In this thesis we will investigate how the SBP-SAT finite difference method behave with and without an interface. As model problem, we consider the heat equation with piecewise constant coefficients. The thesis is split in two main parts. In the first part we look at the heat equation in one-dimension, and in the second part we expand the problem to a two-dimensional domain. We show how the SAT-parameters are chosen such that the scheme is dual consistent and stable. Then, we perform numerical experiments, now looking at the static case. In the one-dimensional case we see that the second order SBP-SAT method with an interface converge with an order of two, while the second order SBP-SAT method without an interface converge with an order of one.

Três esquemas de captura de descontinuidade são apresentados para simular hiperbólicos de leis de conservação e equações de Navier-Stokes incompressíveis, a saber: FDHERPUS (Five Degree Hermite Upwind Scheme); RUS (Rational Upwind Scheme); e CSPUS (Cubic Spline Polynomial Upwind Scheme). Esses esquemas são baseados nos critérios de estabilidade CBC e TVD e implementados nos contextos das metodologias diferenças finitas e volumes finitos. A precisão local dos esquemas é verificada acessando o erro e a taxa de convergência em problemas testes de referência. Um estudo comparativo entre os esquemas estudados (incluido o WENO5) e o esquema bem estabelecido de van Albada, para resolver leis de conservação lineares e não lineares, é também realizado. O esquema de convecção que fornece melhores resultados em leis de conservação hiperbólicas é então examinado na simulação de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos com superfícies livres móveis de complexidade crescente; resultados satisfatórios têm sido observados em termos do comportamento global / Three shock capturing schemes for numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are presented, namely: FDHERPUS (Five Degree Hermite Polynomial Upwind Scheme); RUS (Rational Upwind Scheme); and CSPUS ( Cubic Spline Polynomial Upwind Scheme). These schemes are based on CBC and TVD stability criteria and implemented in the context of finite volume methodologies. The local observed accuracy of the schemes is verified by assessing the error and convergence rate on benchmark test cases. A comparative study between the schemes (including WENO5) and the well established van. Albada scheme to solve standard linear and nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws is also accomplished. The scheme that has provided better results in hyperbolic conservation laws is then examined in the simulation of Newtonian moving free surface flows of increasing complexity, satisfactory agreement has been observed in terms of the overall behavior

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gerson Alves de Freitas Jr.pdf: 815407 bytes, checksum: 56e12a88b678dd692f6fae8381118ad9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-01 / The aim of this work is to revisit the debate surrounding the role of natural resources in economic development. This is an exploratory essay, which examines theses and stylized facts on the topic especially those that establish a negative relationship between natural resource endowment and economic growth in light of structural changes in the global economy and the rise in international primary product prices in the last decade. Its first conclusion is that there isn t any conclusive literary evidence of the so-called "resource curse," although some of the assumptions associated with it, such as the existence of a secular trend of decline in terms of the primary goods trade, have been proven true in the past century although, perhaps, not in the 21st century so far. The technical and economic characteristics of the current globalization process suggest, on the other hand, an increasing trend of dynamic natural resource markets, which may represent a window of opportunity for commodity-rich economies / O objetivo desse trabalho é revisitar o debate sobre o papel dos recursos naturais no desenvolvimento econômico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter ensaístico, que analisa teses e fatos estilizados sobre o tema sobretudo aqueles que estabelecem uma relação negativa entre a dotação de recursos naturais e o crescimento econômico à luz das mudanças estruturais na economia mundial e à alta nos preços internacionais dos produtos primários na última década. Sua primeira conclusão é que não há, na literatura, trabalhos capazes de atestar de maneira conclusiva a maldição dos recursos naturais , embora alguns dos pressupostos a ela associados, tal como a existência de uma tendência secular de queda nos termos de troca dos produtos primários, tenham se mostrado verdadeiras no século passado ainda que não o sejam nesse curto começo do século 21. As características técnicas e econômicas do atual processo de globalização sugerem, pelo contrário, uma tendência crescente de dinamização dos mercados de recursos naturais, o que pode representar uma janela de oportunidades para economias ricas em produtos primários

