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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Integrating transportation and land-use management strategies aimed at reducing urban traffic congestion : a dynamic adaptive decision framework / W. Heyns

Heyns, Werner January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
32

Integrating transportation and land-use management strategies aimed at reducing urban traffic congestion : a dynamic adaptive decision framework / W. Heyns

Heyns, Werner January 2008 (has links)
Much has been written about the desperate need to seek alternative solutions to the urban traffic congestion problems we face today. To manage these problems, three main streams of intervention have evolved from supply, demand and land-use management paradigms. Whilst their underlying measures all have the ability to reduce traffic congestion one way or another, little has been done to integrate the measures of each stream using a qualitative decision framework or process enabling the selection of site specific measures appropriate to local traffic and transport conditions. To this end the study reports the results of an empirical investigation by which a Multi-Criteria Analysis based Dynamic Adaptive Decision Framework (D.A.D.F.) were developed. This screens selected measures identifying those that have the potential to alleviate site specific road based traffic congestion. The product of the screening process is a set of sustainable measures transposed into an integrated strategy tailored to address local traffic congestion issues. Once the D.A.D.F. was developed, its usefulness and workability was tested by applying it to a case study. The case study results demonstrated that the D.A.D.F. is capable of producing integrated strategies with the ability to manage traffic congestion, encourage sustainable development and alleviate some site specific development challenges within the context of the study areas. Going beyond developing the decision framework, the study recommends positioning the D.A.D.F. within the South African planning system as part of a Traffic Congestion Management Plan (T.C.M.P.), setting out its likely components within the local context. It is concluded that the main innovation of the study is the development of the D.A.D.F., the T.C.M.P., the recommendations to situate both in the planning system and the comprehensive, but still transparent, approach undertaken to create integrated strategies for specific local conditions consisting of elements that work together to produce cumulative short to long term effects that attain a balanced set of environmental, social and economic goals - all imperative for sustainable development. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
33

Integrating transportation and land-use management strategies aimed at reducing urban traffic congestion : a dynamic adaptive decision framework / W. Heyns

Heyns, Werner January 2008 (has links)
Much has been written about the desperate need to seek alternative solutions to the urban traffic congestion problems we face today. To manage these problems, three main streams of intervention have evolved from supply, demand and land-use management paradigms. Whilst their underlying measures all have the ability to reduce traffic congestion one way or another, little has been done to integrate the measures of each stream using a qualitative decision framework or process enabling the selection of site specific measures appropriate to local traffic and transport conditions. To this end the study reports the results of an empirical investigation by which a Multi-Criteria Analysis based Dynamic Adaptive Decision Framework (D.A.D.F.) were developed. This screens selected measures identifying those that have the potential to alleviate site specific road based traffic congestion. The product of the screening process is a set of sustainable measures transposed into an integrated strategy tailored to address local traffic congestion issues. Once the D.A.D.F. was developed, its usefulness and workability was tested by applying it to a case study. The case study results demonstrated that the D.A.D.F. is capable of producing integrated strategies with the ability to manage traffic congestion, encourage sustainable development and alleviate some site specific development challenges within the context of the study areas. Going beyond developing the decision framework, the study recommends positioning the D.A.D.F. within the South African planning system as part of a Traffic Congestion Management Plan (T.C.M.P.), setting out its likely components within the local context. It is concluded that the main innovation of the study is the development of the D.A.D.F., the T.C.M.P., the recommendations to situate both in the planning system and the comprehensive, but still transparent, approach undertaken to create integrated strategies for specific local conditions consisting of elements that work together to produce cumulative short to long term effects that attain a balanced set of environmental, social and economic goals - all imperative for sustainable development. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
34

Variabilidade decadal da zona de convergência intertropical e sua influência na pluviosidade da região norte do Brasil / Intertropical convergence zone decadal variability and its impact on the Northern Brazilian rainfall

