O termo sustentabilidade corporativa refere-se à capacidade de uma organização de sobreviver no longo prazo, mantendo-se (minimamente) lucrativa para que possa exercer suas atividades com cada vez menos impactos negativos ambientais e mais benefícios sociais. Considerando a lógica de que a empresa é aquilo que ela é capaz de mensurar, organizações sustentáveis demandam sistemas gerenciais de mensuração de desempenho que estejam alinhadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o presente estudo se propõe a discutir a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Como é inserida a sustentabilidade nos sistemas de mensuração de desempenho corporativos? Para isso, são propostos dois objetivos de pesquisa: (i) levantar os sistemas de mensuração de desempenho de sustentabilidade e explorar seus principais desafios; e (ii) explorar a importância relativa dada pelas empresas em relação aos indicadores de sustentabilidade. Para isso, a pesquisa conta com uma revisão sistemática da literatura e estudos de casos multissetoriais (um piloto e quatro exploratórios). A pesquisa traz evidências de que a temática de indicadores de sustentabilidade é ainda incipiente e pouco estruturada, com potencial de melhorar o aproveitamento da literatura já consolidada de sistemas de mensuração de desempenho. O estudo bibliométrico conta com (i) estatística descritiva, (ii) análise de redes de relacionamento (co-citação e palavras-chave) e (iii) análise de conteúdo a partir de uma amostra de artigos extraídos da base de dados ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science). Verifica-se que a literatura de indicadores de sustentabilidade aborda temáticas diversas, tais como vantagem competitiva, gestão de stakeholders e avaliação do ciclo de vida. Já os estudos de casos baseados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas permitiram o levantamento dos seguintes sistemas de mensuração de desempenho com incorporação de indicadores de sustentabilidade: sistema de avaliação de desempenho das áreas, sistema de avaliação de desempenho individual, indicadores para elaboração de relatórios internos e externos e sistema de avaliação inicial de projetos. Além disso, foram identificados fatores que interferem na prioridade dos indicadores de sustentabilidade: estratégia corporativa, pré-requisito; maturidade da questão e urgência. Dentre os desafios apontados pelas empresas, encontram-se a definição de indicadores para avaliar os benefícios sociais decorrentes das atividades da organização, a quantificação monetária de retorno de iniciativas ambientais e sociais e o engajamento dos colaboradores na sustentabilidade corporativa, independente da natureza das suas atividades. A pesquisa mostra que há benefícios na incorporação da sustentabilidade no sistema de mensuração de desempenho corporativo e que isso ainda tem potencial para ser abordado de forma mais sistemática, sem depender exclusivamente da iniciativa de determinados líderes. O papel desses atores para implantação de práticas sustentáveis na organização é fundamental e necessário, mas não suficiente, já que a sustentabilidade corporativa depende do engajamento de diversos stakeholders (internos e externos à organização), que podem ser influenciados pela cultura e pelos processos de negócios alinhados à lógica do desenvolvimento sustentável. / The term corporate sustainability refers to the ability of an organization to survive in the long term, keeping itself (minimally) profitable in order to conduct their activities with less negative environmental impacts and more social benefits. Whereas the logic that the company is what it is capable of measuring, sustainable organizations require performance management systems that are aligned to sustainable development. Thus, this study aims to discuss the following research question: \"How sustainability is embedded in corporate performance measurement systems?\" For this, it proposes two research objectives: (i) identify the sustainability performance measurement systems and explore their major challenges, and (ii) explore the relative importance given by companies in relation to sustainability indicators. So, the research has a systematic literature review and multisectoral exploratory case studies (one pilot and four exploratory). The research provides evidence that the theme of sustainability indicators is still incipient and unstructured, with the potential to improve the use of literature already consolidated on performance measurement systems. The bibliometric study is based on (i) descriptive statistics, (ii) analysis of extracted networks of relationships (co-citation and keywords) and (iii) content analysis of a given sample of articles extracted from ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science). It is found that the literature of sustainability indicators covers different topics such as competitive advantage, stakeholder management and life cycle assessment (LCA). The cases studies based on semi-structured interviews allowed the identification of the following performance measurement systems that incorporate sustainability indicators: performance evaluation of the areas; individual performance evaluation system; indicators for internal and external reports; and initial project evaluation system. In addition, factors influencing the priority of sustainability indicators have been identified: maturity of the issue, requirement, corporate strategy and urgency. Among the challenges faced by companies, there are the definition of indicators to assess the social benefits of the organization activities, the quantification of the monetary return of environmental and social initiatives and employee engagement in corporate sustainability, independently of the nature of their activities. Research shows that there are benefits in incorporating sustainability in corporate performance measurement system and it still has the potential to be addressed more systematically, without relying solely on the initiative of certain leaders. The role of these actors for implementing sustainable practices in the organization is essential and necessary, but not sufficient, since the corporate sustainability depends on the engagement of various stakeholders (internal and external to the organization), which may be influenced by the culture and the business processes aligned to the logic of sustainable development.

