Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2004.

This paper empirically estimates the effect of tax exemptions from the carbon tax and energy taxon emissions in Sweden. After the tax exemptions in 1992, carbon dioxide emissions from theSwedish industrial sector increased by, on average, over 34 percent, compared to a synthetic control unit constructed from a comparable group of OECD countries. The main finding is robust to various placebo tests, robustness tests and a dose-response test, suggesting that the tax exemptions are the driver of the result.

Personal income tax with the focus on tax exemptions and possibilities of tax reductions This thesis deals with the problematics of the personal income tax. The focus of this thesis is on possibilities of reductions of the tax or the tax base and on tax exemptions. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter explains the general concept of taxes, the history of taxes and the characteristics of the tax law. The author devoted the second chapter to the income tax, especially to its characteristics and its statutory regulation. Nowadays all regulation of the personal income tax is contained in one act, Act no. 586/1992 Coll., Income Tax Act. However, in the past the situation was different and therefore it is necessary to mention also the previous regulation, which was scattered into several acts and other legal regulations. The present Income Tax Act has been valid and effective for almost thirty years and it has been amended to a greater or smaller degree several times. The author mentions these amendments in connection with particular issues throughout the whole thesis in order to compare the present and the previous regulation. The third chapter deals with the theoretical view of taxes. The author writes about the characteristics of taxes in general and also about the special...

As a form of tax and expenditure limitations, property tax exemptions result in an utility gap between two groups of population residing in the same community: free-riders who are paying less than they receive and contributors who are paying more than they receive. This utility gap is problematic to municipalities because contributors may exit the city as this gap becomes wider. How do municipalities respond to the increasing amount of property tax exemptions? Using 41 Texas cities data from 2000 to 2016, this dissertation examines how property tax exemptions affect municipalities' fiscal behavior. The analysis indicates that property tax exemptions lead to higher property tax burden, change municipalities' revenue structure, and lead to less capital spending.

Os benefícios fiscais produzem efeitos financeiros similares aos das despesas públicas, mais especificamente as subvenções, na medida em que ambos são instrumentos utilizados para transferir ao particular beneficiado recursos financeiros que a priori pertenceriam ao Estado. Nesse sentido, foi criado nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 o conceito de tax expenditure, traduzido para o português para renúncia de receita ou gasto tributário, o qual representa a quantificação dos efeitos financeiros dos benefícios fiscais. Tal enunciado quantitativo, uma vez integrado ao processo orçamentário, torna possível a comparação do custo financeiro dos benefícios fiscais com as despesas diretas de mesma finalidade, tornando a instituição de tais normas tributárias mais controlada e transparente. No Brasil, somente com a Constituição Federal de 1988 foram instituídos controles sobre os gastos tributários, determinando o texto constitucional a necessidade de inclusão de um relatório de gastos tributários anexo à proposta orçamentária, bem como a competência fiscalizatória dos órgãos de controle interno e externo para a fiscalização da aplicação das renúncias de receita. Tal controle foi intensificado com a promulgação da Lei Complementar n. 101/2000, a qual determina em seu artigo 14 diversos requisitos para os instrumentos introdutores de benefícios fiscais, inclusive a necessidade de compensação da receita perdida com outras fontes de recursos. A aplicação das normas relativas aos gastos tributários, entretanto, necessita de um conceito consistente de benefício fiscal, o qual permite identificar as normas tributárias que devem ter seus efeitos financeiros submetidos a controle orçamentário. Tal conceito ainda não pode ser encontrado no Brasil, uma vez que o próprio Governo federal ainda não apresenta uma definição rigorosa e consistente para o instituto. Assim, partindo de um conceito de benefício fiscal encontrado na lei complementar, este trabalho apresenta diretrizes para a identificação de gastos tributários nos institutos tradicionalmente utilizados para a concessão de exonerações tributárias. / The tax benefits produce financial effects similar to those of the public expenditures, more specifically subsidies, since both institutes are instruments used to transfer to the citizen resources that would have belonged to the State. Because of this conclusion was created in the United States of America in the 60ths and 70ths the concept of tax expenditure, which represents the estimated value of the financial effects of the tax benefits. This estimated figure, once integrated to the budget process, allows the comparison between the financial cost of the tax benefits and the public expenses of similar goals, providing controls and accountability to the creation of such tax norms. In Brazil, only the Federal Constitution of 1988 created controls to the tax expenditures, establishing the obligatory inclusion of a tax expenditures report attached to the budget proposal, as well as the power to the Authorities of the intern and extern financial controls to investigate the application of tax expenditures. The control of tax expenditures was increased with the Complementary Law 101/2000, whose article 14 establishes several conditions to the legal act that creates tax benefits, including the necessity of compensate the tax losses with additional sources of revenue. The application of these controls requirers a consistent definition of fiscal benefits, which allows the identification of the norms that produce tax expenditures. Such concept still cannot be found in Brazil, since the Federal Government still do not presents a satisfactory definition of what would be a tax benefit. Therefore, once found a definition of tax benefits in the Complementary Law, this study presents conclusions that contribute to the identification of tax expenditures in the traditional institutes of Brazilian tax law.