Andrade, Lene da Silva 09 March 2007 (has links)
The present work focused on the possible influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the positioning and intensity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during its annual cycle over the Atlantic Ocean and its impact in the rainfall totals in the northern South American continent. For this purpose, the mean annual fields of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), sea surface temperature (SST), omega (ω), meridional wind (V) and precipitation rate (P) of Reanalysis data sets (NCEP/NCAR) were analysed. In addition, observed rainfall monthly mean series (INMET and HIDROWEB), the University of Delawere (UDEL) rainfall, interpolated in a 0.5°x0.5° grid, and the PDO indices found in the NOAA/ESRL/PSD site were used to support the analyses. The results were visualized with applets available in the ESRL/PSD/NOAA s site as well as GrADS software. The records period 1948-2005 was divided into PDO cold phase (1948-1976), warm phase (1977- 1998) and current phase (1999-2005), which was used to verify the climate tendency of the last seven years. The results suggested that the ITCZ remained farther north of its mean position during the PDO cold phase. Apparently, the ascending branch of the Hadley Cell was displaced farther north and the descendent branch of the Walker Circulation positioned farther west of their normal positions. This pattern led to a rainfall reduction in parts of Amazonia. In the PDO cold phase, the normalized rainfall indices showed a more noticeable rainfall reduction (increase) western (eastern) of 52°W, in the State of Pará. In the PDO warm phase, opposite circulation patterns and higher climate variability were observed. The results suggested that the PDO, in general, modified the SST patterns in the Atlantic and, as a consequence, the positioning and intensity of the ITCZ. There are evidences that the PDO is experiencing a new cold phase. Thus, one expects that the ITCZ and the Amazonian rainfall present a similar behaviour of previous cold phase. Particular attention should be paid to the Brazilian States of Roraima and Maranhão, eastern Pará State and western Amazonas State, including Colombia, Venezuela e north-eastern Bolivia, that may experience a sensible rainfall reduction during the next 10 years. Another relevant result was relative to a possible enhancement of convection and rainfall over the southern Saharan region (Sahel), Africa, during the present PDO phase. It was noticed that it rained more in the region till 1975, when the SST anomalies of Equatorial Guinea Gulf were negative and the wind south component was stronger. These conditions seem to be returning. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente trabalho dissertou-se sobre as possíveis influências da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP) no posicionamento e intensidade da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) em seu ciclo anual sobre o Oceano Atlântico e seus impactos na precipitação do norte da América do Sul. Para tanto, foram utilizados os campos médios de radiação de ondas longas emergentes (ROLE), temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM), omega, vento meridional e precipitação, elaborados a partir do conjunto de dados de Reanalises do NCEP/NCAR, além de índices de ODP do ESRL/PSD/NOAA e séries temporais da precipitação média observada de postos pluviométricos (INMET and HIDROWEB) e a interpolada pela University of Delawere (UDEL) numa grade de 0,5°x0,5°. Os aplicativos disponíveis no site do ESRL/PSD/NOAA, bem como o GrADS, foram utilizados para visualizar os resultados das análises. O período de 1948 a 2005, correspondendo às fases fria (1948- 1976), quente (1977- 1998) e atual (1999- 2005) da ODP, foi tomado como base, este último tendo sido utilizado para verificar tendências climáticas contemporâneas. Os resultados indicaram que, durante a fase fria da ODP, a ZCIT esteve mais ao norte de sua posição climatológica. O ramo ascendente da célula de Hadley permaneceu mais deslocado para norte e o descendente da circulação de Walker mais deslocado para oeste. Essa configuração foi responsável pelo decréscimo da precipitação observado em parte da Amazônia. Os índices de precipitação padronizada (IPP) mostraram redução (aumento) mais acentuada da chuva a oeste (leste) de 52°W, no Estado do Pará. Durante a fase quente da ODP, foram observadas configurações opostas e maior variabilidade climática interanual. De maneira geral, as análises mostraram que a ODP mudou a configuração das TSM no Atlântico e influenciou o posicionamento e intensidade da ZCIT. Sugeriram, também, que a ODP parece estar experimentando sua nova fase fria. Com base nesses resultados, espera-se que a ZCIT e a precipitação, apresentem variabilidade semelhante à fase fria anterior. Dessa forma, particular atenção, deve ser atribuída a regiões dos Estados de Roraima, Oeste do Amazonas, leste do Pará e Maranhão, além da Colômbia, Venezuela e nordeste da Bolívia, que deverão sofrer redução em sua precipitação média nos próximos 10 a 15 anos. Outro resultado relevante diz respeito aumento da convecção e precipitação que poderá ocorrer no Sul do Deserto de Sahara (Sahel), África, ao longo da atual fase da ODP. Nessa região, foi notado que choveu mais até 1975, quando o Golfo da Guiné apresentou anomalias negativas de TSM e a componente sul do vento esteve mais forte.Aparentemente, essas condições estão retornando.
35

