The purpose of this present investigation was twofold: to determine the relationship between cohesion and performance for successful and unsuccessful bowling teams and to investigate the internal consistency of items from the Group Environment Questionnaire. Subjects were 148 bowling teams (28 men's, 55 women's, 65 mixed--3-5 members each) from 14 different leagues. Results revealed that task cohesion (ATGT) in early, mid, and late season, as well as social cohesion (ATGS) in late season significantly differentiated between high/low cohesion teams. In addition, successful teams (i.e., league position) exhibited significantly higher levels of both task and composite cohesion. All cohesion scales, with the exception of ATGS in early season, revealed a moderate to high level of internal consistency.

Forskning beskriver att ledarskap och medarbetarskap är minst lika viktiga som fenomen. Trots detta så är intresset och kunskapen om ledarskap oerhört mycket större än om medarbetarskap (Tengblad, 2009). Till skillnad från tidigare forskning kommer denna studie fokusera på medarbetarens uppfattning av fenomenetsjälvstyrande grupper.Författarna såg en brist i den forskning som relateras till självstyrande grupper utifrån ett medarbetarsperspektiv. Detta medförde ett engagemang för studiens syfte som grundar sig på att skapa djupare förståelse för självstyrande grupper utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv. Författarna till denna studie önskade även att kunna framföra förståelse för de fördelar samt nackdelar som kan uppkomma för medarbetare i en självstyrande grupp. Den organisationen som har undersökts är Jönköping kommun varav självstyrande grupper är vanligt förekommande. Medarbetare i en specifik hemtjänst ligger till grund för studien.Studien innehar ett abduktivt angreppssätt genom att datainsamlingen är inhämtad utifrån en kvalitativ metod. Detta för att kunna förstå de viktigaste aspekterna kring självstyrande grupper samtidigt som medarbetarnas uppfattningar fångas för att få en klarare bild av hur de berörda ser på arbetssättet. Det intressanta i studien är att se självstyrande grupper utifrån medarbetarens perspektiv. Upplever medarbetare att det finns fördelar och nackdelar med att arbeta inom en självstyrande grupp? Vad är en självstyrande grupp egentligen?I studien framkommer det att medarbetarna inte relaterar till att vara en självstyrande grupp i praktiken. Det intressanta är att tidigare studier och forskning visar på att begreppet tolkas olika av organisationer och ett fåtal definitioner har skrivits ner på papper. Detta skapar problematik eftersom det råder olika uppfattningar kring innebörden av vad självstyrande grupperegentligen är (Frandsen, Brekke & Paulson, 2000). Resultatet från studien har framfört nyuppkomna begrepp som relateras till självstyrande grupper från ett medarbetarperspektiv. Medarbetare definierar gruppen som medbestämmande före självstyrande. Gruppens arbetssätt präglas framförallt av känslomässigt arbete och kontroll. Resultatet visar även att ledarskapet och medarbetarskapet har ett samband gällande självstyrande grupper. / Research describes that leadership and employeeship are at both important phenomenon. Despite this indication, the interest and knowledge of leadership is much wider than the knowledge of employeeship (Tengblad, 2009). Unlike previous research, this study will focus on the employee's perception of the phenomenon of autonomous groups. The authors of this study acknowledged a lack of research related to autonomous groups from an employee perspective. This led to a commitment to the study's purpose, which is based on creating a deeper understanding of autonomous groups from an employee perspective. The purpose of the study is to create a deeper understanding of autonomous groups, from an employee perspective. The authors of this study also wanted to recognize the advantages and disadvantages that can arise for employees in an autonomous group.This study will also contribute with an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages that can arise for employees in an autonomous group. The specificorganization that has been investigated is Jönköping kommun, of which autonomous groups are commonly used. Employees in a specific group of caregivers for elderly people are the main focus for this study.The study has an abductive approach where the datacollection is obtained through a qualitative method. This enables the understanding of the most important aspects of autonomous groups. It also captures the employees perceptions in order to get a clearer picture of this working method. The interesting thing in this study is to see autonomous groups from the perspective of the employee. Does the employee feel that there are any advantages or disadvantages within an autonomous group? How do we define what an autonomous group really is?It appears that employees do not relate to being a autonomous group in practice. The interesting thing is that previous studies and research show that the concept is interpreted differently by organizations and a few definitions have been written down on paper. This creates problems because there are different perceptions about the meaning of what autonomous groups really are (Frandsen, et al., 2000). The result of the study has presented newly emerging concepts related to autonomous groups from an employee perspective. The employees define themselves as a codetermination group before being an autonomous group. The working method of the group is primarily characterized by affective work and control. 4The results of this study also presents that leadership and employeeship have a connection with regards to autonomous groups.

