Communities affected by climate impacts, political or cultural conflicts and rapid demographic shifts are the most vulnerable to the effects of poverty, disease and communal violence. Addressing their needs through appropriate architectural responses can help them to recover social, economic and environmental well-being. This thesis defines strategies to address the challenges involved in the design of spaces after three causes of forced migration: natural disaster, conflict and urban development. The methodology is based on literature review which served as theoretical background to work in three design competitions related to shelter after natural disasters, refugee camps and slums. The need to provide accommodation after a natural disaster is essential. Therefore, a shelter that can be transported and deployed quickly and effectively, and that contemplates the uniqueness and complexity of the event, is studied in this thesis. Refugee camps have become the protective and safe place that provide shelter, food and health safety to all kinds of survivors and refugees. Due to the complexity of the problems related to this forced migration situation, the presence of refugee camps tends to be longer than the expected. Therefore, a design that contemplates this duality of time and that addresses peoples' needs and rights is part of this research. Slums are often related to deprivation and socio-spatial exclusion and due to the lack of security of tenure, they are vulnerable to evictions caused by redevelopment pressures, gentrification processes and episodes of ethnic cleansing. Therefore, a neighborhood's transformation with cohesive public spaces and incremental housing prototypes is proposed in this thesis. Through the study of architectural responses to natural disaster, refugee camps and slums design considerations related to the site, the culture and the urban context are established as guidelines. In addition, a time-based design strategy, a dual design approach and a multiple scales design strategy are defined as essential to give an architectural response to forced-displaced communities. / Master of Architecture / Devastating effects of natural disaster, political conflicts and demographic changes are experienced everyday worldwide. People who have faced them long for protection, safety and peace to have the strength to start again. Therefore, this thesis proposes some possible architectural solutions for situations where entire populations have lost their homes or have been displaced. Temporary shelters provided after a natural disaster was the first theme studied. The research was complemented with the design of a shelter for a rural community in Ecuador which was devastated by the 2016 earthquake. Research and design demonstrated the need to design a structure aligned with the features of its context and that could be easily and quickly transported and deployed. Thousands of people are forced to flee every day due to political and social conflicts. The second design that was part of this thesis was for Mosul, one of the cities that had been destroyed due to the conflicts in Iraq. The aim was to provide shelter for people that want to return to this city during its reconstruction. Through the design and research, it was defined that it is important to integrate the temporary camps in the reconstruction plan of the city to obtain a more appropriate approach towards the refugees’ needs and values. Neighborhoods wrongly categorized as slums are exposed to human displacement due to real state pressures, urban interventions and social reforms. The third and last project that was part of this thesis looked for a response to this problem in a neighborhood in Mumbai. Several projects were reviewed and diverse sources were consulted leading to the conclusion that public space should work in these neighborhoods as the meeting point of different groups of people and activities. In addition, it was established that affordable housing solutions should respond to economic situation of the dwellers and their future needs. The importance of understanding the site, the culture and the context of every scenario was established essential to formulate an accurate solution for people that seek shelter after a natural disaster, armed conflict or eviction. In addition, considering different design scales and providing spaces with diverse uses and with the possibility to change through time was defined important to develop these projects.

This research is about disaster relief semi-temporary housing in China which based on disasters database, area selection and climate data in Yunnan Province, attempting to develop an effective and comfortable earthquake relief temporary shelter which can be processing both physical relief and psychological relief. The major components of this research are post-disaster analysis, project design, and computer simulation. By designing a new shelter model, we will try to identify different functions and reorganize them for the shelter in order to satisfy all special requests after disasters. After computer simulation, it will allow more energy efficient considerations and taking social responsibility to both the designing part and disaster relief process.