Características da precipitação pluviométrica do nordeste brasileiro e seus padrões de acoplamento com as TSM do Pacífico Equatorial e Atlântico Sul. / Rainfall characteristics in northeastern brazil and their patterns coupling with sst equatorial Pacific and South Atlantic.

Coelho, Sergio Carlos Buarque 08 February 2010 (has links)
The need to establish the long-term precipitation led many authors to try to understand why regulators of interannual climate variability over the Northeast of Brazil. Fluctuations in the equatorial Pacific SST acts as a modulator of climate on various time scales and are associated with the phenomenon (El Niño / Southern Oscillation). We analyzed the patterns of monthly and quarterly precipitation in Northeast Brazil (with emphasis on the eastern part of Northeast Brazil), related to the anomalies of surface temperatures of the equatorial Pacific and south Atlantic, from the SST data obtained from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data System and precipitation data from the universe as we know from Delaware from 1950 to 1999. The monthly precipitation by the phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and rainfall were arranged both quarterly and lag. Were defined conditions of El Niño: positive anomaly; positive derivative; positive derivative if and only if the anomalies were positive and the anomaly index Interoceanic (AI). The best parameter for prediction of quarterly rainfall within the rainy season in NE, was the condition of positive derivative of the SST of the Pacific, one month before the rain (lag1) with positive correlation of 0.3 to 95% of significance, falling to 0.2 (lag2), from February to May versus April-July rainfall. The study confirmed the low levels of correlation, have been mentioned by other authors about the ENE and the SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific. The monthly mean SST anomalies in the South Atlantic and equatorial Pacific combined showed best results when correlated with monthly precipitation over northern northeast Brazil. On the east of NE was positive correlation of 0.5, on the north of NE was 0.6, decreasing to 0.3 correlation over southern northeast at 95% significance. The two signals combined accounted for (r = 0.7) 49% of the variability in signal Comparable with isolated Pacific, which was correlated with seasonal rainfall. The increase in estimates of rainfall over east of NE occurred from the inclusion of the Atlantic SST anomalies and considered during the calculation of the average normal changes of signal detected in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A necessidade em prever a precipitação a longo prazo levaram muitos autores a tentar compreender os motivos reguladores da variabilidade interanual climática sobre o Nordeste do Brasil. As flutuações nas TSM do Pacífico equatorial atuam como um modulador climático em várias escalas de tempo e estão associados ao fenômeno (El Niño / Oscilação Sul). Analisamos os padrões mensais e quadrimestrais da precipitação do Nordeste do Brasil (com ênfase sobre a parte leste do Nordeste do Brasil), relacionadas às anomalias das temperaturas da superfície dos oceanos Pacífico equatorial e Atlântico sul, a partir dos dados de TSM obtidos do Compreensiv Ocean-Atmosphere Data System e dos dados de precipitação da Universidade de Delaware entre 1950 a 1999. As precipitações mensais pelas fases da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico e as precipitações quadrimestral foram dispostas simultaneamente e em lag. Foram definidas condições de El-Niño: anomalia positiva; derivada positiva; derivada positiva se e somente se as anomalias fossem positivas e o índice anomalia Interoceânica (AI). O melhor parâmetro de prognóstico da precipitação quadrimestral, dentro da estação chuvosa do ENE, foi a condição de derivada positiva das TSM do Pacifico, um mês antes da chuva (lag1), com de correlação positiva de 0,3 a 95% de significância, caindo para 0,2 (lag2), de fevereiro-maio versus as chuvas abril-julho. Confirmaram-se os baixos índices de correlação, já foram mencionados por outros autores a respeito do ENE e as anomalias da TSM do Pacífico equatorial. As anomalias da TSM médias mensais do Atlântico sul e Pacífico equatorial combinadas mostraram melhores resultados quando correlacionadas com a precipitação mensal sobre o NEB. Sobre o ENE correlação positiva de 0,5; no NNE foi de 0,6; caindo para 0,3 de correlação no SNE a 95% de significância. Os dois sinais combinados responderam por (r=0,7) 49% da variabilidade comparado ao sinal isolado do Pacífico, correlacionado com a precipitação quadrimestral. O aumento na previsão das precipitações sobre o ENE se deu a partir da inclusão das anomalias da TSM do Atlântico e por considerar durante o cálculo das médias normais as mudanças de sinal verificadas na Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico.
36

