Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-13T15:51:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Melissa Koch Fernandes.pdf: 13195142 bytes, checksum: 6f749b7b1da141696e2c5981f9a657d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T15:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Melissa Koch Fernandes.pdf: 13195142 bytes, checksum: 6f749b7b1da141696e2c5981f9a657d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O rio Pitangui, de curso antecedente, é afluente da margem direita do rio Tibagi e percorre três municípios (Castro, Carambeí e Ponta Grossa) da região centro-leste do estado do Paraná. Embora todo o seu curso esteja submetido ao mesmo tipo climático, Cfb de Köeppen, e mesma unidade fitogeográfica, Floresta Ombrófila Mista, a diferença altitudinal e distintas litotipias representadas pelo degrau topográfico da Escarpa Devoniana, e a consequente separação entre os Planaltos Paranaenses, determinam diferenças geo-morfo-hidro-pedológicas marcantes. Foram selecionadas dez estações amostrais ao longo do rio nos dois planaltos, e para cada estação foram: a) alocadas nove parcelas de 5 x 10 m dispostas em três linhas paralelas à margem do rio, onde foram mensurados e identificados todos os indivíduos com DAP ≥ 5 cm; b) foram instalados e mensurados três poços hídricos (1,20 cm x 5,0 cm) e c) realizadas análises químicas e físicas dos solos. Foi observado que a variação do nível do lençol freático e a composição dos solos são os principais fatores determinantes das variações florísticas e estruturais identificadas ao longo do curso do rio. No Primeiro Planalto Paranaense (PPP), o Ambiente Ripário 1, caracteriza-se por relevo plano sujeito a inundações permanentes ou periódicas, com vegetação hidrófila a higrófila sobre solos hidromórficos a semi-hidromórficos. As espécies mais importantes foram Sebastiania commersoniana, Erythrina crista-galli, Symplocos uniflora e Sebastiania brasiliensis. Ainda no PPP, o Ambiente Ripário 2, constitui área ecotonal com a Represa de Alagados, trata-se de um ambiente mais alçado, com vertente moderada pouco sujeito a inundações, com vegetação mesófila sobre solos não-hidromórficos, cuja espécie mais importante foi Nectandra grandiflora. No Segundo Planalto Paranaense (SPP), o Ambiente Ripário 3, representado por relevo plano a suave ondulado, com vegetação mesófila que se desenvolve sobre solos preferencialmente não-hidromórficos. As espécies mais importantes foram Nectandra grandiflora e Eugenia uniflora. Em todos os ambientes os solos são sempre ácidos, com elevado conteúdo de carbono total nas camadas superficiais e percolação de fósforo nas estações amostrais próximas a cultivos agrícolas. A distribuição dos grupos funcionais de espécies mesófilas, higrófilas e hidrófilas se revelou bom indicador da variação do nível freático. Na escala de paisagem percebe-se que os fenômenos multiescalares seguem subordinados, ou seja, a modelagem do substrato geológico determina a flutuação do freático e a formação e distribuição de solos, e esse por sua vez, determina a cobertura vegetal. Estudos integrados desse porte fornecem subsídios seguros para programas de restauração florestal em ambientes ripários. / Pitangui is an antecedent river, a major right tributary of the Tibagi River, which crosses three municipalities along the East-Central region of the State of Paraná. Although being subjected to the same climate, Cfb of Köeppen, and same phytogeographic unit, temperate forest, its altitudinal differences and distinct litotipies represented by the Devonian Escarpment topographic slope, and the consequent separation between the Paraná plateaus, determine remarkable geo-pedo-hydromorphological differences. It was observed that the groundwater level variation and the soil composition are the main drivers of floristic and structural variations among these riverine forests. On the First Plateau (PPP), the Riparian Environment #1 is characterized by relief plan subject to permanent or periodic flooding with hydrophylous or hygrophilous vegetation over hydromorphic or semi-hydromorphic soils. The main species are Sebastiania commersoniana, Erythrina crista-galli, Symplocos uniflora, and Sebastiania brasiliensis. Yet in PPP, Riparian Enviroment #2 is an ecotonal area within Alagados Reservoir. This is a more elevated one, subject to few floodings, with mesophylous vegetation on no-hydromorphic soils, which main specie is Nectandra grandiflora. On the Second Plateau (SPP), Riparian Environment #3 is characterized by relief plan to slighltly undulating with mesophylous vegetation on soils preferably non-hydromorphic. The