Os benefícios fiscais produzem efeitos financeiros similares aos das despesas públicas, mais especificamente as subvenções, na medida em que ambos são instrumentos utilizados para transferir ao particular beneficiado recursos financeiros que a priori pertenceriam ao Estado. Nesse sentido, foi criado nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 o conceito de tax expenditure, traduzido para o português para renúncia de receita ou gasto tributário, o qual representa a quantificação dos efeitos financeiros dos benefícios fiscais. Tal enunciado quantitativo, uma vez integrado ao processo orçamentário, torna possível a comparação do custo financeiro dos benefícios fiscais com as despesas diretas de mesma finalidade, tornando a instituição de tais normas tributárias mais controlada e transparente. No Brasil, somente com a Constituição Federal de 1988 foram instituídos controles sobre os gastos tributários, determinando o texto constitucional a necessidade de inclusão de um relatório de gastos tributários anexo à proposta orçamentária, bem como a competência fiscalizatória dos órgãos de controle interno e externo para a fiscalização da aplicação das renúncias de receita. Tal controle foi intensificado com a promulgação da Lei Complementar n. 101/2000, a qual determina em seu artigo 14 diversos requisitos para os instrumentos introdutores de benefícios fiscais, inclusive a necessidade de compensação da receita perdida com outras fontes de recursos. A aplicação das normas relativas aos gastos tributários, entretanto, necessita de um conceito consistente de benefício fiscal, o qual permite identificar as normas tributárias que devem ter seus efeitos financeiros submetidos a controle orçamentário. Tal conceito ainda não pode ser encontrado no Brasil, uma vez que o próprio Governo federal ainda não apresenta uma definição rigorosa e consistente para o instituto. Assim, partindo de um conceito de benefício fiscal encontrado na lei complementar, este trabalho apresenta diretrizes para a identificação de gastos tributários nos institutos tradicionalmente utilizados para a concessão de exonerações tributárias. / The tax benefits produce financial effects similar to those of the public expenditures, more specifically subsidies, since both institutes are instruments used to transfer to the citizen resources that would have belonged to the State. Because of this conclusion was created in the United States of America in the 60ths and 70ths the concept of tax expenditure, which represents the estimated value of the financial effects of the tax benefits. This estimated figure, once integrated to the budget process, allows the comparison between the financial cost of the tax benefits and the public expenses of similar goals, providing controls and accountability to the creation of such tax norms. In Brazil, only the Federal Constitution of 1988 created controls to the tax expenditures, establishing the obligatory inclusion of a tax expenditures report attached to the budget proposal, as well as the power to the Authorities of the intern and extern financial controls to investigate the application of tax expenditures. The control of tax expenditures was increased with the Complementary Law 101/2000, whose article 14 establishes several conditions to the legal act that creates tax benefits, including the necessity of compensate the tax losses with additional sources of revenue. The application of these controls requirers a consistent definition of fiscal benefits, which allows the identification of the norms that produce tax expenditures. Such concept still cannot be found in Brazil, since the Federal Government still do not presents a satisfactory definition of what would be a tax benefit. Therefore, once found a definition of tax benefits in the Complementary Law, this study presents conclusions that contribute to the identification of tax expenditures in the traditional institutes of Brazilian tax law.

