An underlying issue which inheres in any taxation framework relates to the manner in which it operates and the actual distribution of its imposts or appropriations. In this respect, a tax system needs to confront two fundamental (and interrelated) questions – first, precisely how the tax or impost should be imposed and, secondly, who should bear the legal obligation or onus of payment. These issues can be conceptualised not only from a purely legal or positivist perspective, in terms of identifying who will incur the obligation to pay tax, but also in terms of a more economic and instrumental standpoint as to which entity or individual should effectively be paying the tax. These alternatives may not result in the same conclusions, particularly for the taxation of business forms. To provide one example, if the business form has separate legal entity status from its members, should the business form, as a legal person, be subject to tax separately from its members? From a legal standpoint the response to this question is that such a business form should bear the impost. However, from an economical perspective it may be preferable that the business income and/or losses are directly allocated to its members. Indeed, tax transparency (aggregate approach) has been argued as an economically superior model, although it is not without its critics...

Diploma thesis deals with on the transformation of business companies with focus on the tax implications of these processes. At the beginning of this thesis is described theoretical basis of the thesis in which clarified the characteristics of individual companies, transformations of copmpanies and law, accounting and tax aspects of transformations of these companies. The own proposals make a model example which is focused on the merger of two limited liability companies and the defining of their accounting and tax implications of this transformation.

Diploma thesis deals with on the transformation of business companies with focus on the tax implications of these processes. At the beginning of this thesis is described theoretical basis of the thesis in which clarified the characteristics of individual companies, transformations of copmpanies and law, accounting and tax aspects of transformations of these companies. The own proposals make a model example which is focused on the merger of two limited liability companies and the defining of their accounting and tax implications of this transformation.

Em todo o mundo, o imposto sobre valor agregado vem tomando o lugar dos tradicionais impostos sobre vendas. A razão está em que este método de tributação evita o efeito cumulativo, ao tributar apenas o valor adicionado em cada etapa da produção. No Brasil, por causa da sonegação fiscal em alguns setores da economia, e dos problemas de concorrência dela decorrentes, o Governo introduziu os métodos de apuração de tributos denominados de \"substituição tributária\" e \"incidência monofásica\". Estes dois métodos são chamados em conjunto de sistemáticas de concentração da incidência, porque buscam exigir adiantado, na primeira fase da cadeia de produção, a totalidade da carga tributária que se pretenderia cobrar de toda a cadeia de produção. O problema está em que estes métodos de cobrança causam não apenas violações de princípios constitucionais de direito tributário, mas também podem gerar efeitos nocivos à economia, violando princípios estabelecidos pela Constituiçao em relação à ordem econômica do país. A Constituição Brasileira exige a neutralidade da tributação em relação ao mercado, o que significa que a política fiscal não pode causar distorções na concorrência nem deve induzir a concentração de mercado. Os métodos de concentração da incidência, no entanto, podem gerar estes efeitos secundários, o que reclama seu estudo também no contexto da neutralidade da tributação. / Throughout the world, the value added tax has been gaining space over traditional sales taxes. The reason is that this method of taxation avoids the cumulative effect by taxing the value added at each stage of the production chain. In Brazil, due to tax evasion in some sectors of the economy and the competition issues arising from it, the Government introduced the methods of calculating tax called \"tax substitution\" and \"impact single phase\". When jointly referred to, these two methods are called of Concentration of Incidence Methods, because they seek to require early, in the first stage of the production chain, the total tax burden that would be charged in the entire production chain. The problem is that the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods not only cause violations of constitutional principles of tax law, but may also generate harmful effects to the economy, which would violate principles of economic order established by the Brazilian Constitution. The Brazilian Constitution requires neutrality of taxation in relation to the market, which means that fiscal policy may not distort competition or lead to market concentration. As the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods may cause these side effects, this issue should be taken into consideration during their study.