Em estudos recentes, a epistasia tem sido detectada no controle genético de caracteres quantitativos em diversas espécies. Dado o grande número de locos controlando um único caráter, é evidente que ocorram interações inter-alélicas, além de pleiotropia, que resulta do controle de mais de um caráter por um mesmo loco. Também tem sido reportada a presença de epistasia pleiotrópica em animais, que basicamente resulta do efeito da epistasia sobre locos pleiotrópicos ou sobre múltiplos caracteres, afetando a correlação genética entre esses. Desse modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a análise genética de diversos caracteres de importância econômica e agronômica em milho, incluindo estimativas de componentes de variância genética e presença de efeitos epistáticos em ambientes com e sem estresse hídrico; e estimativas de epistasia pleiotrópica. Para isso foi utilizado o delineamento triple test cross (TTC), obtendo-se 300 progênies de retrocruzamentos que foram avaliadas em oito ambientes nos anos agrícolas de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010, na cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Ao longo da condução dos experimentos observou-se a ocorrência de déficit hídrico, de modo que os ambientes foram divididos em dois grupos (sem estresse - SE e com estresse - CE). Avaliou-se os caracteres da planta: dias para os florescimentos masculino (FM) e feminino (FF), intervalo entre florescimentos (IF), altura da planta (AP) e espiga (AE), posição relativa da espiga (PRE), acamamento e quebramento de plantas (ACQ), stay green (SG); produção de grãos (PG) e seus componentes de produção: número de fileiras (NF), número de grãos por fileira (NGF), peso de 300 grãos (P300), comprimento de grãos (CG) e prolificidade (PRO). Foram realizadas análises de variâncias individuais para cada ambiente; análises conjuntas de ambientes; e análises conjuntas de grupos, das quais estimaram-se as variâncias aditiva, de dominância, epistática e suas respectivas interações com ambiente; o grau médio de dominância, coeficientes de herdabilidade em nível de médias de progênies e em nível de parcelas e também os efeitos epistáticos em plantas F2. Também foram feitas análises de covariâncias considerando todos os caracteres combinados dois a dois, tendo sido estimados os coeficientes de correlações. A epistasia foi detectada para a maioria dos caracteres nos dois grupos, exceto ACQ, IF, SG e CG, no grupo SE; e ACQ, CG e PRO, no grupo CE. Porém não foi detectada interação epistasia x ambiente em nenhum dos grupos e a interação epistasia x grupos só foi detectada para IF. Os efeitos epistáticos em plantas F2 para PG variaram de -3,03 t ha-1 a 5,13 t ha-1 no grupo SE e -1,94 t ha-1 a 2,87 t ha-1 no grupo CE, mas não foram detectadas altas magnitudes dos coeficientes de correlações entre esses efeitos e as médias gerais dos retrocruzamentos. Foram detectados coeficientes de correlações epistáticas para 29,67% das combinações, indicando a presença de epistasia pleiotrópica entre caracteres. Observou-se a formação de agrupamentos entre caracteres relacionados. Em vista desses resultados, a epistasia se constituiu num componente importante no controle dos caracteres analisados, sugerindo ainda que a epistasia pleiotrópica possa ser responsável pelas interações complexas no genoma. / In recent studies, epistasis has been considered in genetic control of quantitative traits in several species. Due to a large number of loci controlling a single trait, it is evident that inter allele interactions occur in addition to pleiotropy, which results in the control of more than one trait by the same locus. Besides, the presence of pleiotropy, epistasis has been reported in animals, which basically result from the effect of epistasis on pleiotropic loci or on multiple traits, affecting the genetic correlation between them. Thus, the objective of this research was to do genetic analysis of several traits of economic and agronomic importance in maize, including estimates of genetic variance components and the presence of epistatic effects in environments with and without water stress; and estimates of pleiotropic epistasis. For this, the triple test cross (TTC) design was used to obtain 300 backcrosses progenies, which were evaluated in eight environments in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 agricultural seasons, in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. During the conduction of the experiments, the occurrence of water deficit was observed, so that the environments were divided into two groups (without stress - WS and with stress - SS). The traits evaluated were: days to anthesis (DA), days to silking (DS), anthesis-silking interval (ASI), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear placement (EP), root and stalk lodging (PL) and stay green (SG), grain yield (GY), kernel rows (KR), kernels per row (KPR), 300-grain weight (300W), kernel depth (KD) and prolificacy (PRO). Individual analysis of variances were performed for each environment; joint analysis of environments; and joint analysis of groups, from which additive, dominance and epistatic variances and their respective interactions with the environment were estimated; besides average degree of dominance, heritability coefficients at level of half-sib progenies and at plots level; also epistatic effects in F2 plants were estimated. Covariance analyses were also performed considering all pairs of traits, two by two, and the correlation coefficients were estimated. Epistasis was detected for most traits in both groups except to PL, ASI, SG and KD, in WS group; and PL, KD, and PRO, in SS group. However, no epistasis x environment interaction was detected in any group and epistasis x group interaction was detected only to ASI. Epistatic effects on F2 plants were detected to GY, oscillating from -3.03 t/ha to 5.13 t/ha in WS group and from -1.94 t/ha to 2.87 t/ha in SS group. However, high magnitudes of correlation coefficients between these F2 epistatic effects and averages of backcrosses were not detected. Epistatic correlation coefficients were detected for 29.67% of pairs of traits, indicating the presence of pleiotropic epistasis. The formation of clusters was observed between related traits. In view of these results, epistasis was considered an important component in the control of traits analyzed, furthermore suggesting that pleiotropic epistasis may be responsible for complex interactions in the genome.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T15:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 homerogoncalvesjunior.pdf: 2526505 bytes, checksum: e3bc0f5bc2176febea8072cc318baab6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-04T15:52:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 homerogoncalvesjunior.pdf: 2526505 bytes, checksum: e3bc0f5bc2176febea8072cc318baab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T15:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 homerogoncalvesjunior.pdf: 2526505 bytes, checksum: e3bc0f5bc2176febea8072cc318baab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-06 / O tratamento do câncer de mama baseia-se na classificação dos casos, em termos de estadiamento e do perfil biomolecular. Os Tumores Triplo Negativos (TTN) representam um grupo especial de neoplasias mamárias que não expressam receptores hormonais e nem o antígeno Her2. São considerados agressivos e de pior evolução, e quando estudados em particular, apresentam muita heterogeneidade. Importa saber se a caracterização dos tumores como Triplo Negativos, é suficiente para delimitar o grupo em termos de prognóstico e terapêutica. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos dos Tumores Triplo Negativos em relação aos Não Triplo Negativos, em coorte de mulheres com câncer de mama assistidas em centros oncológicos de referência de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. A sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de doença foram calculadas pelo método de Kaplan Meier, e as curvas de sobrevida foram avaliadas pelo teste de Log-Rank, nos subgrupos Triplo Negativos e Não Triplo Negativos (NTN). Os fatores prognósticos foram comparados pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Os Tumores Triplo Negativos apresentaram diferenças demográficas em relação aos NTN, com acúmulo de pacientes não brancas e de baixo nível sociocultural; e ainda com aspectos de maior gravidade ao diagnóstico. A evolução também foi pior, tanto em termos de sobrevida global quanto sobrevida livre de doença dentre os TTN. Na análise univariada, os fatores: idade, cor da pele, escolaridade, tamanho do tumor e grau tumoral, estado das axilas e estadiamento, bem como taxas elevadas dos marcadores P53 e Ki 67, se mostraram associados a sobrevida livre de doença nos Tumores Não Triplo Negativos. No cálculo da sobrevida global, essas variáveis se mantiveram, exceto a idade; e foi constatado maior risco para as mulheres oriundas do serviço público de saúde, bem como o surgimento de metástases no decurso do seguimento. Para os Triplo Negativos, a análise univariada mostrou influência do estado axilar e estadiamento na sobrevida livre de doença; e os mesmos fatores acrescidos do surgimento de metástases, para a sobrevida global. Na análise multivariada a escolaridade e o estado axilar representaram risco à sobrevida livre de doença para NTN, enquanto a cor da pele e o estadiamento para a sobrevida global. Quanto aos TTN, sua evolução se mostrou ligada a dois aspectos: o comprometimento axilar para sobrevida livre de doença e global; e também a multicentricidade para a sobrevida global. Os Tumores Triplo Negativos aparentam ter biologia bem diversa dos Não Triplo Negativos, na dependência dos componentes histológicos e moleculares que portam. A classificação molecular por imunoistoquímica se mostrou capaz de identificar os dois grupos tumorais e auxiliar na orientação terapêutica. / Current breast cancer treatment is based on the classification of tumor stage and molecular profile. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subset of tumors characterized by the absence of hormone and HER2 receptors. Despite being usually associated with a more aggressive clinical course, there is high heterogeneity within TNBC. Therefore, it has been questioned whether current classification of TNBC is adequate enough to assess its prognosis and make therapeutic decisions. This study thus aimed to investigate to which extent TNBC profile classification was able to efficiently distinguish this tumor subtype from other subtypes of breast cancer. It was performed on a cohort of women with breast cancer treated at referral centers in Juiz de Fora, Southeastern Brazil. Overall and disease-free survival and prognostic factors were assessed and compared for TNBC and non-TNBC. Survival functions were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves. Prognostic factors were analyzed by the Cox proportional hazards model. TNBC presented demographic differences compared to non-TNBC as it was more prevalent among nonwhite and less educated women. TNBC also presented at diagnosis with clinical parameters of advanced disease and had overall and disease-free survival significantly lower than non-TNBC. In univariate analysis the factors: age, color of the skin, education level, size and degree of tumor, axillary status and staging, as well as high rates of P53 e Ki 67 have been shown to be associated with disease-free survival in non-TNBC. These variables remained the same in the calculation of overall survival except for age; and it was also observed a greater risk for women from the public health service as well as the appearance of metastases during the follow-up. In multivariate analysis education level and axillary lymph node involvement presented a risk for disease-free survival while the color of skin and staging, for overall survival in non-TNBC. Regarding TNBC, its evolution was related to two aspects: axillary impairment for disease-free and global survival and multicentricity for overall survival. TNBC presents distinct biological properties compared to non-TNBC, which seems to be related to its specific histological and molecular components. The molecular classification by immunohistochemistry showed to be able to identify the two tumor groups and to support the therapeutic orientation.

Ce travail est motivé par la nécessité de mieux comprendre la technique de récupération du pétrole par injection de polymères à l'échelle du pore. On considère deux fluides immiscibles dans un réseau de microcanaux. A cette échelle, le diamètre des canaux est de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de micromètres tandis que la vitesse est de l'ordre du centimètre par seconde. Cela nous permet d'utiliser les équations de Stokes incompressible pour décrire l'écoulement des fluides. Le modèle Olroyd-B est utilisé pour décrire l'écoulement du fluide viscoélastique. Afin d'effectuer des simulations numériques dans une géométrie complexe comme un réseau de microcanaux, une méthode de pénalisation est utilisée. Pour suivre l'interface entre les deux fluides, la méthode Level-Set est employée. Le modèle pour la dynamique de la ligne triple est basé sur les la loi de Cox. Enfin, on présente des résultats de simulations numériques avec des paramètres physiques réalistes. / This work is motivated by the need for better understanding the polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique at the pore-scale. We consider two phase immiscible fluids in a microchannel network. In microfluidics, the diameter of the channels is of the order of a few tens of micrometers and the flow velocity is of the order of one centimeter per second. The incompressible Stokes equations are used to describe the fluid flow. The Oldroyd-B rheological model is used to capture the viscoelastic behavior. In order to perform numerical simulations in a complex geometry like a microchannel network, a penalization method is implemented. To follow the interface between the two fluids, the Level-Set method is employed. The dynamic contact line model used in this work is based on the Cox law. Finally, we perform simulations with realistic parameters.