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendell Gomes Schmiedecke.pdf: 619717 bytes, checksum: 94fc273bce9584548d12e9f9ba12f34e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / The objective of this work is to answer the following question: How we can explain the recent rise in the commodities prices, due to the entry of China in the international market and which are the tendencies for the next years? For this, the work initially will present the deterioration in terms of trade from Prebisch and Singer, with an evolution of this thought, as well as criticism of this thesys. Afterwards we will present the Chinese economy, as well his impact in the demand of raw-materials and food and in the production capacity of industrialized products, presenting impacts over the terms of trade in the worldwide scenario, after that, we will use the Enzo Grilli and Maw Cheng Yang series updated, to show the prices behavior of the main commodities, with a special focus in the high occurred in this prices in the period comprehended between the Chinese market overture to the worldwide economy until 2007, fact contrary to the Prebisch and Singer thesis. At least we will conclude the work answering the question object of this work / O objetivo deste trabalho é responder a seguinte questão: Como podemos explicar a alta recente do preço dos commodities, face a entrada da China no mercado internacional e quais as tendências para os próximos anos? Para isso, o trabalho inicialmente apresentará a tese de deterioração dos termos de troca de Prebisch e Singer, com uma evolução desse pensamento, bem como críticas a estas teses. Posteriormente apresentaremos a economia chinesa, bem como seu impacto sobre a demanda de matérias-primas e alimentos e na capacidade de produção de produtos industrializados, apresentando impactos sobre os termos de troca no cenário mundial, em seguida, utilizaremos a série de preços formulada por Enzo Grilli e Maw Cheng Yang, que mostra uma evolução de preços dos principais commodities ao longo do tempo, focando na alta ocorrida nos preços de produtos primários no período compreendido entre a abertura do mercado chinês a economia mundial até 2007, fato este que contrária a tese de Prebisch e Singer. Por último teremos a conclusão que responderá a questão objeto deste trabalho

CriseIT är ett projekt som arbetar med att bidra till god krisberedskap genom att skapa mindre gränsregionala hinder i krisövningar över den svenska och norska gränsen mellan Värmland och Hedmarks Fylke. I tidigare krisövningar över gränsen har det varit tydligt att det uppstår språkliga barriärer. Därför har en parlör tagits fram i syfte att överbrygga dessa hinder. Syftet med detta arbete i att designa en digitalt utbildningsmodul är att ta reda på hur man kan lägga upp en utbildning som hjälper användaren i att öva på svenska och norska kristermer. Det kan vara genom att lära sig ord utantill eller genom att öva på att söka på ord och begrepp i parlören. Som metod användes ett pilottest med 11 deltagare från området krisledningsövning av en prototyp innehållande ett par olika typer av ordinlärningsfrågor samt ett kortare frågeformulär. Pilottestet gjordes på distans via det webbaserat systemet Ozlab. Upplägget av frågorna i utbildningsdelen i pilottestet fungerar övervägande bra som ett sätt att lära sig ord och som en övning i att leta på ord och begrepp i ordlistan. I slutsatserna diskuteras lämpligt LMS (Learning Management System) för en sådan utbildningsmodul. Testpersonernas kommentarer var övervägande positiva kring parlören och att hitta svar i den till utbildningsmodulen. Bland de brister som uppmärksammades var själva sökfunktionen i den pdfbaserade parlören. Det ges även synpunkter kring utveckling av parlören.

This collection of essays examines the topic of macroeconomic stabilisation in an international context, focusing on monetary policy, capital controls and exchange rates. Chapter 1, written in collaboration with Giancarlo Corsetti and Joao Duarte, reconsiders the effects of common monetary policy shocks across countries in the euro area, using a data-rich factor model and identifying shocks with high-frequency surprises around policy announcements. We show that the degree of heterogeneity in the response to shocks, while being low in financial variables and output, is significant in consumption, consumer prices and macro variables related to the labour and housing markets. Mirroring country-specific institutional and market differences, we find that home ownership rates are significantly correlated with the strength of the housing channel in monetary policy transmission. We document a high dispersion in the response to shocks of house prices and rents and show that, similar to responses in the US, these variables tend to move in different directions. In Chapter 2, I build a two-country, two-good model to examine the welfare effects of capital controls, finding that under certain circumstances, a shut-down in asset trade can be a Pareto improvement. Further, I examine the robustness of the result to parameter changes, explore a wider set of policy instruments and confront computational issues in this class of international macroeconomic models. I document that within an empirically relevant parameter span for the trade elasticity, the gains from capital controls might be significantly larger than suggested by previous contributions. Moreover, I establish that a refined form of capital controls in the shape of taxes and tariffs cannot improve upon the outcome under financial autarky. Finally, results show that the conjunction of pruning methods and endogenous discount factors can remove explosive behaviour from this class of models and restore equilibrating properties. In Chapter 3, I use a panel of 20 emerging market currencies to assess whether a model that combines fundamental and non-fundamental exchange rate forecasting