多國公司由於企業本身的成長，生產技術，高科技的日益精進，而逐 漸蓬勃發展，也因此多國公司內部之間的交易亦隨之增加，由於內部交易 跨越不同國界，管理當局往往藉由移轉計價策略以達到整體利潤最大化的 目標，此對各關係國政府之稅收、市場分配，及當地股東產生不利影響， 故各國政府莫不希望能有效防杜。本研究透過理論面及制度面來探討多國 公司移轉計價問題，本文之研究如下：一、現況分析： 根據問卷資料 顯示，多國公司從事內部移轉計價行為雖有不同目的。但是不可否認，追 求整體淨利潤最大化配合以稅負節省仍為其主要目的。二、理論面探討： 由於各國的稅率不同，故產生租稅差異性，若政府不規範廠商之移轉 計價行為，將造成政府沒有稅收，違反政府課稅原意，故予以規範。至於 如何制定常規價格，視政府政策目標而定： (1) 政府以租稅中立性為 目標：政府所制定的常規價格等於中間產品邊際成本。 (2) 政府以稅 收最大化為目標：政府宜從高認定常規價格，但必須考慮中間產品之需求 彈性。 (3) 政府以國民所得最大化為目標：政府宜從低認定常規價格 。 故若欲協調政策目標，適當訂定常規價格，有其必要性。三、制度 面探討： 由選樣國家之移轉價格條款，發現大致上可以分成二類：一 類訂定完備，如美國、日本、韓國；另一類僅有一般性規範，如英國、瑞 典。而我國法令規定甚不完備，僅見於所得稅法第43條之1，而其規範散 見於各條文中且不夠明確，故無法有效防杜非常規交易之安排。至於各國 移轉價格條款，其特色大致如下： (1) 明確規範關係人定義。 (2) 明確認定常規交易價格。 (3) 明列非常規交易調整方法。 (4) 明定安全範圍，降低稽徵成本。 (5) 細列各種移轉計價交易類 別。 (6) 制定對應調整規定，並與其他國家協議達成國際間對應調整 。（如美國、日本） (7) 明訂納稅義務人主動提供資料，掌握其資訊 。（如日本） 隨著國內對外投資日漸增加，多國公司利用移轉計價策 略從事利益移轉亦日漸增加，故修正所得稅法第43條之1及其相關條文， 實為刻不容緩之事，因此本文提供建議以為未來修法之參考。

Les systèmes fiscaux nationaux sont traditionnellement construits autour de la relation entre l’Etat et le contribuable. Au fondement de la notion d’ « Etat fiscal » (ce que la doctrine allemande appelle Steuerstaat), cette relation structure l’organisation du système fiscal, tenu de prendre en compte les facultés contributives, c’est-à-dire la capacité à payer des contribuables au regard de leur situation face à l’impôt. L’affirmation progressive de la portée fiscale du marché intérieur conduit à remettre en cause l’exclusivité de cette relation pour contraindre les systèmes fiscaux à se conformer aux objectifs propres au marché intérieur. Justifiée par le principe de primauté du droit de l’Union européenne, la « fiscalité de marché », c’est-à-dire un ensemble de règles fiscales accompagnant la construction et le bon fonctionnement du marché intérieur, fragilise les principes constitutifs de l’Etat fiscal. Alors que les principes de la « fiscalité de marché », nés de la portée fiscale des libertés de circulation et de l’objectif de concurrence libre et non faussée, suivent la logique propre au marché intérieur, l’Etat fiscal est centré autour du contribuable. Il est nécessaire d’analyser la relation entre ces deux logiques potentiellement conflictuelles en recherchant si les principes fondamentaux de l’Etat fiscal sont incompatibles avec ceux de la « fiscalité de marché » . La « fiscalité de marché » contribue à une transformation du fonctionnement de l’Etat fiscal par l’affirmation d’une obligation de neutralité sur le marché. Toutefois, elle n’en remet pas en cause les fondations, particulièrement la prise en compte des facultés contributives par le législateur fiscal. La pérennité de l’Etat fiscal invite alors à s’interroger sur les moyens d’organiser sa coexistence avec les principes de la « fiscalité de marché ». / National tax systems are usually built upon the relation between State and Taxpayers. Laying at the foundations of the Fiscal State (what German doctrine calls Steuerstaat), this relation structures the very organization of the tax system which has to take taxpayer’s ability-to-pay into account. The affirmation of the fiscal scope of Internal market has led to question this relation’s exclusivity to force national tax systems to comply with Internal market’s goals. Based on the principle of primacy of the European Union Law, “market taxation” (fiscalité de marché), i.e. a whole set of tax rules going with the construction and the proper functioning of the Internal Market, weakens Fiscal State’s main principles. While “market taxation”’s principles are based on the fiscal scope given to freedoms of movement and undistorted competition and follow the Internal market’s goals, the Fiscal State is centered around the taxpayer. It is necessary to assess the relation between these possibly conflictual rationales by researching whether Fiscal State’s main principles go against those of “market taxation”. “Market Taxation” effectively leads to deep changes in the functioning of tax systems by enforcing a whole neutrality on the market. Nevertheless, Fiscal State’s foundations, in particular the legal obligation of taking taxpayers’ capacity-to-pay into account, are not disputed. Fiscal State’s continuity invites to examine how to organize its coexistence with “market taxation”’s principles.