O objetivo central desta dissertação é realizar uma análise crítica da política de informática brasileira adotada na década de noventa sob uma perspectiva jurídica. O mote principal é utilizar a Lei de Informática (Lei 8.248/91 e modificações posteriores), seus dispositivos e incentivos, tanto como objeto de análise quanto como centro de referência para compreensão do setor e da política pública adotada. A questão que se propõe responder é que papel pode ser atribuído ao direito dentro de uma política pública setorial voltada ao desenvolvimento de uma indústria de grande importância na economia contemporânea e com alta dinâmica tecnológica como o setor de informática. Na primeira parte realiza-se uma revisão da literatura econômica sobre política industrial e intervenção do Estado na economia, a fim de se estabelecer os marcos teóricos do estudo empírico. Nos dois capítulos subseqüentes é feita a reconstrução histórica da antiga política de informática (a reserva de mercado) dos anos setenta e oitenta, e do novo conjunto de incentivos instituídos nos anos noventa com a Lei de Informática, tentando entender porque uma política inicialmente pensada para durar até 1997 já foi renovada por duas vezes, tendo por prazo atual de duração o ano de 2019. Também é realizado um estudo das três principais ferramentas jurídicas adotadas na nova política (o Plano Produtivo Básico, as exigências de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e o fundo setorial CT-Info), abordando a racionalidade adotada para atacar os problemas identificados, e como o direito e o arcabouço normativo se encaixam e são utilizados dentro dessa racionalidade. Ao final, tenta-se retomar sinteticamente as análises anteriores, respondendo à pergunta sobre a função do direito em três frentes: (i) como elemento que, uma vez positivado como norma jurídica, exerce influência para a evolução ou evolver posterior da política; (ii) como ferramenta jurídica de política industrial utilizada pela Lei de Informática; e (iii) como elemento explicativo fundamental para compreender a própria construção e desenvolvimento do mercado de informática no país. / The main purpose of this essay is to critically analyze under a legal perspective the Brazilian informatics policy adopted during the nineties. The strategy may be described as using the Informatics Law (Law no 8.248/91 and latter amendments), its rules and incentives as the central object of analysis and as a guidance to understand the industry and the public policy. The question to be answered herein is what role may be ascribed to Law in an industry targeted public policy aimed at promoting the development of an industry of great importance in todays economy and with high technological dynamics such as the informatics industry. The first part reviews the economic literature on industrial policy and State intervention in the economy, in order to establish the theoretical grounds of the empirical study. In the two subsequent chapters there is a historical analysis of the former informatics policy (the market reserve) in the seventies and the eighties, and of the new policy established with the Informatics Law in the nineties, arguing why a policy initially thought to last up to 1997 was renewed twice already, with a current deadline in 2019. It is also presented a research on the three most important legal instruments of the new policy (the Basic Productive Plan, the investments required on research and development and the industry specific fund CT-Info), including a study of the rationale intended to correct the identified problems, and how the Law and legal arrangements fit and were used within such rationalities. Finally, the main theses defended along the essay are jointly reviewed, thus answering the question regarding the role of Law in three different ways: (i) as an element that, once approved as legal provision, exerts influence on the further evolution of the public policy in question; (ii) as an industrial policy legal instrument used within the Informatics Law; and (iii) as a fundamental explanatory element to comprehend the constitution and development of the Brazilian informatics market itself.