main species are Nectandra grandiflora and Eugenia uniflora. In all environments soils are ever acid with high contents of total carbon in the surface layers, as well percolation of phosphorus next to agricultural crops areas. The functional groups distribution among mesophilous, higrophilous, and hidrophilous species were good indicators of the ground water level flutuation. On a landscape scale, multiescalar phenomena are subordinated, as geological modeling determine ground water levels as well soils orign and distribution. These one drives the vegetation settlement. Integrated studies like this provide insurance subsidies for forest restoration programs in riparian environments

En Europe, le bois est la première source d’énergie renouvelable. La transition énergétique se traduit par une intensification de l’exploitation des forêts. L’effet de ces pratiques sylvicoles sur les communautés microbiennes du sol est encore peu étudié. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai évalué les conséquences d’une manipulation artificielle de matière organique en forêt tempérée sur la diversité fonctionnelle et taxonomique des communautés bactériennes et fongiques telluriques dans six sites expérimentaux (réseau expérimental MOS). Parallèlement, une caractérisation fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes a également été réalisée dans un contexte proche des réalités de l’intensification des pratiques sylvicoles sous climat tropical en plantation d’Eucalyptus. Si certains descripteurs fonctionnels de la dégradation de la matière organique sont particulièrement informatifs, les activités microbiennes de dégradation de la chitine, polymère azoté des arthropodes et champignons, sont apparues très sensibles au retrait de matière organique. C’est pourquoi, par des approches de génomiques comparatives, nous avons cherché à estimer le potentiel chitinolytique des différentes guildes fongiques des sols. En conditions contrôlées, nous avons ensuite quantifié les capacités potentielles de mobilisation et de transfert du carbone et de l’azote, à partir d’une matière organique microbienne riche en chitine, par un champignon ectomycorhizien en symbiose avec son hôte. Enfin, la généricité des fonctions chitinolytiques d’un plus large spectre d’espèces fongiques ectomycorhiziennes a été évaluée par le couplage d’approches enzymatiques et isotopiques. L’ensemble de nos résultats met en lumière le rôle significatif des champignons ectomycorhiziens dans la mobilisation du carbone et de l’azote à partir de certaines formes de matière organique, et la nécessité de prendre en compte le compartiment microbien dans les études d’impact des pratiques sylvicoles / One of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices

Storglaciären is a sub-Arctic polythermal glacier in northern Sweden. Twenty years' monitoring of thecold surface layer found that it has lost one third of its total volume of cold ice with an average thinningrate of 0.80 ± 0.24 m·a-1 for the period of 1989-2009. This thesis presents the continuous investigationof the thermal structure evolution of Storglaciären using thermistor string measurements and a coupledenergy balance-snowpack model. The thickness dynamics of the cold surface layer is derived from boththe thermistor string measurement (2018-2019) and the simulation results (2009-2018).    The subsurface temperature evolution and the associated cold-temperate transition surface (CTS)dynamics are analyzed at both the thermistor scale and glacier scale. Point study involves installing athermistor string and extrapolating the measured subsurface temperature to the pressure melting pointisotherm depth. The simulated CTS depth changes at the study site was also used for comparison. Glacierscale study aims to simulate the spatial and temporal variations of the thickness of the cold surface layer.Meteorological data was collected from multiple automatic weather stations and the solid precipitationwas estimated from the winter mass balance survey. The model was utilized in the study of the coldsurface layer dynamics for the first time.    