La récupération du pétrole par injection d’eau douce (LSW) a pour but de récupérer les huiles résiduelles piégées dans les réservoirs. Après des preuves d’une augmentation du taux de récupération lors de la LSW, des résultats controversés ont émergé et les mécanismes proposés dans la littérature font toujours l’objet de débat. Il est donc essentiel d'avoir une compréhension approfondie des interactions huile/saumure/roche (COBR) afin d’éclaircir les mécanismes engendrés par cette technique. Nous avons procédé en faisant une étude de la mouillabilité à l'eau des différentes argiles gonflantes en fonction des cations échangeables (Li+, Na+, K+ et Ca2+), de l'humidité relative, de la taille des particules et de la rugosité de la surface. Même si ces paramètres ont été étudiés séparément, la nature des cations, la rugosité de surface et la taille des particules sont étroitement liées. La nature du cation échangeable conduit indirectement l'état de rugosité des films d'argile cependant, c'est l'énergie d'hydratation qui entraine les angles de contact. D'autre part, pour une argile donnée avec un cation échangeable donné, la mouillabilité du film a été observée comme étant influencée par la taille des particules. Plus la taille des plaquettes d'argile est importante, plus le film est rugueux et plus l'angle de contact est élevé. En ce qui concerne l'influence de l'humidité relative, elle n'a eu qu’un effet marginal sur les angles de contact. Cependant, en travaillant à haute humidité le phénomène d'évaporation a été limité. En ce qui concerne la mouillabilité à l'huile des minéraux argileux, à une interface solide/huile/air, l'huile s’est rapidement étalée lors qu’elle a été déposée sur les différents minéraux. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, l'interaction biphasique huile/milieu aqueux a été étudiée par des mesures de tension interfaciale (IFT) en fonction de différents sels et de leurs concentrations. Les résultats obtenus avec deux huiles brutes et un système modèle (dodécane contenant de l'acide oléique) ont montré que l'IFT est minimum à une salinité optimale. En ce qui concerne les espèces de sel, un abaissement de l'IFT des huiles brutes a été observé en présence des cations petits, durs et fortement polarisants (tels que le Li+, Mg2+ et Ca2+) et en présence de cations gros, mous et fortement polarisables (tels que Rb+ et Cs+). Les résultats sur le système modèle ont montré que l'abaissement de l'IFT était dû aux interactions entre les petits cations qui sont durs et la tête polaire dure du tensioactif (oléate). La troisième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l'étude des interactions triphasique huile/saumure/argile. Nos résultats montrent d'abord que, dans des conditions qui favorisent le « salting-in » des tensioactifs, l'adsorption des composants du pétrole brut sur les minéraux argileux a été favorisée (abaissement des angles de contact de l'huile sur les surfaces de mica en présence de saumure composée de cations divalents). L'interaction triphasique a également été étudiée par la stabilité des émulsions en présence des colloïdes d'argiles. Selon les différentes observations, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que certains composants de pétrole brut s'adsorbent directement sur des surfaces minérales tandis que d'autres ont besoin d'un pont cationique (Na+, Ca+ ou Mg2+) / The technique of low salinity waterflooding (LSW) during Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes, attempt to recover residual oils trapped in petroleum reservoirs. So far, after evidences of the benefits of LSW, some controversial results emerged and the mechanisms underlying the technology is still debated in the literature. It thus appears crucial to have a thorough understanding crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) interactions as the reservoir is a porous medium in which solid and fluid phases coexist. Firstly we studied the water wettability of different swelling clay minerals as a function of different interlayer cations (Li+, Na+, K+ and Ca2+), relative humidity, particle size and surface roughness. Even if these parameters have been investigated individually, the nature of the cations, surface roughness and particle size are closely linked. The nature of exchangeable cation indirectly drives the state of roughness of the clay films (in decreasing order: Ca2+ >>> K+ > (Li+, Na+)). However, it is the hydration energy which ultimately takes over during contact angle measurements. On the other hand, for a given clay mineral with a given exchangeable cation, wettability of the film has been observed to be influenced by the size of the particles. The larger the size of the clay