Em todo o mundo, o imposto sobre valor agregado vem tomando o lugar dos tradicionais impostos sobre vendas. A razão está em que este método de tributação evita o efeito cumulativo, ao tributar apenas o valor adicionado em cada etapa da produção. No Brasil, por causa da sonegação fiscal em alguns setores da economia, e dos problemas de concorrência dela decorrentes, o Governo introduziu os métodos de apuração de tributos denominados de \"substituição tributária\" e \"incidência monofásica\". Estes dois métodos são chamados em conjunto de sistemáticas de concentração da incidência, porque buscam exigir adiantado, na primeira fase da cadeia de produção, a totalidade da carga tributária que se pretenderia cobrar de toda a cadeia de produção. O problema está em que estes métodos de cobrança causam não apenas violações de princípios constitucionais de direito tributário, mas também podem gerar efeitos nocivos à economia, violando princípios estabelecidos pela Constituiçao em relação à ordem econômica do país. A Constituição Brasileira exige a neutralidade da tributação em relação ao mercado, o que significa que a política fiscal não pode causar distorções na concorrência nem deve induzir a concentração de mercado. Os métodos de concentração da incidência, no entanto, podem gerar estes efeitos secundários, o que reclama seu estudo também no contexto da neutralidade da tributação. / Throughout the world, the value added tax has been gaining space over traditional sales taxes. The reason is that this method of taxation avoids the cumulative effect by taxing the value added at each stage of the production chain. In Brazil, due to tax evasion in some sectors of the economy and the competition issues arising from it, the Government introduced the methods of calculating tax called \"tax substitution\" and \"impact single phase\". When jointly referred to, these two methods are called of Concentration of Incidence Methods, because they seek to require early, in the first stage of the production chain, the total tax burden that would be charged in the entire production chain. The problem is that the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods not only cause violations of constitutional principles of tax law, but may also generate harmful effects to the economy, which would violate principles of economic order established by the Brazilian Constitution. The Brazilian Constitution requires neutrality of taxation in relation to the market, which means that fiscal policy may not distort competition or lead to market concentration. As the Systematic Concentration of Incidence Methods may cause these side effects, this issue should be taken into consideration during their study.

Introduite à partir de 1992 en remplacement de l’ancienne taxe sur les affaires, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) représente actuellement la part essentielle des prélèvements fiscaux de l’État thaïlandais. Outre l’importance de l’impôt en termes de recettes, le choix de la TVA s’imposait compte tenu des réformes entreprises en vue d’assurer une plus grande neutralité de l’impôt dans les opérations internationales. Or, dans le contexte de la mondialisation des échanges et l’émergence de l’économie de l’immatériel, la question du traitement fiscal des opérations internationales en matière de TVA, est aujourd’hui à l’origine de nombreuses difficultés qui restent à résoudre. Dans la perspective de l’adaptation des règles régissant l’application du système thaïlandais de TVA à ces nouvelles réalités économiques, l’étude portant sur les « aspects internationaux de la TVA en Thaïlande » a pour ambition de présenter, à travers une analyse approfondie des aspects substantiels et procéduraux des réglementations fiscales thaïlandaises en la matière, leurs principaux éléments caractéristiques, en vue d’une mise en comparaison avec les principes généraux ou les bonnes pratiques recommandées par les organisations internationales. La démarche adoptée devait ainsi permettre d’identifier les faiblesses ou les insuffisances du système actuel et de formuler, à l’issue de ce diagnostic, des propositions pour l’amélioration de la TVA en Thaïlande / Introduced in 1992 as a replacement for the old business tax, value added tax (VAT) currently accounts for the essential part of the tax revenues in Thailand. In addition to the importance of such form of taxation in terms of revenue, the choice of tax reform in favour of VAT was seen as a necessary way to achieve greater tax neutrality with respect to treatment of cross-border transactions. However, in the context of the globalization of trade and the emergence of the intangible economy, the application of VAT to international trade of goods and services has caused a lot of important tax issues which are yet to be resolved. With a view to ensure successful adaptation of international taxation rules under the Thai VAT system to an ever-changing economic environment, the study on the "international aspects of VAT in Thailand" seeks to explore, through an in-depth analysis of the substantive and procedural aspects of the relevant tax rules, the main features of the international application of the Thai VAT system. The analysis of these features which shall then be examined, in light of general principles of taxation or best practices recommended by international organisations, should allow to identify the weaknesses or shortcomings of the current system and to offer suggestions for improvements of VAT in Thailand