Tyrimo objektas – verslo plėtrą įtakojantys Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčiai. Tyrimo dalykas – mokesčių įtaka verslo plėtrai. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti mokesčių įtaką smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtrai Lietuvoje. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtros tendencijas apmokestinimo kontekste. 2. Identifikuoti pagrindines smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo apmokestinimo problemas. 3. Atlikus Lietuvos Respublikos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo apmokestinimo analizę, parengti pasiūlymus Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių pakeitimams, kurie padėtų skatinti smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtrą. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros ir teisės aktų analizė ir sintezė, ekonominiai-statistiniai duomenų rinkimo ir analizės metodai; rodiklių grupavimo, palyginimo ir grafinio vaizdavimo būdai. Tyrimo rezultatai: • Pirmoje darbo dalyje ištirta smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo būklė ir plėtros tendencijos, įvertinta apmokestinimo uždavinių ir principų taikymas ūkio subjektams, apibrėžta smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo apmokestinimo ypatumai ir problemos. • Antroje darbo dalyje išanalizuota mokesčių įtakos ūkio subjektams vertinimo metodai, išskiriama tiesioginių ir netiesioginių mokesčių bei įmokų įtaka įmonės veiklai, pateikiama apmokestinimo įtakos Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo veiklai ir plėtrai tyrimo etapai. • Trečioje dalyje pateikiama mokesčių įtakos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo ūkio subjektų plėtrai įvertinti modelio adaptavimo rezultatai, nustatyta įmonės veiklos rezultatų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research objective – effective taxation regulation on business expansion in the Republic of Lithuania. Research purpose – taxation influence on business. Research aim – determine taxation influence on small and medium sizes business development in Lithuania Aims: 1. Determine small and medium business development trends in light of taxation 2. Identify major small and medium business taxation problems. 3. Upon completion of analysis, to present suggestions in the Lithuanian regulation of taxation in order to promote small and medium business development. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of academic literature and taxation regulations, economical – statistical data collection and analysis; data compilation, comparison and graphic depiction methods. Research Results: • The first part of the Thesis presents current state of small and medium business, its development tendencies. It has summarized application of taxation aims and fundamentals on business entities and also summarized small and medium business taxation problems and peculiarities. • The second part of the Thesis has analyzed the valuation methods of taxation effect; direct and indirect taxation on business organization; taxation effect evaluation research stages. • The third part of the Thesis presents the research method application results where it has determined the correlation between business development results and taxation burden and as well the effect in the light of exemptions and... [to full text]

This thesis consists of three essays within the field of applied environmental economics, with the common basic aim of analyzing effects of Swedish environmental policy. Starting out from Swedish environmental goals, the thesis assesses a range of policy-related questions. The objective is to quantify policy outcomes by constructing and applying numerical models especially designed for environmental policy analysis. Static and dynamic multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium models are developed in order to analyze the following issues. The costs and benefits of a domestic carbon dioxide (CO2) tax reform. Special attention is given to how these costs and benefits depend on the structure of the tax system and, furthermore, how they depend on policy-induced changes in "secondary" pollutants. The effects of allowing for emission permit trading through time when the domestic long-term domestic environmental goal is specified in CO2stock terms. The effects on long-term projected economic growth and welfare that are due to damages from emission flow and accumulation of "local" pollutants (nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide), as well as the outcome of environmental policy when costs and benefits are considered in an integrated environmental-economic framework. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

Submitted by Amanda Miranda Fantinatti (miranda.a.amanda@gmail.com) on 2015-03-11T12:05:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AMF Versão Final2.pdf: 693727 bytes, checksum: ded134187b2dabf9800ef72bbf7ccfb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2015-03-11T12:11:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AMF Versão Final2.pdf: 693727 bytes, checksum: ded134187b2dabf9800ef72bbf7ccfb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T13:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AMF Versão Final2.pdf: 693727 bytes, checksum: ded134187b2dabf9800ef72bbf7ccfb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / A eclosão da crise financeira internacional de 2008 colocou o uso da política fiscal novamente no radar dos formuladores de políticas públicas como forma de impulsionar a atividade econômica. No presente trabalho, analisamos a desoneração do IPI sobre automóveis com o objetivo de fornecer contribuições em duas direções: i) estimar e calibrar um modelo DSGE de pequena escala para o Brasil que incorpore esse aspecto e ii) analisar o impacto específico dessa política nas principais variáveis macroeconômicas à luz do modelo. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto desse estímulo fiscal foi inicialmente positivo em estimular a atividade, mas com efeitos decrescentes. / The outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis put the fiscal policy again in the spotlight as a way to boost economic activity. In this paper, we analyze the IPI tax exemption on vehicles aiming to contribute in two directions: i) estimate and calibrate a small scale DSGE model for Brazil that incorporates this aspect; and ii) evaluate the impact of this specific policy on the main macroeconomic variables through the lens of the model. Our results suggest that the impact of this fiscal stimulus was initially positive in boosting economic activity, however with diminishing effects.