platelets, the rougher the film and the higher the contact angle. As far as the influence of relative humidity is concerned, it only has a marginal effect on the contact angles. However, working at high humidity has shown to limit the phenomenon of evaporation. Regarding the oil wettability of clay minerals, at a solid/oil/air interface, the oil rapidly spread on the different clay minerals. In the second part, biphasic oil/aqueous medium interaction as a function of salt species and concentration has been studied via interfacial tension measurements (IFT). The results obtained with two crude oils and a model system (dodecane containing oleic acid) have shown that IFT is minimum at an optimum salinity. As far as salt species is concerned, IFT of the crude oils has been observed to be low in the presence of small, hard and highly polarising ions like Li+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ and in the presence of large, soft and highly polarisable ions like Rb+ and Cs+. The results on the model system has shown that lowering of IFT was due to ion paring between the small, hard cations and the hard polar headgroup of the surfactant (oleate). The third part of the thesis was dedicated to the study of triple phase oil/brine/clay interactions. Our results firstly show that in conditions favouring salting-in of surfactants, adsorption of crude oil components on clay minerals have been favoured (lowering of oil contact angles on mica surfaces in the presence of brines composed of divalent cations). Triple phase interaction has also been investigated by studying the stability of emulsions in the presence of clay colloids.According to the different observations we hypothesised that some crude oil components adsorb directly onto mineral surfaces while others need a cation bridge (Na+, Ca+ or Mg2+).

Bakgrund och problem: Fenomenet fast fashion erbjuder inte minst mode med låg prisbild för den stora massan samt nyheter varje vecka, utan bidrar även till massproduktion och masskonsumtion. Miljömässig skada sker under alla steg av en mode- och textil försörjningskedja, där expansionen av både produktion och konsumtion bidrar till ökad miljöpåverkan. I linje med den miljömässiga problematiken går det även att ifrågasätta det sociala ansvaret i form av billig produktion i utvecklingsländer. Hållbarhetsarbetet hos företag grundas alltsomoftast i en CSR-strategi med utgångspunkt i Triple Bottom Line där sociala-, ekonomiska- och miljömässiga aspekter agerar som grundpelare. Dubbla budskap uppstår när ett fast fashion-företag påstår sig vara ett hållbart företag eller arbeta med hållbarhetsfrågor när de samtidigt bidrar och uppmanar konsumenter till att konsumera mer. I och med den rådande “klimat-eran” har CSR i många fall omvandlats till ett marknadsföringsverktyg som syftar till att förbättra företagets varumärkesbild istället för att användas till dess faktiska syfte. Grön marknadsföring används för att differentiera sig på marknaden, och då “grönt” säljer, skapas utrymme för företagen att så kallat “tvätta sina produkter gröna”, även kallat greenwashing. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att jämföra hållbarhetsrapportering och hållbarhetsarbete hos fyra svenska fast fashion-företag, samt undersöka i vilken utsträckning eventuell greenwashing kan förekomma i samband med CSR-arbetet. Avsikten är att öka förståelsen för fast fashion som princip i relation till hållbarhetsarbetet samt bidra med ett nytänkande perspektiv och uppmana till ett mer kritiskt förhållningssätt gällande hållbarhetsarbete och klädkonsumtion. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där hållbarhetsrapporter har studerats hos fyra svenska fast fashion-företag rörande åren 2012, 2015 och 2018. Datainsamlingen har utgått ifrån teman och frågeställningar som har sin förankring i den teoretiska referensramen. Resultat och slutsats: Samtliga av de studerade företagen hållbarhetsrapporterar på olika vis och i olika utsträckning men innehållet är likartat. Samtidigt appliceras de tre grundpelarna i olika grad och tar olika stor plats i respektive företag. Utifrån studiens resultat kan det konstateras att greenwashing förekommer i hållbarhetsrapporteringen, däremot går det inte att säkerställa huruvida företagen i sin helhet kan klassas som greenwashing-företag. Vidare krävs det att fast fashion-företag har ett mer kritiskt förhållningssätt till hur affärsmodellen som sådan uppmanar till massproduktion, och vidare masskonsumtion, oavsett om klädesplagget är märkt med en grön etikett. / Background: The phenomena of fast fashion provides, not least, cheap fashion for everyone with news every week, but contributes to mass production as well as mass consumption. Every