabelecer associações com a expressão de células-tronco tumorais nestes tumores. Verificar diferenças entre estes subtipos com as variáveis clinicopatológicas. MÉTODOS: 94 carcinomas mamários triplonegativos foram testados para CK5/6, HER1, CD44 e CD24. As expressões desses marcadores por imuno-histoquímica automatizada foram avaliadas através de escore simples de positividade (porcentagem de células) e correlacionadas com os dados clínico-patológicos e análise de sobrevivência. RESULTADOS: carcinomas basais apresentam maior grau tumoral que carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,004). A negatividade para CD44 (p=0,007) e o perfil CD44- CD24+ (p=0,013) foram associados com maior invasão vascular entre carcinomas triplonegativos. A expressão de CD44 foi associada aos carcinomas basais (p=0,007). O perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado aos carcinomas pentanegativos (p=0,04). Nenhuma das variáveis em estudo foi associada com os desfechos clínicos. CONCLUSÃO: Carcinomas mamários basais e pentanegativos são subtipos tumorais bastante próximos. Nosso estudo é o primeiro desenhado especificamente para avaliar a presença células tronco-tumorais mamárias entre carcinomas basais e pentanegativos, onde o perfil CD44-CD24-/low foi associado ao subtipo pentanegativo, e o perfil CD44-CD24+ à invasão vascular, resultados que merecem confirmação por histogenética em estudos de maior porte. / INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and there is a need for more refined diagnostic and prognostic criteria. Immunohistochemistry, as a breast prognostic panel, has given rise to triple-negative carcinoma, as well as histogenetics highlighted basal carcinoma. Concomitantly, the understanding of the biological origins of neoplasia and its heterogeneity has been strongly debated through the theme of cancer stem cells. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of basal and penta-negative carcinomas in a sample of triple-negative carcinomas and to establish associations with cancer stem cells (CD44/CD24 expression profiles) and the clinicopathological variables within these tumors. METHODS: Ninety-four triplenegative breast carcinomas were tested for CK5/6, HER1, CD44 and CD24. The expression of these markers was evaluated by automated immunohistochemistry using a simple positivity score (percentage of cells) and was correlated with the clinicopathological and survival analysis data. RESULTS: Basal carcinomas had higher tumor grades than penta-negative carcinomas (p=0.004). CD44 negativity (p=0.007) and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype (p=0.013) were associated with increased vascular invasion amongst the triple-negative carcinomas. CD44 expression was associated with basal carcinomas (p=0.007). The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with penta-negative carcinomas. None of the variables in the study were associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Basal and penta-negative breast carcinomas are closely related tumor subtypes. Our study is the first to be specifically designed to assess the presence of breast cancer stem cells in basal and pentanegative carcinomas. The CD44-CD24-/low phenotype was associated with the pentanegative subtype, and the CD44-CD24+ phenotype was associated with vascular invasion. These results require histogenetic confirmation in larger studies.