Both the point scale and glacier scale study suggest an overall thickening trend of the cold surfacelayer. The thermistor derived CTS depth exhibits a thickening rate of ~0.9 m·a-1 compared to the depthderived from ground penetrating radar survey in 2009. The influence of mass balance, melt andaccumulation are also examined by spatial correlation with CTS depth. / Storglaciären är en subarktisk polytermal glaciär i norra Sverige som har ett kallt ytskikt iablationsområdet. Tidigare studier av mäktigheten hos det kalla ytskiktet visar att Storglaciären harförlorat en tredjedel av sin totala volym av kall is med en genomsnittlig uttunningshastighet på 0,80 ±0,24 m · a-1 för perioden 1989-2009. Denna uppsats presenterar den fortsatta utvecklingen av det kallaytskiktet på Storglaciären under perioden 2009 till 2019 med hjälp av istemperaturmätningar och enytenergi balansmodell koppla till en och en termodynamisk modell för snö och is. Istemperaturensutveckling och djupet till övergången mellan kall och tempererad is (CTS) analyseras både på lokalskalavid en punkt och över hela glaciären. Punktstudien utnyttjar temperaturmätningar vid en termistorslingaför att uppskatta temperaturfördelningen i isen och djupet för övergången mellan kall och tempereradis. Resultaten används också för jämförelse med simulerade resultat. Den rumsliga studien använder enkopplad energibalans och en termodynamisk modell för snö och is för att simulera rumsliga ochtidsmässiga variationer av tjockleken på det kalla ytskiktet. Som ingångsdata till modellen användesmeteorologiska data från flera automatiska väder stationer och den nederbörden i fast form uppskattadesfrån massbalans mätningar som görs på glaciären. Det är fösta gången den här typen av modell användsför att studera det kalla ytskiktets dynamik.    Både på lokalskala och glaciärskala tyder på en övergripande förtjockningstrend av det kallaytskiktet. Uppskattningen av CTS djupet vid temperaturmätningar uppvisar en ökningshastighet av ~0,9 m · a-1 av det kalla skiktets tjocklek jämfört med markradar undersökningar i 2009. Påverkan ochrumslig korrelation mellan massbalans, smältning och ackumulation på CTS-djupet undersöks också.

6 pp. / Training and pruning newly-planted deciduous fruit trees is one of the most important steps in developing trees with a strong framework (scaffold branches). Trees with a good framework of branches can support heavy crops without limb breakage and will help to bring the young tree into production at an early age. Selection and arrangement of these branches determines the type of development and growth in later years. The goal of pruning and training is to balance vegetative and fruiting wood growth.

The Miocene Nullarbor Limestone is the most recent formation in the Cenozoic Eucla Group and was deposited in the Eucla Basin, southern Australia, at ~38°S paleolatitude during the early to middle Miocene. The rocks form the modern surface of the vast, karsted Nullarbor Plain. Older Eucla Group marine carbonates (Eocene-earliest Miocene) are cool-water in nature and dominated by bryozoans and echinoderms. The Nullarbor Limestone is subtropical in composition and rich in coralline algae (rhodoliths and articulated types), large and small benthic foraminifera and molluscs. Diverse zooxanthellate corals are also present but not numerous. Deposition is interpreted to have taken place in three main paleoenvironments: rhodolith gravels, seagrass banks, and open seafloors. The Southern Ocean extended inboard ~450 km from the shelf edge during Nullarbor Limestone deposition. Interpreted paleodepths ranged from the top to the base of the photic zone, implying a small slope over a wide shelf. The Miocene Eucla platform is therefore interpreted to have been epeiric in nature. Paleoenvironment distribution is explained using epeiric platform sedimentation patterns and comparisons with modern environments. Open seafloor environments, the deepest settings, are thought to have been below fair-weather wave base. Rhodolith gravels accumulated at intermediate depths, where waves frequently swept the seafloor. Seagrass banks developed in the shallowest waters farthest inboard, where wave energy had been largely dissipated. Diverse corals, large benthic foraminifera and micrite envelopes inboard and in the western part of the basin support the notion of paleotemperatures generally above 20°C, the upper limit of subtropical carbonate accumulation. Although deposition occurred during the Miocene Climatic Optimum, a simple overall temperature increase cannot completely account for the subtropical nature of these sediments at mid-latitudes. Tropical components decrease from west to east, implying a temperature gradient, probably due to the warm proto-Leeuwin Current. Thus, these subtropical carbonates were deposited at mid-latitudes and their presence did not simply reflect a change in global climate. / Thesis (Master, Geological Sciences & Geological Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-12-23 16:05:47.981