[pt] No dia 07/04/2010, devido a fortes chuvas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e municípios vizinhos, o Morro do Bumba, um lixão desativado e urbanizado pelo Estado, localizado no município de Niterói, estado do Rio de Janeiro, desmoronou, arrastando mais de 50 barracos. Foram cerca de 67 mortos (40 homens e 27 mulheres) e mais de mil desabrigados. Em virtude das dificuldades de moradia muitas famílias foram alojadas em abrigos provisórios considerados inadequados para se viver, com esgoto a céu aberto, instalações precárias e banheiros sem condições higiênicas de uso, à espera de uma política pública de habitação que lhes garantisse o direito à uma moradia digna. Entendemos que um Estado Democrático de Direito deve ser regido por normas democráticas e pelo respeito das autoridades públicas aos direitos e garantias fundamentais, entre eles o direito à moradia. Toda essa tragédia, assim como as dificuldades experimentadas pelas vítimas evidencia o descaso da Administração Pública com a população menos favorecida. O direito à moradia não foi efetivamente garantido seja nos abrigos que, após mais de dois anos da tragédia não podem ser considerados provisórios, seja com a efetiva entrega de unidades habitacionais que não suprem o número de desabrigados em razão da tragédia. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a análise do processo de busca pela garantia do direito à moradia das vítimas do Morro do Bumba, procurando identificar as ações do Poder Público para a efetivação desse direito. Para tanto, analisamos o percurso dessa população que passou pelos abrigos provisórios até a entrega de dois empreendimentos habitacionais, pelo Governo do Estado, que não atenderam à demanda por moradia dessa Comunidade. / [en] On April 4th 2010, heavy rainfall hit the city of Rio de Janeiro and the surrounding region. Morro do Bumba, a hill in the city of Niterói, located in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, collapsed bringing down more than 50 homes, causing the death of 67 (40 males and 27 females) and leaving more than 1000 people unsheltered and homeless. Due to difficulties in offering adequate accommodations to the victims of this disaster, many of them were allocated in temporary shelters unsuitable for adequate housing. Minimum sanitary conditions were not met at these provisional shelters, with precarious installations including open sewers. The victims were imposed these precarious conditions while eagerly awaiting a public habitational policy warranting their right to an adequate housing condition. We understand that a Democratic State of Right should be directed by democratic norms and the public authorities’ respect to the fundamental rights, including amongst these the right to adequate housing. All this tragedy, as well as the difficulties experienced by the victims, outlines the public administration´s negligence in the city of Niteroi with the lower income population. The right to habitation has not been effectively warranted, considering shelters - that more than two years after the tragedy - may not be considered as provisory, and the public authorities’ efforts to offer housing units that does not comply with the number of victims left unhoused by the tragedy. The present work aims to discuss the process to guarantee the housing right to the victims of the disaster in Morro do Bumba, looking to outline the public authorities actions to effectively warrant this right. For this, we analyzed the arduous route faced by this victim population through the provisional shelters up to the conveyance of two habitational enterprises by the States’ Government, which did not comply to this communities’ housing demands.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2441.pdf: 3766751 bytes, checksum: f09cdf48fe0be6493df789489607c5b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The increase of extreme events related to rains, added to a vulnerable territory insertion of the poorest, generated an increase in the number of homeless across the country. Homeless are those whose home-use buildings suffered damage and / or were destroyed, causing the disintegration of private living space. Among the actions of Civil Defense in a disaster, the priority rehabilitation is the organization of temporary shelters for the homeless families. In a circumstance in which climate change may cause an increase of extreme events related to rainfall, the vulnerability of poor populations tends to grow. It follows then, the need of the improvement of this public service. Considering this, the general goal, is a sociological analysis on the logic by which the measure of Civil Defense has been operating and coordinating the various agencies and the priority actions, such as welfare, health and others. As specific goal, this project aims to focus on the cut of gender, comparatively analyzing the management challenges of shelter, from the perspective of women in position of command and of those who were sheltered. It is considered that the comparative analysis have relevance in the promotion of adjustments in public policies that require integrated activity of various agencies. It is expected that the qualitative research - from a literature, documentary and field review, and from the collect of oral reports, direct observation and photos - provides grants for public management including the theme of emergency with the promotion of citizenship. / O aumento dos eventos extremos relacionados às chuvas, somando-se com a vulnerável inserção territorial dos mais pobres, tem gerado um acréscimo no número de desabrigados em todo o país. Desabrigados são aqueles cujos imóveis de uso domiciliar sofreram danificações e/ou destruição, acarretando a desintegração do espaço privado de convivência. Dentre as ações de Defesa Civil em um desastre, a reabilitação prioritária é a organização de abrigos temporários para populações que ficaram desabrigadas. Numa circunstância em que as Mudanças Climáticas poderão provocar um aumento dos eventos extremos relacionados às chuvas, a vulnerabilidade de populações empobrecidas tende a crescer. Decorre daí, a necessidade de melhoramento deste serviço público. Diante isso, cabe, como objetivo geral, uma análise sociológica acerca das lógicas pelas quais essa medida de Defesa Civil tem operado coordenando os diversos órgãos e ações prioritárias, como assistência social, saúde e outros. Como objetivo específico, este projeto visa debruçar-se sobre o recorte de gênero, analisando comparativamente os desafios da gestão de abrigo sob a ótica das mulheres na situação de comando e daquelas que se encontram abrigadas. Considera-se que as análises comparativas apresentam relevância na promoção de ajustes em políticas públicas que exigem atuação integrada de diversos órgãos. Espera-se que a pesquisa de base qualitativa a partir de revisão bibliográfica, documental e de campo, na coleta de relatos orais, observação direta e fotodumentação possibilite gerar subsídios para a gestão pública imbricando o tema das emergências com o da promoção da cidadania.