Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This research focuses on the challenges of tax administration in Somaliland Ministry of Finance (MOF). The study analyses existing challenges in the MOF-Tax Administration, causes of these challenges, the impact of these challenges on domestic revenue collection as well as the country’s economic growth and development. In order to obtain a desirable, comprehensive, and in-depth understanding of the research problem, the researcher applied a mixed method approach, thereby limiting the weaknesses of using the quantitative or qualitative research approach alone. The sample size consisted of 63 staff members. The research included 57 questionnaires for 57 employees and lower level managers as well as 6 interviews for top and middle-level managers in Somaliland Inland Revenue Department. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), Ms. Excel, and conceptual analysis, where themes were developed and analyzed. The key findings of the research were that Somaliland tax administration faces immense challenges that can be broadly grouped into three categories: institutional challenges, attitudinal challenges as well as political and economic challenges. These challenges are mainly due to the absence of professional staff, the lack of taxpayers’ education, outdated tax laws, non-compliance behavior of taxpayers, rigidity of the tax system, and poor public trust amongst others. These challenges restrained tax revenue collection, public service provision, investments, and economic growth issues. Therefore, the recommendations, accordingly made in this thesis, include, amongst others, the need to establishing a professional training center for staff, automating tax procedure, implementing effective performance appraisal system, and the regular updating of tax policies to establish a transparent, accountable and equitable tax system in Somaliland.

La presente investigación fue elaborada con la finalidad de evaluar el impacto tributario y financiero del Sistema de Detracción en las empresas de Acabados Textiles del Cercado de Lima. En consecuencia, el presente trabajo se desarrollará sobre la base de la legislación vigente del Sistema de Detracciones, su mecanismo de aplicación e implicancias, temas que serán desarrollados en el presente trabajo, para lo cual la investigación se orienta de la siguiente manera: En el primer capítulo, elaboramos el marco teórico, en base a información de diversas fuentes relacionadas al tema, que será de utilidad para describir nuestras variables. En el segundo capítulo, se plantea el desarrollo de la problemática, los objetivos y la hipótesis. En el tercer capítulo, se define el tipo de investigación a utilizar, así como las variables para la investigación. En el cuarto capítulo, se realiza el desarrollo de la investigación a través de las entrevistas a profundidad, encuestas y el caso práctico. En el quinto capítulo, se realiza el análisis de los resultados obtenidos, los cuales se evalúa conjuntamente con las hipótesis y los objetivos determinados. Finalmente, tras el análisis de datos, hemos concluido que el sistema de detracción impacta tributariamente y financieramente, en las empresas de acabados textiles en el Cercado de Lima. / The present investigation was elaborate with the purpose of evaluating the tributary and financial impact of the System of Detraction in the companies of Rendering of Services of Lima. For this reason, the development of the work is based on the current legislation of the Detraction System, its application, mechanism and implications, topics that will be developed in the present work, for which the research is oriented as follows: In the first chapter, we elaborate the theoretical framework, based on information from various sources related to the subject, which will be useful to describe our variables. In the second chapter, the problem, the objectives and the hypothesis are raised. In the third chapter, the type of research to be used is defined, as well as the variables for research. In the fourth chapter, the development of the research is carried out through in-depth interviews, surveys and the case study. In the fifth chapter, the analysis of the obtained results is carried out and we evaluate together with the hypotheses and the determined objectives. Finally, after the analysis of data, we have concluded that the deduction system impacts tax and to a certain extent financially, in the companies providing services in the Cercado de Lima. / Tesis

Diploma thesis deals with the position of social contributions in the tax systems of the member states of the European Union. The main aim of this thesis is to compare the position of social contributions in the tax systems of the member states of the European Union using selected indicators and to find groups of states with similar characteristics and similar position of social contributions in tax systems. A cluster analysis was used to analyse the social contributions in 2007 and 2016. Source data was taken from Eurostat database. The cluster analysis defined groups of states where the position of social contributions in relation to the tax system is most similar. The thesis shows that the position of social contributions in the tax systems of the member states of the European Union did not change much during the period under review. Changes in the development of social contributions position can be expected in the future in connection with the population aging. Given the expected pressure on social contributions, which is expected to grow in the future, the achievement of public finances at a sustainable level needs to be ensured. Therefore, possible solutions are proposed in the thesis.

An underlying issue which inheres in any taxation framework relates to the manner in which it operates and the actual distribution of its imposts or appropriations. In this respect, a tax system needs to confront two fundamental (and interrelated) questions – first, precisely how the tax or impost should be imposed and, secondly, who should bear the legal obligation or onus of payment. These issues can be conceptualised not only from a purely legal or positivist perspective, in terms of identifying who will incur the obligation to pay tax, but also in terms of a more economic and instrumental standpoint as to which entity or individual should effectively be paying the tax. These alternatives may not result in the same conclusions, particularly for the taxation of business forms. To provide one example, if the business form has separate legal entity status from its members, should the business form, as a legal person, be subject to tax separately from its members? From a legal standpoint the response to this question is that such a business form should bear the impost. However, from an economical perspective it may be preferable that the business income and/or losses are directly allocated to its members. Indeed, tax transparency (aggregate approach) has been argued as an economically superior model, although it is not without its critics...