Variabilidade da vazão de regiões homogêneas da bacia hidrográfica amazônica brasileira: teleconexões com a temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) de 1976 - 2010 / Streamflow variability of homogeneous subregions in the Brazilian Amazon basin: teleconnections with sea surface temperature (SST) of 1976-2010

Leila Limberger 28 September 2015 (has links)
A variabilidade climática é um objeto característico da Geografia já que anomalias positivas ou negativas de seus elementos, principalmente precipitação e temperatura, podem afetar de forma significativa a vida da população atingida. Na presente pesquisa, a variabilidade da vazão na bacia amazônica brasileira para o período de 1976 a 2010 é estudada por meio de técnicas estatísticas, tais como correlação linear, regressão linear simples e múltipla, análise de agrupamento e análise de ondeletas. Campos de componentes atmosféricos são apresentados para a compreensão da circulação atmosférica anômala que leva a anomalias de vazão. O objetivo é compreender com mais profundidade possíveis associações entre a variabilidade da vazão fluvial e da temperatura da superfície do mar, TSM, em regiões oceânicas específicas, reconhecendo-se para isso o acoplamento oceano-atmosfera que modula a variabilidade climática global. Este estudo compreendeu o uso de dados de vazão e precipitação do sistema Hidroweb/ANA, dados de TSM, radiação de onda longa e vento do conjunto de dados da Reanálise I, do NCEP/NCAR, e dados de precipitação do Global Precipitation Climatology Project, GPCP. A maior parte das análises considerou o tratamento de dados na escala mensal. O estudo verificou que há variabilidade espacial para a resposta da correlação linear entre a TSM e a vazão na bacia amazônica brasileira, verificada em cada uma das sub-regiões homogêneas definidas para esta pesquisa. Diferenças espaciais também foram verificadas nos resultados dos testes para tendência linear, identificando-se um padrão de tendência positiva da vazão na parte norte da bacia amazônica brasileira, e, negativa na porção sul. Sugere-se que a tendência negativa na porção sul esteja, em parte, associada à expansão das áreas agrícolas e, portanto, à intensificação do desmatamento. Cada uma das sub-regiões apresentou padrões espaciais de correlação linear diferenciados com os oceanos, mas, de forma geral, verifica-se que os eventos ENOS são importantes na definição da variabilidade da bacia amazônica, sendo mais efetivos nas anomalias de vazão das sub-regiões Norte, Amazonas-Foz e Sul, enquanto que a variabilidade da temperatura da superfície do mar no Atlântico Tropical Norte está bem associada à variabilidade da vazão nas sub-regiões Central e Oeste. A análise dos campos atmosféricos médios para anos caracterizados por ENOS neutros permitiu identificar que a sub-região Oeste apresentou resultados de influência de processos climáticos regionais que influenciaram anomalias positivas e negativas de vazão. Desta forma, a hipótese da tese de que, observando-se as particularidades de associação entre a temperatura da superfície do mar e a vazão fluvial para cada sub-região amazônica seria possível elaborar um modelo estocástico de previsão mais adequado a cada sub-região, sendo cada um mais apropriado a cada subregião, exprimindo maior acurácia e significância estatística, foi confirmada. Cada uma das sub-regiões consideradas apresenta intervalos de tempo preferenciais em que a correlação com a superfície dos oceanos é máxima. Assim, conclui-se que a bacia amazônica não pode ser considerada como um todo quanto à análise climática, já que foram confirmadas variabilidades espaciais de tendência