step of the fashion- and textile supply chain causes damage to the environment, where the expansion of both production and consumption contributes to increased impact on the environment. In accordance with environmental problems one can question the social responsibility in terms of cheap production in developing countries. The work of sustainability is oftentimes based on a CSR strategy with focus on the Triple Bottom Line, where social-, economical- and environmental aspects act as keystones. It occurs a double message when a fast fashion company claims to be a sustainable company or work with sustainability questions, when they at the same time contributes and urges consumers to consume even more. Due to the current “climate era”, CSR has in many cases turned into a marketing tool aimed to enhance the brand image of the company, instead of being used for its actual purpose. Green marketing is being used in order for the company to differentiate itself on the market, since “green” sells it creates an opportunity for companies to “wash their products green”, also known as greenwashing. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the reporting and work of sustainability among four Swedish fast fashion companies, and investigate to what extent greenwashing may occur in connection with CSR. The intention is to increase the understanding for the principle of fast fashion in relation to sustainability as well as contribute with a critical rethinking perspective regarding the work of sustainability and consumption of fashion. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative content analysis where sustainability reports from four Swedish fast fashion companies have been studied, regarding the years of 2012, 2015 and 2018. The data collection derives from themes and questions which are anchored from the theoretical framework. The following essay is written in Swedish. Findings and conclusion: All of the studied companies report their sustainability in different ways and extent but with similar content. The three keystones are at the same time applied in varied degrees and takes place in a varied extent among the companies. The result shows that greenwashing occurs in the reports, however it can’t be stated whether the companies can be classified as greenwashing-firms or not. Furthermore, fast fashion companies need to have a more critical approach towards the business model as such, which urges to mass production and mass consumption regardless if the garment is marked with a green label.

Mutations in the AAAS gene coding for the nuclear pore complex protein ALADIN lead to the autosomal recessive disorder triple A syndrome. Triple A patients present with a characteristic phenotype including alacrima, achalasia and adrenal insufficiency. Patient fibroblasts show increased levels of oxidative stress, and several in vitro studies have demonstrated that the nucleoporin ALADIN is involved in both the cellular oxidative stress response and adrenal steroidogenesis. It is known that ALADIN knock-out mice lack a phenotype resembling human triple A syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine whether the application of chronic oxidative stress by ingestion of paraquat would generate a triple A-like phenotype in ALADIN null mice. Adult male mice were fed either a paraquat (0.25 g/kg diet) or control diet for 11 days. After application of chronic oxidative stress, ALADIN knock-out mice presented with an unexpected compensated glutathione metabolism, but lacked a phenotype resembling human triple A syndrome. We did not observe increased levels of oxidative stress and alterations in adrenal steroidogenesis in mice depleted for ALADIN. This study stresses the species-specific role of the nucleoporin ALADIN, which in mice involves a novel compensatory mechanism for regulating the cellular glutathione redox response.

Náplní této práce je teoretický úvod a následné praktické zpracování tématu Molekulární signatura jako optimální multi-objektivní funkce s aplikací v predikci v onkogenomice. Úvodní kapitoly jsou zaměřeny na téma rakovina, zejména pak rakovina prsu a její podtyp triple negativní rakovinu prsu. Následuje literární přehled z oblasti optimalizačních metod, zejména se zaměřením na metaheuristické metody a problematiku strojového učení. Část se odkazuje na onkogenomiku a principy microarray a také na statistiku a s důrazem na výpočet p-hodnoty a bimodálního indexu. Praktická část je pak zaměřena na konkrétní průběh výzkumu a nalezené závěry, vedoucí k dalším krokům výzkumu. Implementace vybraných metod byla provedena v programech Matlab a R, s využitím dalších programovacích jazyků a to konkrétně programů Java a Python.