During the transformation process, the reform of public finances (in particular the tax system) is crucial for Georgia. There are a lot of proposals and suggestions in the financial literature concerning the introduction of tax systems in transition countries. Individual taxes or the entire tax system should be elaborated regarding certain criteria. This paper analyzes the tax reform procedures during the transition of Georgia to the free-market economy as well as the existing tax system. Concerning the taxes, the current tax system is more or less duplicated from the Western European countries. It becomes obvious that the chance of developing a rational, sustainable and adjusted tax system for transition countries was missed.

Nowadays it is a worldwide trend to transform the government by using information and communications technology. Particularly in keen competition amongst countries in the 21st century, a country which has competitive consciousness uses information and communication technology to reform the government for improving its national competitiveness. If Taiwan intends to remold itself and improve its national competitiveness, it should establish an electronic government to develop governmental Internet service and substantially renovate the effectiveness of administrative operations. The government should break through the traditional thinking frame and redefine the role and function of the government. This is for the purpose of changing and improving the interactive relationship between the government and the public and to help the public accept the convenient service of various Internet applications offered by the government. Taiwan started the online governmental services from 1998 and has been engaged in several types of applications, such as Government to Citizen, Government to Business, and Government to Government applications. Among these applications, the convenient service of Internet application, which is most closely related to the daily life of the public, includes electronic tax filing, electronic motor vehicle & driver information system, electronic public safety, electronic industries and businesses, electronic health care, and electronic utilities, etc, which have been gradually and widely used by the public. By adopting the four phases of NEBIC Theory (Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle), this study will examine whether the electronic filing of individual income tax returns, which is introduced by the government, makes tax filing more efficient, lowers the cost and offers a more convenient service or not. In brief, the study is to analyze whether the needs of the public are being more fulfilled. NEBIC Theory mainly defines the four phases of the cycle, which are Choosing Enabling Information Technologies, Matching with Economic Opportunities, Executing Business Innovation for Growth and Assessing Customer Value, to create customer value. By using NEBIC Theory, this study analyzed (1) the first phase that the electronic government was engaged in convenient service of Internet application by using information technology, (2) the second phase that the government offered tax payers the electronic tax filing with a 24-hour filing system and a trial run of auto-selected optimal filing, and (3) the third phase in which the national tax information systems used by five regional National Tax Administrations and the Financial Data Center were integrated and planned anew, which was named ¡§National Tax System Migration¡¨, in which most commonly known by the public was ¡§electronic filing of individual income tax returns¡¨, and was accomplished in 6 years. This study finally analyzed the fourth phase of the value of electronic filing of income tax returns. Voluntarily providing tax payers with annual income data by tax authorities significantly saves the social cost, time cost, and manpower cost of tax withholders, payers and authorities. Tax authorities may save manpower in data recording and processing, save data storage space and improve the government¡¦s administrative effectiveness. Tax payers may save transport costs, extend the tax filing time, save time of trials and lower the possibility of rejection, which offers more convenience to the public. Therefore, electronic filing of individual income tax returns greatly increases satisfaction of the needs of the public.

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Šiame darbe remiantis pagrindiniais dviem šaltiniais (t.y. Europos apmokestinimo duomenų bazė ir Europos Komisijos kasmetinis leidinys Europos Sąjungos mokesčių sistemų struktūros) nagrinėjamos ES valstybių narių tiesioginių mokesčių sistemos. Pirmame darbo skyriuje bandoma trumpai apžvelgti mokesčius bendrai ir tiesioginių mokesčių harmonizavimą ES valstybėse. Pradžioje pateikiama mokesčių ir mokesčių sistemos sąvokos samprata, mokesčių funkcijos, išskiriami mokesčių elementai ir apmokestinimo principai, mokesčių klasifikacija. Pirmo skyriaus antroje dalyje kalbama apie pastangas harmonizuoti tiesioginius mokesčius ES valstybėse narėse bei atskleidžiami pagrindiniai nacionalinių mokesčių sistemų harmonizavimo ES tikslai. Antrame darbo skyriuje apžvelgiamos ES valstybių narių tiesioginių mokesčių sistemos, t.y. trumpai aprašomi tiesioginiai mokesčiai: gyventojų pajamų, juridinių asmenų pelno, nekilnojamojo turto, paveldėjimo ar dovanojimo mokesčiai. Antro skyriaus pirmame poskyryje bandoma atskleisti gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo ypatumus. Darbe apsiribojama nuolatinių (rezidentų) mokesčio bazės bei tarifų ES valstybėse palyginimu. Analizuojant mokesčių bazę, remiamasi 2 pajamų grupėmis: su darbo santykiais susijusiomis pajamomis bei individualia veikla. Atskleidžiami individualios veiklos, o tiksliau – komercinių pajamų ir profesinių pajamų traktavimo ypatumai. Taip pat su darbo santykiais susijusių pajamų (darbo užmokestis ir pajamos natūra) apmokestinimo pagrindiniai... [to full text] / This thesis, referring to such main sources as “European taxation database” and European commission annual journal on “Structures of the taxation systems in the Euopean Union”, analyses EU member states direct tax systems. First chapter gives a brief overview on taxes in general and direct taxes harmonization in EU countries. Firstly it is described the concept of tax and tax system, tax functions, elements of taxes and the principles of taxation, also the classification of taxes. The second part of the first chapter describes the attempts on direct taxes harmonization in EU member states and develops the main goals of the national taxes systems harmonization in EU. Second chapter gives an overview of the direct taxes systems of the EU member states, i.e. briefly presents direct taxes, such as tax on income of individuals, tax of profit of legal persons, tax on immovable property, inheritance tax, or donative tax. The first section of the second chapter describes peculiarities of the income of individual’s tax. This thesis confines to comparison of permanent (residential) tax base and tax rates in EU member states. Analyzing tax base references are made to 2 income groups: income related to work relations and individual activity. The peculiarities of individual activity, to be more precise – the peculiarities of commercial income and professional income treatment are being established. Also work related income (wage and in-kind revenue) taxation main differences are being... [to full text]