linear dos dados de vazão, correlação entre vazão e precipitação e correlação com anomalias da temperatura da superfície do mar. / Climate variability is a characteristic object of geography, as positive or negative anomalies of its elements, especially precipitation and temperature may significantly affect the lives of the population. In this research, the variability of flow in the Brazilian Amazon basin for the period 1976-2010 is studied through statistical techniques such as linear correlation, simple and multiple linear regression, cluster analysis and wavelet analysis. Fields of atmospheric components are presented for comprehending the anomalous atmospheric circulation which leads to flow abnormalities. The objective is to understand more deeply possible associations between the variability of river flow and sea surface temperature, SST, in specific ocean regions, in order to recognize ocean-atmosphere coupling that modulates the global climate variability. This study has encompassed the use of flow and precipitation data of Hidroweb system/ANA, SST data, longwave radiation and wind of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis I dataset, and precipitation data of Global Precipitation Climatology Project, GPCP. Most of the analyzes considered the treatment of data in the monthly scale. The study found that there is spatial variability to the response of the linear correlation between SST and the flow in the Brazilian Amazon basin seen in each one of the homogeneous subregions defined for this research. Spatial differences were also verified in the results of tests for linear trend, identifying a pattern of positive trend of the flow in the northern part of the Brazilian Amazon basin, and negative in the southern portion. It suggests that the negative trend in the southern portion is partly associated with the expansion of agricultural areas and therefore, the intensification of deforestation of forested areas. Each one of the subregions showed different spatial patterns of linear correlation with the oceans, but in general, ENSO events are important in defining the variability of the Amazon basin, being more effective in flow anomalies of North, Amazonas-Foz and South subregions, whereas the variability of sea surface temperature in the Tropical North Atlantic is well associated with the variability of flow in the Central and West subregions. The analysis of average atmospheric fields for years characterized by neutral ENSO was able to identify that the West subregion presented results of influence of regional climate processes which influenced anomalies of positive and negative flow. Thus, the hypothesis of the thesis that, by observing the association of the particularities between sea surface temperature and river flow for each Amazon subregion would be possible to develop a more appropriate stochastic model to each subregion, being each one more adequate to every subregion, expressing greater accuracy and statistical significance, was confirmed. Each one of the subregions considered presents preferential time intervals at which the correlation to the ocean surface is maximal. Therefore, it is concluded that the Amazon basin cannot be considered as a whole regarding its climate analysis, seeing that spatial variabilities of linear trend of flow data were confirmed, correlation between flow and precipitation and correlation with sea surface temperature anomalies.
37

Variabilidade climática e correlação entre TSM e vazão fluvial nos rios Amazonas e Negro / Climate variability of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and flow of the rivers Amazonas and Negro