Les travaux menés, depuis plusieurs années, au CORIA ont abouti à la construction d’un outil numérique (ARCHER) permettant la simulation numérique directe d’écoulements diphasiques et notamment l’atomisation d’un jet liquide à haute vitesse. Ce type de simulation permet de capturer les phénomènes d’atomisation au voisinage de l’injecteur difficilement caractérisables par les outils expérimentaux actuels. Ces simulations requièrent des conditions d’injection délicates à évaluer a priori car elles dépendent des caractéristiques de l’écoulement au sein de l’injecteur. Or, certains jets présentent une grande sensibilité à ces conditions d’injection. Dès lors, il est nécessaire de simuler l’écoulement au sein de l’injecteur afin d’appréhender la nature de cette sensibilité. L’utilisation d’un maillage cartésien par le code ARCHER conjuguée à la volonté de simuler le système d’atomisation dans son ensemble ont orienté ces travaux vers l’utilisation d’une méthode de frontière immergée. Ces travaux ont ainsi permis de reproduire des écoulements au sein d’injecteurs de forme quelconque tout en conservant le maillage cartésien d’origine, précieux tant pour l’efficacité du solveur que pour sa précision. Dans un premier temps, l’implantation dans le code ARCHER d’une méthode de frontière immergée a été réalisée et testée sur des configurations de canal et de conduite et de l’écoulement autour d’un cylindre. L’application de cette méthode a porté sur la simulation de l’écoulement au sein d’un injecteur triple disque mono-trou et a notamment permis de caractériser l’origine de l’écoulement secondaire formé dans l’orifice de décharge. Afin d’évoluer vers la construction d’un outil numérique capable de simuler le système d’atomisation dans son ensemble, un couplage entre la méthode de frontière immergée et la méthode Ghost fluid a été nécessaire. La version bi-dimensionnelle développée a été testée sur la relaxation d’une goutte posée sur une paroi. Cette version a permis de simuler des écoulements au sein de canaux à différents rapports de longueur sur diamètre et l’écoulement au sein d’une buse convergente. La simulation simultanée de l’écoulement interne et externe a permis de lier les fluctuations de vitesses des écoulements internes à la création de surface engendrée sur les écoulements externes. / Since several years, the research conducted at the CORIA laboratory led to the development of a numerical tool (ARCHER) alllowing direct numerical simulations of two phase flows. In particular, the simulations of high speed liquid jet primary break-up have been strongly investigated. These simulations are able to capture primary break-up phenomena near the nozzle exit where experimental characterisations are difficult to conduct. These simulations need injection conditions tricky to gauge a priori, since they depend on the flow characteristics inside the nozzle. Moreover, some jets are highly sensitive to these injection conditions. Therefore, it becomes necessary to simulate the flow inside the nozzle to better understand this sensitive nature. The objective to simulate the whole atomization system guided the present work dedicated to the use of an immersed boundary method (IBM). Such an approach allows reproducing flows inside nozzles of arbitrary shape while keeping the original cartesian mesh valuable for numerical efficiency and accuracy. As a first step, the implementation of an IBM in ARCHER was carried out and tested on channels, pipes and uniform flows past a circular cylinder. An industrial application focused on the flow inside a triple disk compound injector. This work led to a refined description of the secondary flow origin in the discharge hole. In order to move towards the design of a numerical tool able to simulate the whole injection system, a coupling between IBM and the Ghost Fluid Method (GFM) has been found necessary. This allows accounting for two phase flows inside the nozzle where the dynamics of the triple line has to be considered. The bidimensional developments have been tested on drops released on walls. This version enabled to simulate flows inside channels with different ratios of length over diameter and the flow inside a convergent nozzle. The simultaneous computation of flows inside and outside nozzle has enabled to link the velocity fluctuations of internals flows to the surface setting-up gene-rated on external flows.

This validation study examined the Triple E Rubric for Lesson Design as a measurement tool to test the effectiveness of a lesson when using technology to support learning goals. This study also measured the content and concurrent validity as well as reliability of the Triple E Rubric developed by Liz Kolb.