approaches can successfully predict risk premia (i.e. currency excess returns) over the short horizon. In doing so, I aim to overcome three main shortcomings of earlier research: i) Sensitivity to the chosen sample period; ii) seemingly arbitrary selection of explanatory variables that differs from currency to currency; and iii) difficulty in interpreting forecasts beyond the numerical signal. Based on a theoretical model of currency risk premia, I use real exchange rate strength combined with indicators for carry, momentum and economic sentiment to homogeneously forecast risk premia across all 20 currencies in the sample at a monthly frequency. In doing so, the model remains largely agnostic about structural choices, keeping arbitrarily imposed restrictions to a minimum. Results from portfolio construction suggest that returns are significant and robust both across currencies as well as over time, with Sharpe Ratios in out-of-sample tests above 0.7.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-10T19:07:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 terminologia_gestao.pdf: 1422332 bytes, checksum: 701b2781252c4018c23a955b86cc47ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-10T19:07:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 terminologia_gestao.pdf: 1422332 bytes, checksum: 701b2781252c4018c23a955b86cc47ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / IFSUL - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo o reconhecimento da terminologia que chamamos de político-administrativa, com vistas à proposta de um glossário da gestão federal da cultura. Esta área é compreendida como campo de atividade técnica voltado para a formulação, execução e avaliação das políticas públicas de cultura, a cargo do Ministério da Cultura (MinC) e também como espaço político, marcado por representações ideológicas e sociais, decorrentes do caráter multifacetado da cultura. Trata-se, portanto, de um campo complexo, cuja terminologia ainda não foi repertoriada, a despeito de sua importância. Para dar conta do objetivo exposto, propomos um esquema operacional fundamentado em princípios teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT), desenvolvida por Maria Teresa Cabré (1998-2005); da Terminografia Linguístico-Textual, proposta por Krieger e Finatto (2004) e também pela Semiótica de linha francesa. Adotamos como princípio que os termos adquirem valor terminológico pela sua inscrição nos textos especializados, vistos como ambientes naturais da terminologia. Por meio da análise semiótica dos documentos programáticos do MinC, foi possível depreender não apenas temáticas, mas formas de organização da área, que funcionaram como linhas norteadoras para estabelecer as categorias terminológicas. Os resultados da análise semiótica tornaram-se um recurso operacional importante para o reconhecimento da terminologia político-administrativa da cultura. Como resultado, apresentamos o repertório de termos distribuído em categorias terminológicas correspondentes às três dimensões da área: a) dimensão político-conceitual, referente aos conceitos e princípios que fundamentam as políticas públicas de cultura; b) dimensão administrativa, que diz respeito à estrutura institucional e aos mecanismos de gestão e c) dimensão normativa, que engloba os dispositivos legais de financiamento da cultura. No final do trabalho, são descritas diretrizes teórico-metodológicas de uma proposta de glossário da gestão federal da cultura. / This research paper aims at recognizing the terminology known as political-administrative, with the purpose of suggesting a glossary of federal management culture. This field is understood as a special subject focused on the formulation, implementation and evaluation of cultural public policies in which the Ministry of Culture is in charge of. It is also considered a political area, marked by ideological and social representations resulting from the multifaceted nature of culture. Although it is a complex and important field, its terminology has not been listed yet. In order to accomplish the goal which was mentioned previously, we propose an operational scheme based on theoretical and methodological principles of Communicative Theory of Terminology (TCT), developed by Maria Teresa Cabré (1998-2005); linguistic-textual Terminography, proposed by Krieger and Finatto (2004) and Semiotics of French Line. We have adopted the principle that terms acquire terminological value due to their insertion in specialized texts, which are seen as natural environments of terminology. Through semiotic analysis of the Ministry of Culture program documents, it was possible to deduce not only themes, but ways of organization in the area, which have been used as guiding lines to establish terminological categories. The results of the semiotic analysis have become an important operational resource for the recognition of political and administrative terminology of culture. As a result, we present the repertoire of terms distributed in terminological categories which correspond to the three dimensions of the area: a) political-conceptual dimension, referring to concepts and principles that underlie cultural public policies; b) administrative dimension, which concerns the institutional structure and management mechanisms and c) normativ e dimension, which includes the legal provisions for financing culture. At the end of the paper, we describe theoretical and methodological guidelines of a proposed glossary of federal management culture.