Sérgio Orleans de Melo Gadelha 07 March 2012 (has links)
Variabilidade climática é um sistema complexo gerado pela participação de diversos atores e sua atuação na dinâmica atmosférica, a (TSM) Temperatura da Superfície do Mar tem papel fundamental de influencia nas diversas características dos índices climáticos: Southern Hemisphere Anular Mode Index (SAM), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), El Nino / Oscilação Sul (ENSO), (TNA) Tropical North Atlantic Index, (PDO) Pacific Decada Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO). Os Índices com variações climáticas e suas implicações, possuem um espectro de atuação e formação do clima, que se inicia nos macro-sistemas através de suas influências extraterrestres, pelos períodos de atividade solar e outros, que nos convidam a buscar um melhor entendimento sobre o clima e suas forças resultantes. Portanto essa é uma pesquisa simplista, procura demonstrar os entes envolvidos nos processos de variabilidade climática, realçando muito mais o papel dos oceanos e sua influencia de correlação sobre os regimes fluviométricos, estimando definir também a sua grande importância e um melhor entendimento do ciclo hidrológico da escala espaço-temporal na região da bacia Amazônica, partindo de uma leitura do sistema atmosférico e sua influencia dinâmica resultante sobre o ciclo hidrológico. A pesquisa adquiriu através da (ANA) Agencia Nacional de Águas os dados de vazão fluvial dos rios Solimões/Amazonas e Negro, e junto ao Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division da NOAA, foram adquiridos os valores de TSM e Índices climáticos, já para os dados de precipitação foram solicitados junto Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC/INPE). Todos estes dados foram tratados em processamento no Software GrADS e ainda compilados em FORTRAN, para a analise estatística através de (R) Analise e Planejamento de Experimentos, para fornecer os dados de correlação linear, Test-t e regressão linear com o objetivo de sustentar e apoiar a analise dos resultados que possam prognosticar a partir da defasagem entre as variáveis TSM e o comportamento resultante da vazão fluvial. / Climate variability is a complex system generated by the participation of various actors and their role in atmospheric dynamics, the Sea Surface Temperature(SST) plays a key role in influencing the several features of the climate indexes: Southern Hemisphere Cancel Index Mode (SAM), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), El Nino / Southern Oscillation (ENSO), (TNA) Tropical North Atlantic Index (PDO) Pacific Decade Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO). The climate changes indexes and their implications have a spectrum in the activity and formation of the climate, which begins in macro-systems through their extraterrestrial influences, during periods of solar activity and others, who urges us to search a better understanding of the climate and its resultant forces. Therefore, this is a simplistic research, seeking to show the entities involved in the climate variability processes, emphasizing much more the role of the oceans and its influence on the fluvial routines correlation, and estimating also define a major and also a better understanding of the hydrological cycle spatiotemporal scale in the region of the Amazon basin, starting from a reading of the atmospheric system and its resulting dynamic influence on the hydrological cycle, acquired through this research (ANA) National Water Agency data flow of the rivers Solimões / Amazonas and Negro River, and with the Earth System Research Laboratory - Physical Sciences Division of NOAA, which acquired values of SST and climate indexes. The precipitation data was requested from Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC / INPE). All these data were processed in the processing software GrADS and also compiled in FORTRAN for statistical analysis using (R) - Analysis and Design of Experiments, to provide data for linear correlation, T-test and linear regression in order to sustain and support the analysis of the results which could predict from the discrepancy between the SST variables and the resulting conduct of river flow.
38

Índice oceânicos e sua relação com a precipitação pluvial do Rio Grande do Sul / Climate indices obtained from the SST of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and its influence on rainfall variability in Rio Grande do Sul

Santos, Eliane Barbosa dos, Santos, Eliane Barbosa dos 01 March 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:25:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_eliane_santos.pdf: 39677128 bytes, checksum: 12471abe71417b966143715175970fe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 / Certain climatc indexes were obtained from the SST of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, available at the ESRL/PSD/NOAA. / Foram determinados índices climáticos obtidos das TSMs dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico, disponíveis no site do ESRL/PSD/NOAA.
39

Hands On Workshops

Butler, Douglas 06 March 2012 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
40

Hands On Workshops

Butler, Douglas 06 March 2012 (has links)
No description available.

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