The impacts of climate change on temperate forests are predicted to accelerate, with widespread implications for forest biodiversity and function. Remote sensing has provided insights into regional patterns of vegetation dynamics, and experimental studies have demonstrated impacts of specific changes on individual species. However, forests are diverse and complex ecosystems. To understand how different species in different forests respond to interacting environmental pressures, widespread ground-based monitoring is needed. The only practical way to achieve this is through the involvement of non-professional researchers, i.e., with citizen science. However, many techniques used to identify subtle changes in forests require expensive equipment and professional expertise. This thesis aimed to identify practical methods for citizen scientists to collect useful data on forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Methods for monitoring tree phenology and canopy-understorey interactions were the main focus, as tree phenology exerts strong control on understorey light and forest biodiversity, and is already responding to climate change. The response of understorey vegetation to canopy closure in four woodlands from a single region of England (Devon) was examined in detail. These geographically close woodlands differed considerably in their composition and seasonal dynamics. The spring period was particularly important for herb-layer development, and small variations in canopy openness had important effects on herb-layer cover and composition. This work highlights the need to monitor a range of different woodlands at the regional scale, with sufficient resolution to pick up small but crucial differences through time. Citizen scientists could help to collect such data by monitoring herb-layer cover and changes in the abundance of key species, alongside monitoring the overstorey canopy. The spring leaf phenology of four canopy trees (ash, beech, oak and sycamore) were monitored intensively in one woodland using a range of methods: counts, percentage estimates and photography. First budburst and leaf expansion dates were compared with estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate, derived from time-series data using logistic growth models. Frequently used first-event dates were potentially misleading due to high variation in leaf development rates within and between species. Percentage estimates and counts produced similar estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate. A photo-derived greenness index produced similar estimates of timing, but not rate, and was compromised by practical issues of photographing individual crowns in closed canopy woodland. Citizen science should collect time-series data instead of frequently-used first event dates―visual observations offer the most practical way to do this, but further work is needed to test reliability with citizen scientists. Given high intra- and inter-species variation in tree phenology, whole forest canopies need to be monitored to infer canopy closure timing. Canopy openness was assessed using sophisticated hemispherical photography and a range of low-cost alternatives, across four Devon woodlands over a year. Visual estimates and ordinary photography were too coarse to identify fine-scale variation in canopies. Smartphone fisheye photography analysed with free software was identified as a reliable surrogate for estimating relative, though not absolute, canopy openness. The method has high potential as a citizen science tool, as different phone models and users gave similar canopy openness estimates. In a detailed follow-up study, smartphone fisheye photography, hemispherical photography and visual observations of leaf expansion were used every other day to characterise spring canopy development. Logistic growth models estimated canopy closure timing and rate. Visual observations identified much earlier canopy development than either photographic method. Smartphone fisheye photography performed comparably to hemispherical photography. There is good potential for practical application of smartphone fisheye photography, as similar canopy closure estimates were gained from photos taken once every two weeks. The research in this thesis identifies a range of methods suitable for widespread monitoring of forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Developing a smartphone app for automatic analysis and submission of canopy images will be an important next step to enabling widespread use. A pilot project is underway to begin testing methods with citizen scientists. Further research into data quality with citizen scientists is needed before the methods can be rolled out widely with confidence.