Komandinis darbas – tai tam tikrą kokybinės brandos lygį pasiekusi komandos narių sąveika, kurioje pagrindiniai darbo principai grindžiami komandos narių bendradarbiavimu, parama, pagarba ir pasitikėjimu, vaidmenų pasiskirstymu bei aukšta motyvacija paremtais tarpusavio santykiais. Atlikus tyrimą, galime spręsti, kad darbuotojai, dirbdami komandinį darbą, susiduria su tam tikromis problemomis. Daugelis teigia, jog komandos nariai labiau siekia savų tikslų, o ne organizacijos, komandos nariai vengia prisiimti atsakomybę. Taip pat įvardijamas nesusikalbėjimas su komandos nariais, aiškaus lyderio nebuvimas, laiko trūkumas. Tyrimas parodė, kad kelionių centro ,,Megaturas“ komanda yra ketvirtajame komandos gyvavimo cikle. Tai yra integracijos etapas, kuriame vyrauja efektyvus komandinis darbas, akcentuojamas tinkamas, produktyvus laiko panaudojimas, problemos sprendžiamos kūrybiškai, vadovavimo funkcijos perduodamos kitiems komandos nariams. Norint patobulinti komandinį darbą kelionių centre „Megaturas“ bei pasiekti brandžios komandos statusą, reiktų gerinti organizacijos klimatą komandoje, didinti komandos bendradarbiavimą, tobulinti vadovavimą, stiprinti komandos normas ir didinti jos vaidmenį bei statusą. / Teamwork - is an interaction between team members of qualitative maturity level. The main working principles are based on team member’s cooperation, support, respect and trust, roles, and high motivation-based relationships. The study showed that the team of travel center “Megaturas” is in the fourth team life cycle. It is in the integration phase, which is dominated by effective teamwork, the emphasis at appropriate, productive use of time. Issues are solved creatively and functions of management are delegated to other team members. A large proportion of workers identified these characteristics as most descriptive of their team. The research suggests that staff members faced with certain problems. Many say that the team members are more likely to reach their own goals, rather than the organization, they avoid taking responsibility. The staff also named a lack of communication between team members, non existence of proper leader, shortage of time. To improve teamwork Travel Center ,,Megaturas“ as well as a team to achieve a mature status, the organization should improve the climate for the team, improve team collaboration, improve governance, strengthen the team's standards and to enhance its role and status.