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Vega Possebon da Silva.pdf: 943934 bytes, checksum: 414ccba44bc43a6e54eac961425da59e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / The present dissertation aims the analysis, from a legal standpoint, of the non-fiscal purposes of taxation related to the ICMS1, understood as the effects caused by the collection of this tax besides the generation of income to the State. Therefore, we start studying the economic effects of taxation, as well as the social and historical background that justifies tax imposition. From understanding that the tax phenomenon implies interdependence between the legal and social systems, we found that the positive law can assimilate those effects caused by taxation, in its relation to axioms that became part of the legal order through legal values, legal principles and programmatic guidelines printed in the Federal Constitution. A systematic and constitutional interpretation of tax legislation should, therefore, be alert to these direct and indirect implications of the exaction, in order build a coherent and cohesive legal system, having in mind the purpose of the State as determined by the Constitution. The non-fiscal purposes of taxation can be studied under several perspectives, among which the effects of the charging in relation to: (i) the distribution of the tax burden in an equitable and progressive way, in respect to equality and the ability to pay (distributive function); (ii) the fulfillment of constitutional values through behavior induction (allocative function); and (iii) its use as a tool to stabilize market flows, as an anti-cyclical policy (stabilizing function). The first two are subject to further analysis. Nonetheless, apart from the search for legal certainty, tax neutrality, as an autonomous legal principle that also represents a canon protected by the legal system, acts as a counterpoint that must be taken into consideration in every discussion related to non-fiscal tax effects. In light of these concepts, we analyze the ICMS tax, studying the particularities of this form of taxation and the application of the discussed notions to some selected situations. The principle of selectivity consists in a tool to guide the variation of the tax burden that will be applied together with certain specific criteria, depending on the protected constitutional value and the non-fiscal function pursued. Considering the ICMS as a tax on consumption, with relevant impact of such tax burden to the end consumer, we conclude that the selectivity based on the essentiality of products / services is mandatory in the ICMS, and enables the variation of the tax burden as a way to comply as far as possible with the search for the ability to pay of the end consumer. After all, we conclude that the current ICMS legislation conflicts with several axioms protected by the legal system, resulting in a violation of the Constitution. We understand that this violation can be subjected to judicial review, and so we seek to present some elements and objective parameters to guide the analysis of the law by the interpreter in such cases / A presente dissertação tem por escopo a análise, do ponto de vista jurídico, dos elementos extrafiscais relacionados ao ICMS, entendidos estes como os efeitos causados pela cobrança desse tributo, além da própria arrecadação ao erário. Para tanto, iniciamos com o estudo dos efeitos econômicos da tributação e dos sistemas sociais e históricos de justificação da imposição fiscal. A partir da compreensão de que o fenômeno tributário implica interdependência entre o sistema jurídico e social, verificamos uma permeabilidade da norma positiva em relação a esses efeitos causados pela tributação, que se relacionam com axiomas que passaram a integrar o ordenamento por meio de valores, princípios jurídicos e diretrizes programáticas estampados na Constituição Federal. Uma interpretação sistemática e constitucional da norma fiscal deve, logo, se atentar para esses reflexos diretos e indiretos da exação, de forma a conceder coerência e coesão ao ordenamento, em atenção à finalidade do Estado tal como determinada pela Carta Magna. A extrafiscalidade pode ser analisada sob diversos aspectos, dentre os quais destacamos a relação da tributação: (i) para com a distribuição do ônus fiscal de forma equânime e progressiva, em leitura da igualdade e do princípio da capacidade contributiva (função distributiva); (ii) para com a efetivação de valores constitucionais por meio da indução de comportamentos (função alocativa); e (iii) com sua utilização para estabilização dos fluxos de mercado, agindo de forma anticíclica (função estabilizadora). As duas primeiras são objeto de maior análise. Em oposição, além da busca pela segurança jurídica, temos que a neutralidade consiste em contraponto a ser cotejado em cada situação em que se discute a extrafiscalidade, eis que configura princípio jurídico autônomo, também representativo de valor protegido pelo sistema. À luz desses conceitos, passamos à análise do ICMS, verificando as peculiaridades dessa forma de tributação e a aplicação do instrumental desenvolvido a algumas situações concretas. Analisando o princípio da seletividade, verificamos que se trata de técnica de gradação do encargo tributário, que será aplicado em conjunto com um critério determinado, a depender do valor constitucional protegido e da função extrafiscal visada. Considerando o ICMS como tributo sobre o consumo, com grande repercussão de sua carga fiscal ao consumidor final, concluímos que a seletividade em função da essencialidade dos produtos/serviços é de aplicação obrigatória no ICMS e viabiliza a gradação do peso do tributo de forma a respeitar, tanto quanto possível, a busca pela capacidade contributiva do consumidor. Ao final, concluímos que a legislação atual do ICMS viola diversos axiomas protegidos pelo ordenamento, implicando em inconstitucionalidade. Entendemos ser essa agressão passível de tutela jurisdicional e, para tanto, buscamos apresentar alguns elementos e parâmetros objetivos para guiar a análise da norma por parte do intérprete em tais situações