La disponibilité de la ressource en eau potable est en train de diminuer dans diverses régions, en lien avec la demande croissante d'eau douce, de la demande en produits alimentaires (Agriculture et élevage) et des effets des changements climatiques au niveau mondial à cause de la croissance démographique. Les pratiques agricoles inadaptées peuvent conduire à des pollutions des eaux superficielles et souterraines par des pesticides, des produits pharmaceutiques, des métaux, des nutriments, ou des sédiments et colloïdes. L'augmentation de la demande en produits animaliers est un des principaux facteurs qui conduisent à l'augmentation de l'utilisation d'antibiotiques, notamment de la famille des sulfonamides comme le sulfametoxazole (SMX). Malgré les grandes quantités de SMX utilisées tant en santé humaine qu'animale, et malgré le risque de contamination des ressources en eau associés à ce type de molécule, leur devenir dans les sols est encore mal compris et est peu documenté. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons entrepris l'étude des interactions physico-chimiques, la dégradation, l'impact et le transfert du SMX dans deux sols aux propriétés physico-chimiques similaires mais issus de zones géographiques différentes (Recife, Brésil et Mâcon, France), et présentant différents contextes climatiques (tropical et tempéré) et différents usages (urbain et agricole). L'étude des interactions physico-chimiques a consisté à caractériser les processus de sorption et leurs cinétiques ainsi que l'effet du pH des sols, en lien avec l'ionisabilité de la molécule de SMX (2 pKa). La dégradation (biotique et abiotique) de la molécule antibiotique a été évaluée pour 3 concentrations différentes (10-3, 10-4 et 10-5M) pour évaluer l'effet des propriétés des sols sur la toxicité et la biodisponibilité du SMX. Les sols de Macon et Recife non contaminés au SMX présentent une biodiversité importante et semblable comme l'ont montré les indices de Shannon (H') et de Simpson. L'addition d'antibiotiques aux 2 sols modifie rapidement leur biodiversité microbienne et induit des changements de structures et de composition de la communauté bactérienne. Une bactérie du genre Arthrobacter est spécifiquement stimulée dans les deux sols par l'ajout de SMX, mais elle n'est pas cultivable, en revanche, nous avons pu isoler une souche de Burkholderia fortement stimulée par la présence de l'antibiotique, qui représente plus de 30% de la communauté bactérienne et qui présente des capacités de dégradation de l'antibiotique très importantes. La dégradation du SMX dans les deux sols s'avère rapide à faible concentration (10-5M) et plus lente (Mâcon) voire inexistante (Recife) à plus forte concentration (10-3M). La mobilité du SMX a été évaluée par des essais de transport en colonnes de sols remaniés conduites à 0,2; 0,45 et 0,7 mL.min-1. Les concentrations en SMX étant déterminées par HPLC-UV. L'identification des processus hydrodynamiques dans les deux sols et des processus de transfert du SMX a été réalisée avec le modèle de convection - dispersion avec retard (CDE sous CXTFIT). Les cinétiques de sorption ont été bien décrite avec un modèle de second ordre et le SMX suit une adsorption de type Langmuir. La mobilité du SMX s'est avérée plus importante dans le sol de Mâcon que dans le sol de Recife en lien avec une plus forte teneur en oxydes de fer très réactifs dans ce dernier, suggérant un risque plus élevé de contamination des eaux naturelles dans le cas du sol de Mâcon. Ce risque est toutefois contrebalancé par la faible persistance dans les deux sols du SMX qui, à faible concentration, est rapidement dégradé. Mots clés : Sol, antibiotique, Sulfametoxazol, sorption, transport, dégradation, impact, polluants émergents / The availability of fresh water in various regions, has been decreasing due to the increasing demand of water resources, the growing demand for food (agriculture and livestock) and the effects of climate change on a global level due to global population growth. Inadequate agricultural practices can lead to pollution of surface and groundwater with pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pollutants, nutrients and sediments, since the main entry of these products into the environment is resulting from their use in human and veterinary medicine. Increased demand in livestock is one of the factors that led to an increased use of antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole, and