Tyrimo darbo tikslas: išnagrinėjus teorinius komandinio darbo organizavimo aspektus, numatyti komandinio darbo tobulinimo galimybes AB “Neaustinių medžiagų fabrike”. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje apibrėžiama komandinio darbo sąvoka, apžvelgiamas komandinio darbo organizavimas ir jo principai, išskiriami efektyvaus komandinio darbo veiksniai bei pateikiama šiuolaikinių organizacijų tyrimų tendencijų analizė įgyvendinant komandinį darbą.Antroje dalyje pateikiama komandinio darbo organizavimo tyrimo metodika. Darbe panaudotas kiekybinis tyrimas, buvo parengtos anoniminės anketos. Anketą sudaro dešimt klausimų blokų. Trečioje darbo dalyje apžvelgiami išsamūs komandinio darbo organizavimo ir tobulinimo galimybių “Neaustinių medžiagų fabrikas” rezultatai. Anketinės apklausos būdu surinkti empirinio tyrimo duomenys leido nustatyti, kokius komandinio darbo organizavimo principus organizacija taiko, taip pat leido nustatyti komandinio darbo tobulinimo galimybes. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad “Neaustinių medžiagų fabrikas” yra realizuojami komandinio darbo organizavimo principai, taip pat vyrauja tam tikros organizavimo problemos. Rezultatai parodė, kad organizacijoje yra galimybė tobulinti komandinį darbą. Remiantis tyrimo metu gautais rezultatais patvirtintos magistro darbe iškeltos hipotezės: darbuotojai pirmenybę atiduoda komandiniams tikslams, egzistuoja komandinio darbo realizavimo sunkumai bei darbuotojų pasiskirstymas pagal pareigas lemia skirtingą požiūrį į komandinio darbo savybes... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study: after analyze of the theoretical aspects of the teamwork organization, provide teamwork improvement opportunities in AB "Nonwoven factory". The first part defines the concept of teamwork, reviewed teamwork organization and it's principles, secreted factors of effective teamwork and presents contemporary research trends in implementing teamwork.The second part discusses about the teamwork organization research methods. It is used quantitative analysis in this work, where were prepared anonymous questionnaires. The questionnaire consists of ten questions blocks. The third part gives an overview of the detailed organization of teamwork and development opportunities for AB "Nonwovens factory" results. Carrying out a survey to collect empirical data allowed to determine what teamwork organization principles use mention organization, also it allowed to identify opportunities for improvement teamwork. The study showed that in AB "Nonwoven Factory" is realized teamwork organization principles, also prevalent some organization problems. The results showed, that in this organization is the ability to improve teamwork.Based on the test results, certified master hypothesis: employees give priority to the objectives of the team, there is a difficulties of the teamwork realization and staff by positions lead to different approaches to teamwork qualities. Also here are presented the findings and recommendations, which are useful to improve teamwork organization.

Univ., Diss.--Genf, 2004.

Zugl.: Witten, Herdecke, Univ., Diss., 2008

Bakgrund: I takt med en växande befolkning samt högre livslängd och därmed en ökning av oftalmologiska sjukdomar behöver ögonsjuksköterskor utveckla sin roll inom ögonsjukvården. Ögonsjuksköterskor innehar en specialistutbildning som tillhandahåller kompetens att självständigt bedöma och behandla vårdtagare med ögonsjukdomar. Syfte: Beskriva ögonsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta på ögonmottagning.Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie utfördes med tio ögonsjuksköterskor som arbetat på ögonmottagning minst ett år. Resultat: Innehållsanalysen utmynnade i tre kategorier och nio subkategorier. Ögonsjukvården ansågs vara en omfattande specialitet med varierande arbetsuppgifter som undergår kontinuerlig medicinsk och teknisk utveckling. Med det växande behovet av ögonsjukvård som ögonsjuksköterskorna ställdes inför, erfarades en ökad arbetsbörda samt tidspress vilket påverkade vårdtagare och personal negativt. Uppgiftsväxling ansågs som en positiv utveckling för både patienter och ögonsjuksköterskor. Teamarbetet och kollegialt stöd var av betydelse då ögonsjuksköterskorna kände sig mer förtrogna i sina beslutstaganden, vilket bidrog till en mer patientsäker vård. Samtidigt var det positivt med egna mottagningar då den personcentrerade vården och ögonsjuksköterskornas kunskap kom till sin rätt. Slutsats: Trots flera faktorer som gör arbetet på ögonmottagning intressant och utvecklande finns det möjligheter till förbättring. Ögonsjuksköterskors arbetssätt på ögonmottagning bör därför ses över. Ögonsjuksköterskor bör samarbeta ytterligare för att effektivisera och stressreducera för varandra. Likaså bör ögonsjuksköterskor kompetensväxla i större utsträckning för att nyttja sin kompetens ytterligare och kostnadseffektivisera vården. / Background: In line with a growing population and higher life expectancy and thus an increase in ophthalmological diseases ophthalmic nurses need to develop their role in ophthalmology. Ophthalmic nurses hold a specialist education that provides competence to independently assess and treat patients with ophthalmic diseases.Aim: Describe the ophthalmic nurses experiences of working in eye clinics.Method: A qualitative interview method was conducted with ten ophthalmic nurses with work experience of at least one year in an eye clinic. Results: The content analysis resulted in three categories and nine subcategories. Ophthalmology was considered an extensive specialty that undergoes continuous medical and technical development. With a growing need for eye care the ophthalmic nurses were faced with increased workload and time pressure, which negatively affected care recipients and staff. Task-shifting was considered a positive development for care recipients and ophthalmic nurses. Teamwork and peer support were important so the ophthalmic nurses would feel confident in their decision making, which contributed to a more patient-safe care. Nurse-led clinics were also considered positive as the person-centered care and the ophthalmic nurses knowledge came into place.Conclusion:  Though several factors make working on an eye clinic interesting and developing, there are improvement opportunities. Ophthalmic nurses working methods should be reviewed. Ophthalmic nurses should collaborate further to improve efficiency and reduce stress for each other. Ophthalmic nurses should be able to task shift to a greater extent to further utilize their competence and make care more cost-efficient.