Le Liban, malgré les années de crise, s’obstine à vouloir construire sa modernité, qui repose notamment sur des finances et une fiscalité saines. Ce pays a besoin, plus que jamais, d’optimiser ses recettes fiscales. Entreprise qui passe nécessairement par l’institution d’un système fiscal évolué et par une structure administrative capable de gérer ce système. La thèse propose d’optimiser lesdites recettes selon un processus technique agissant à travers deux axes principaux. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le système fiscal libanais pour évaluer sa pertinence et sa capacité à résoudre la problématique concernée ; nous suscitons des réflexions sur les solutions envisageables pour reformer ce système. Dans une seconde partie, nous évaluons les aspects positifs et négatifs de l’administration fiscale libanaise, dispositif clé dans la gestion du système d’imposition et de mobilisation des ressources fiscales. Nos travaux nous ont conduit à un diagnostic de ce système et de son administration qui se révèlent sensibles à plusieurs facteurs. En premier lieu l’ouverture économique du Liban sur le monde l’a exposé aux effets de la crise financière mondiale ; la société libanaise a subi l’impact des transformations structurelles, comme la mondialisation des échanges et l’intrusion des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication. En second lieu, nous avons constaté et déploré l’inefficacité de l’administration fiscale libanaise en matière de gouvernance et plus particulièrement de recouvrement. Nous avons également souligné l’effet nocif des faibles relations entre l’administration et les contribuables et son impact négatif sur les recettes fiscales. / Despite many years of unrest, Lebanon insists on building its modernity, which is largely based on sound tax system and tax administration. Based on the significant contribution of tax revenues to Lebanon total revenues (more than 70 percent), improving tax performance has become a necessity to settle the public debt and its servicing, and to satisfy new demands. The thesis proposes to optimize such revenues in a technical process acting through two main axes. In a first part, the Lebanese tax system has been evaluated in order to assess its relevance and ability to solve the raised issue; reflections on options to reform the system have been generated. The second part evaluates the positive and negative aspects of the Lebanese tax administration, a key device in the mobilization of tax revenues. Our research leads to a diagnosis of the system and its administration, which are sensitive to several factors. First, Lebanon is not immune to the global financial turmoil due to its economic openness to the external world. These challenges urge the Lebanese government more than anytime else to retain its current revenues as well as search for additional funds. Second, this thesis suggests that raising taxes in Lebanon might be hampered by poor public governance, and that the Lebanese government must undertake significant tax reform programs if they are to lift the essential additional tax revenues. Evidently, a strong commitment has been shown during the last decade to implement tax reforms, which are considered as crucial foremost steps to improve governance quality. However, despite the remarkable accomplishments, a great deal needs to be achieved by the Lebanese government.

This paper compares the general anti-avoidance rule of incometax law with the Civil Law doctrine of abuse of law (Rechtsmissbrauch, abusde droit) in eight jurisdictions: Germany, Croatia, New Zealand, Australia, France, the e uropean u nion, the u nited s tates and the United Kingdom. The paper addresses the statutory and judge-made general anti-avoidance rules in these jurisdictions and deals with the core concept of avoidance an on how these eight jurisdictions either frustrate avoidance or allow it. / Este artículo compara la norma anti-elusiva general de la ley del impuesto a la renta con la doctrina del abuso de derecho del Civil Law(Nt 1) (Rechtsmissbrauch, abus de droit) en ocho jurisdicciones: Alemania, Croacia, Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Francia, la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. El artículo se ocupa de las normas anti-elusivas generales legislativas y jurisprudenciales en estas jurisdicciones y aborda el concepto central de la elusión. El artículo se enfoca en transacciones que la mayoría reconocería como elusivas y en cómo estas ocho jurisdicciones frustran la elusión o la permiten.