despite the large amount of sulfamethoxazole that is used both in human medicine and in veterinary medicine, and the risk of contamination of aquifers associated this molecule, its fate in soil is still unclear and poorly documented. Thus, the physico-chemical, biological interactions were studied, the impact associated with bacterial resistance and the transport of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in two different soils but have similar particle size characteristics, the soils are of different geographical origins (Recife, Brazil and Macon, France), uses (urban and rural) and climatic conditions (tropical and temperate). The sorption tests were divided into kinetics of sorption isotherm and sorption in function of pH, since sulfamethoxazole is an ionizable molecule. The biodegradation tests were performed at three different concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 M) to evaluate the effect of soil characteristics and concentration of the SMX on biodegradation of SMX molecule. The soils untreated, Macon and Recife, have an equivalent diversity, according to the calculation of the Shannon index (H ') and Simpson index. Assays of miscible displacement in soil columns with KBr and sulfamethoxazole were satisfactory for flow rates 0.2; 0.45 and 0.7 mLmin-1. The concentration of sulfamethoxazole was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Identification of the mechanisms involved in the transport process and the determination of parameters hidrodispersive soil through the elution curves of KBr and sulfamethoxazole were performed using the CDE model (convection-dispersion) through CXTFIT program. Sorption kinetics was best described with the second-order model and the sorption isotherms were linear. The CDE model adequately represents the experimental data of the elution curves of the sulfamethoxazole. The soil Recife, relative to Macon, had the lowest risk of groundwater contamination existing in this region / A disponibilidade de água doce, em diversas regiões, vem diminuindo em função docrescimento da demanda de recursos hídricos, do crescimento da demanda poralimentos (agricultura e pecuária) e dos efeitos da mudança climática em nível mundialdevido ao crescimento da população mundial. As práticas agrícolas inadequadas podemlevar à poluição das águas superficiais e subterrâneas com pesticidas, fármacos,poluentes, nutrientes e sedimentos. O aumento da demanda na pecuária é um dos fatoresque conduziu a um aumento do uso de antibióticos, como o sulfametoxazol, e apesar dagrande quantidade utilizada tanto na medicina humana como na veterinária, e do riscode contaminação dos aquíferos associados a essa molécula, seu destino no solo aindanão está claro e é pobremente documentado. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudaras interações físico-químicas e biológicas, o impacto associado à resistência bacteriana eo transporte do sulfametoxazol (SMX) em dois solos distintos, embora comcaracterísticas granulométricas semelhantes. Os solos são de diferentes origensgeográficas (Recife, Brasil e Macon, França), usos (urbano e agrícola) e condiçõesclimáticas (tropical e temperada). Os ensaios de sorção foram divididos em: cinética,isoterma de sorção e sorção em função do pH, uma vez que o sulfametoxazol é umamolécula ionizável. Os ensaios de biodegradação foram realizados em trêsconcentrações diferentes do sulfametoxazol (10-3, 10-4 e 10-5M) para avaliar o efeito dascaracterísticas dos solos e da concentração do SMX sobre a biodegradação da moléculado SMX. Os solos não tratados Macon e Recife têm uma diversidade equivalente,segundo o cálculo do índice de Shannon (H'), e do índice de Simpson. Os ensaios dedeslocamento miscível em colunas de solo com o KBr e o sulfametoxazol foramsatisfatórios para as vazões de 0,2; 0,45 e 0,7 mL.min-1. A identificação dosmecanismos envolvidos no processo de transporte e a determinação dos parâmetroshidrodispersivos dos solos, através das curvas de eluição do KBr e do sulfametoxazol,foram realizadas utilizando o modelo CDE (convecção-dispersão). A cinética de sorçãofoi melhor descrita com o modelo de segunda ordem e as isotermas de sorção foram nãolineares. O modelo CDE representou adequadamente os dados experimentais das curvasde eluição do sulfametoxazol. O solo Recife, em relação ao Macon, apresentou o menorrisco de contaminação do lençol freático existente nessa região.

Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-15T11:04:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonrdo.pdf: 9078429 bytes, checksum: af7d36e3035868040d998b9669ce02ee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-12-18T17:39:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonrdo.pdf: 9078429 bytes, checksum: af7d36e3035868040d998b9669ce02ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-18T17:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonrdo.pdf: 9078429 bytes, checksum: af7d36e3035868040d998b9669ce02ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Utilizando dois bancos de dados mensais (1979-1984; 1996-2011) constituídos por um regime de amostragens experimentais independentes da pesca, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a hipótese central de que mudanças de longo prazo na abundância e diversidade de peixes nas zonas rasas do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (ZRELP) ocorreram nas últimas 3 décadas, as quais foram promovidas por distúrbios nos habitats estuarinos e alterações no esforço de pesca na região. Os padrões de composição e abundância das espécies de peixe que utilizam as ZRELP apresentam alta variabilidade anual e inter-anual, as quais são reguladas principalmente pelas variações ou flutuações da temperatura, salinidade, vazão estuarina e componente meridional do vento. Os resultados deste estudo revelam que o Modo Anular Sul (SAM) também parece influenciar a dinâmica temporal dos peixes nas ZRELP, além do El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS), e que o tempo de resposta das espécies em relação a alguns fatores abióticos (e.g., temperatura e vazão) não é instantâneo. Por fim, o presente estudo revela que mudanças de longo prazo ocorreram na abundância e diversidade das espécies nos últimos 30 anos. Estas mudanças estiveram provavelmente associadas às alterações nas condições hidrológicas do estuário promovidas pelos fenômenos ENOS e SAM. A perda de habitat, especialmente dos vegetados, e a pressão de pesca representada pelo esforço de pesca também parecem ter importante papel sobre as mudanças de longo prazo observadas, principalmente para espécies como a Brevoortia pectinata, Jenynsia multidentata, Micropogonias furnieri e Mugil liza. A partir do conjunto de informações reunidas, o presente estudo reforça a hipótese que os padrões de uso do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, especialmente pelos juvenis, estão fortemente vulneráveis às mudanças no clima e às transformações antrópicas do estuário, a despeito da alta variabilidade destes padrões forçada pelo dinamismo estuarino. / Using two long-term database (1979-1984; 1996-2011) composed by experimental fishery-independent sampling survey, the aim of this study was to evaluate the main hypothesis that long-term changes in fish abundance and diversity in shallow areas of the Patos Lagoon Estuary (SAPLE) occurred in the last three decades, which were promoted by estuarine habitats disturbances and alterations in fishing effort changes in the region. The composition and abundance patterns of fish species inhabiting SAPLE present high annual and inter-annual variability, which are mainly regulated by changes or fluctuations in temperature, salinity, freshwater outflow into the estuary and meridional wind component. The results show that the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) also seems to be influencing the temporal dynamics of fishes in SAPLE besides of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and that time response of species to changes in some environmental variables (e.g., temperature and freshwater outflow) is not in phase. Finally, this study shows that long-term changes occurred in the species abundance and diversity in the last 30 years. These changes were probably associated to changes in the estuarine hydrological conditions promoted by ENSO and SAM phenomena. The habitat loss, especially of the vegetated ones, and the fishing pressure represented by fishing effort also seem to have important role on observed long-term changes, especially to Brevoortia pectinata, Jenynsia multidentata, Micropogonias furnieri e Mugil liza. From the total information gathered, the present study reinforce the hypotheses that the fish use patterns in the Patos Lagoon estuary, especially by juveniles, are highly vulnerable to climate change and to man-induced estuarine transformations, despite the high variability of these patterns associated with the estuary dynamics.