Dans l’évolution d’une entreprise, la nécessité d’opérer des « déplacements de son patrimoine » est directement liée à sa vie voir même à sa survie. Cette réalité complexe des déplacements du patrimoine procède de ce que l’on désigne communément par le terme « restructuration ». Ces opérations comportent des enjeux économiques, sociaux, financiers, juridiques, patrimoniaux et fiscaux pour les entrepreneurs et dirigeants. L’influence de la fiscalité en ces domaines est une réalité, souvent perçue comme une pression, traduite en contrainte par les dirigeants toujours à la recherche de solutions optimales. La recherche de la neutralité fiscale de l’opération est alors un aspect privilégié dans le processus de prise de décision. Au-delà de cette constatation, le concept de neutralité fiscale trouve une définition large, évolutive et diversement traduite compte tenu des vertus véhiculées par ses principes économiques. Cette neutralité peut être qualifiée de principe lors de déplacements du patrimoine sans contrepartie financière que sont les opérations de fusions et assimilées. En effet, à l’ère des politiques interventionnistes, la frontière entre public et privé s’estompe du fait de l’incitation et de l’orientation fiscale de l’économie. Ce faisant, l’Etat vise ainsi à atteindre un de ses intérêts supérieurs : le développement et la sauvegarde des entreprises nationales. La neutralité fiscale qui s’applique aux fusions et opérations assimilées témoigne de l’existence de règles fiscales dérogatoires spécialement édictées pour atteindre lesdits objectifs. Alors que, s’agissant des déplacements sans contrepartie financières, les choses sont établies depuis un certain temps, en matière de déplacements avec contrepartie financière (ventes de titres et de fonds de commerce), une neutralité dérogatoire « d’exemption » est apparue récemment et favorise ce type de mutation. Ces derniers développements sont apparus pour les mêmes raisons que précédemment mais également pour répondre à la concurrence fiscale internationale.Ainsi, contrairement à sa définition classique qui l’associe aux politiques libérales, la neutralité fiscale peut-être recréée par l’interventionnisme fiscal dans certaines opérations. Les opérations de restructurations nécessitant le déplacement du patrimoine des entreprises soumises à l’impôt sur les sociétés, sont la traduction de ce constat, particulièrement lorsqu’il est question de regroupement et de concentration. / As part of a company’s development, the need for « transfers of assets and liabilities » is directly related to corporate life and even corporate survival. The complex reality of transferring assets and liabilities follows on from what is commonly called « restructuring ». These operations have economic, company relations, financial, legal and tax implications for entrepreneurs and company managers. The impact of taxation in these areas is a reality that is often perceived as a burden translating as a constraint for company managers ever seeking solutions that are optimal. The search for tax neutrality of the operation is therefore an aspect given priority in the decision-making process. Over and beyond this consideration, the notion of tax neutrality finds a broad, evolving definition reflected in various forms having regard to the benefits conveyed by its underlying economic principles. This neutrality can be qualified as acquired in principle at the time of asset and liability transfers conducted without any financial consideration i.e. mergers and related operations. In this era of interventionist policies, the boundary between public and private becomes blurred subsequent to tax incentives and the fiscal stance taken by the economy. By so doing, the State aspires to achieving one of its overriding interests: the development and safeguarding of national companies. The tax neutrality which applies to mergers and related operations is evidence of the existence of exceptional tax rules specially laid down to reach these objectives. Whereas provisions for transfer operations conducted without any financial consideration have been in place for some time, for operations which do entail a financial consideration (sales of securities and goodwill) dispensational « exemption » neutrality is newly introduced and favours this type of transfer. These recent developments have been prompted by the same reasons as previously, but they are also a response to international tax competition. Therefore, contrary to its conventional definition in which it was associated with liberal policies, tax neutrality can be reproduced by tax interventionism for some operations. Restructuring operations which require the transfer of assets and liabilities of companies liable for corporate tax are the reflection of this observation, in particular when the issue is one of regrouping and concentration.