In this study Complementarity in Therapy, it has been outlined how the construct, cybernetic complementary description or complementarity can be used in therapy to invent an imaginary team for the helper working solo. Complementarity is used to create alternative ideas, simulating the contribution of a team especially in pre-session hypothesising. A literature study explores the possibilities of complementarity as a cybernetic constructivist construct. Of special significance is the contributions of Varela's formulation of complementarity as trinities, introducing the slash (/) Keeney's emphasis on recursion indicated by circulating arrows and Flemeons emphasis on imbrecation and levels of connection illustrated with different types of lettering. A case study is described to illustrate how complementarity was applied. / Social Work / M.A. (Social science (Mental health))

The changes within the South African education system have turned-around the view that regards principals as “sole” people responsible for leadership and management of schools. The task of the school principal has undergone a radical change. Over the years the notion has been replaced by the view that sees management and leadership as prerogative of many, including stakeholders within and outside education. The move has become world-wide phenomenon compelled by the dual imperatives changing societal values and the rate of change. This study is aimed at investigating the perceptions and experiences of School Management Teams (SMTs) on teamwork as an alternative to school management. The investigation was framed within the mixed-method approach, and sought to unpack the experience of SMT members with regard to teamwork. An interpretive paradigm made it possible for me to gain an in-depth understanding of SMT members’ experience of teamwork within their school contexts. I used interviews and questionnaires as research tools to gather data. This study has found that, although the concept of teamwork is well-received, there are still significant obstacles to the implementation of teamwork as an alternative form of school management / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Barn som undersöks, vårdas eller behandlas, genomgår olika procedurer och kan då uppleva smärta, oro och rädsla. För att minska och avleda dessa för barnet obehagliga upplevelser finns det olika distraktionsmetoder som kan användas. Clownintervention är en av dessa metoder. Syftet med studien var att beskriva clowninterventionens effekt på barns smärta, oro och rädsla. Metoden som användes var litteraturstudie. De artiklar som analyserats var huvudsakligen med kvantitativ metod men en hade mixad metod. Alla artiklar var publicerade de senaste fem åren. Resultatet visar framför allt att clownintervention hade effekt på barns oro och rädsla. Det utvärderades genom självskattning av de barn som var kapabla att använda mätinstrumenten och genom observationer av de barn som inte klarade av självskattning. Det gick dock inte lika tydligt att påvisa effekt på smärta med hjälp av clownintervention då endast tre studier visat på dess effekt. Detta kan bero på att materialet var litet. Konklusionen är att det är viktigt att för sjuksköterskor medvetandegöra clowninterventionens effekt hos barn och implementera denna distraktionsmetod i klinisk verksamhet. Dessutom skulle det vara av värde om det genomfördes mer forskning i större grupper för att se effekten av clowners medverkan för att reducera barns smärtupplevelse. / Children who undergoes examinations, care or treatment goes through different procedures that may give them experience of pain, anxiety and fear. There are different methods of distraction to decrease and distract those unpleasent experiences. Clownintervention is one of those methods. The aim of this study is to describe the effect of clownintervention on childrens pain, anxiety and fear. The method used is litterature study. The articles analysed was mainly quantitative method however one was with a mixed method. All articles were published the latest five years. The main result showed that clownintervention had effect on childrens anxiety and fear. It was evaluated through self- report assessment in the children who were able to use this and through observation of those children who were not able to use self- report assessment. It did not, however, equally clearly demonstrate effect on pain using clownintervention when only three studies demonstrated positive effect. It may be that the material was small. The conclusion is that nurses need to be aware of the importence about the effect of clownintervention and to implement this method of distraction in to clinical work. Furthermore it would be of great importance if more research could be done in larger populations to examine the effect of clowns assistance to reduce childrens experience of pain.