While wildfire is globally most common in the savanna-grassland ecotone, the flammability of coastal temperate rainforests is considered low and little is known regarding historic fire activity. Reconstructing historical fire activity typically requires dendrochronological records from fire-scarred trees and post-fire cohorts, but this type of information is rare in perhumid temperate rainforests, which are dominated by dense fuels with high year-round moisture content. I reconstructed historic fire activity using fire scars, tree rings, soil charcoal, and remote sensing techniques in a 2000 km2 island group located within the Hakai Lúxvbálís Conservancy on the coastal margin of central British Columbia. I broadly assessed 13,000 years of fire activity with charcoal deposited in soils, and reconstructed late Holocene fire events with a 700-year chronology built from living fire-scarred trees and stand establishment data. I used a weight of evidence approach to hypothesize the origins of fires and whether First Nations intentionally utilized fire for resource management. Low-severity fires occurred most frequently in forests surrounding former First Nations habitation sites, and lightning strikes do not occur often enough to explain the observed temporal or spatial patterns of fire activity in the study area. Low-severity fires occurred approximately every 39 years, and were 25 times more likely to occur than previously estimated. Fires influenced the composition and structure of vegetation by creating a mosaic of vegetation types in different stages of succession, and thus increased the abundance of culturally important food plants. Fire events have not occurred in the study area since 1893, which also coincides with the reduction of First Nations activities in their traditional territories. My data are consistent with the hypothesis that humans intentionally used fire to manage resources, though further research and ethnographic data collected elsewhere in the region is required to corroborate these findings. Ecological legacies of historic fires remain visible on the present day landscape, and by reconstructing the historic range of fire cycle variability we gain a better understanding of human-driven fire activity and the abrupt changes that occurred in the 20th century. / Graduate

La formation du bois (xylogénèse) produit une large partie de la biomasse de la planète et une ressource essentielle pour l'Homme. Les cellules du bois sont produites par division dans le cambium puis s'élargissent, forment une paroi épaisse lignifiée et meurent. Pendant l'année, ces processus sont définis par des dates, durées et vitesses qui caractérisent la dynamique intra-annuelle de la xylogénèse. Cette dynamique reste peu explorée alors que c'est un aspect clé, car c'est elle qui détermine la quantité et la qualité du bois produit et c'est sur elle que les facteurs de régulation agissent. Ce travail vise à améliorer nos connaissances sur la dynamique intra-annuelle de la xylogénèse. Pendant trois ans (2007-2009), la xylogénèse a été suivie pour 45 arbres de trois espèces de conifères (sapin pectiné, épicéa commun et pin sylvestre) dans les Vosges. Pour ça, des petits échantillons de bois ont été prélevés chaque semaine sur le tronc des arbres sélectionnés. Les échantillons ont été préparés au laboratoire, puis des sections anatomiques ont été réalisées pour observer la xylogénèse au microscope. Cette thèse a permis d'améliorer notre connaissance du fonctionnement de la xylogénèse, un système biologique d'une fascinante complexité. Nous avons caractérisé - grâce à l'innovation d'une méthode statistique performante - les aspects méconnus de la dynamique de différenciation des cellules du bois. Nous avons alors pu dévoiler les mécanismes par lesquels la dynamique de la xylogénèse donne forme à la structure du cerne, établir la dynamique intra-annuelle de l'accumulation du carbone dans le bois et évaluer les mécanismes de l'influence du climat sur la xylogénèse / Wood formation (xylogenesis) produces a large part of the biomass of this planet and provides a crucial resource to Mankind. Wood cells are produced by division in the cambium, after what they enlarge, build a lignified thick wall and die. During a year, these processes take place at certain dates, last for certain durations and go at certain rates. These dates, durations and rates characterize the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. This dynamics remains poorly explored whereas it is a key aspect as it determines the quantity and quality of the produced wood and conveys the influence of intrinsic (gene, hormone) and extrinsic (environment) regulatory factors. This work aims to improve our knowledge on the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. During three years (2007-2009), xylogenesis was monitored for 45 trees of three conifer species (silver fir, Norway spruce, and Scots pine) in northeast France. For that, small wood samples were collected weekly on tree stem. Samples were prepared at the laboratory, and anatomical sections were cut to observe xylogenesis under a light microscope. This thesis has improved our knowledge on the functioning of xylogenesis, a biological system of a fascinating complexity. We characterized - thanks to the development of an efficient statistical method - the little known aspects of wood cell differentiation dynamics. Based on this characterization, we eluded the mechanisms by which xylogenesis dynamics shapes tree ring structure, we established the intra-annual dynamics of carbon accumulation in wood and we evaluated the mechanisms of the climate influence on xylogenesis