A reestruturação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro introduziu uma nova categoria de clientes no mercado consumidor. Os chamados Clientes Livres, ao contrário dos Clientes Cativos, podem formalizar a aquisição de energia elétrica para atendimento dos requisitos de seu processo produtivo, através de contratos bilaterais, onde os prazos, os preços e os volumes são livremente negociados entre os agentes. A segmentação imposta pelas reformas do setor promoveu a competição na atividade de comercialização, repercutindo em novas responsabilidades para os agentes setoriais, com oportunidades para a busca de resultados financeiros, mas, por outro lado, com riscos associados que requerem adequado gerenciamento. Conseqüentemente, o estabelecimento de contratos neste ambiente evidencia a importância da adoção de estratégias de hedge adequadas para mitigar os riscos de exposição financeira dos Clientes Livres ao Mercado de Curto Prazo. Sob essa perspectiva, o texto aborda a formação de preços contratuais no curto e longo prazos, propõe critérios de risco para aferir as estratégias mais promissoras, de acordo com o perfil do consumidor, de modo a otimizar a obtenção de energia no Ambiente de Contratação Livre, contemplando, também, o efeito da recente possibilidade da comercialização dos excedentes de energia elétrica, como forma de flexibilização contratual para esta categoria de consumidores. / The power sector reforms in Brazil introduced a new sort of consumers in the electricity market. The Free Consumers are able to choose their suppliers and freely negotiate contractual terms. The restructuring process of electricity industry promoted the competition into the retail sales subindustry. It gave new responsibilities to market participants and also potential opportunities to reduce its energy costs. On the other hands, the Free Customers are requested to manage their own risks. It is important therefore the establishment of contracting strategies to hedge against price risks. As consequence, the purpose of this study is to address a methodology to implement short and long-term contract pricing and evaluate the risks associated with its strategies. Moreover, the work identifies the contracting decisions to optimize electricity costs accordingly to customer´s needs. Finally, it is presented a study on contract flexibility where an opportunity could be given to such kind of consumers, making possible to resell part of their electricity contracts.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-14T12:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana Moreira Delpupo Mata.pdf: 1455325 bytes, checksum: d2b37b728ce585f03d1ebfd6ab9d08e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T12:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana Moreira Delpupo Mata.pdf: 1455325 bytes, checksum: d2b37b728ce585f03d1ebfd6ab9d08e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The aim of this study is to demonstrate the legal vulnerability of the consumer and collective action as an instrument of control in the face of the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in the adhesion contracts. For this, the present research starts from the analysis of the concept of consumer and supplier with the objective of distinguishing the relation of consumption of the other legal relations. Once the field of consumer relations has been delimited in the micro-system of Law 8.078/1990 – Code of Consumer Protection, we will discuss the principles of the Code, demonstrating the importance of the principles as limiting the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in the face of the consumer, giving emphasis on the principle of vulnerability, considering its legal vulnerability in the contractual relationship with the supplier of products and services. Next, we will study the consumption contracts and their historical evolution, differentiating the joint contracts from the contracts of adhesion, highlighting the use of this in the relations of consumption. With the increase of the adhesion contracts in the consumer relations, it is essential to study the unfair terms, since they are consumer protection rules in the face of the abuses committed by the suppliers in the contracts. In view of this, we will deal with the fine (penal clause), emphasizing the compensatory fine and the way in which the courts interpret the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in consumer contracts (reducing it to 10% based on article 413 of CC c/c Article 9 of Decree-Law 22.626/33), which we consider to be contrary to what is set forth in art. 51, which establishes nullity in the hypothesis of unfair terms, since the dialogue between the sources between the CDC and the CC (other infraconstitutional laws) will only occur when in the benefit of the consumer. Finally, we will demonstrate the importance of collective actions as an instrument to control the compensatory fines stipulated abusively in the consumer compliance contracts, in the face of consumer vulnerability / Pretende-se, com este estudo, demonstrar a vulnerabilidade jurídica do consumidor e a ação coletiva como instrumento de controle em face da estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória nos contratos de adesão. Para tanto, a presente pesquisa parte da análise do conceito de consumidor e fornecedor com o objetivo de distinguir a relação de consumo das demais relações jurídicas. Uma vez delimitado o campo de atuação das relações de consumo ao microssistema da Lei 8.078/1990 – Código de Defesa do Consumidor, abordaremos a principiologia do Código, demonstrando a importância dos princípios como limitadores na estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória em face do consumidor, dando ênfase ao princípio da vulnerabilidade, considerando a sua vulnerabilidade jurídica na relação contratual para com o fornecedor de produtos e serviços. Na sequência, passaremos ao estudo dos contratos de consumo e a sua evolução histórica, diferenciando os contratos paritários dos contratos de adesão, destacando o uso deste nas relações de consumo. Com o aumento dos contratos de adesão nas relações de consumo, torna-se imprescindível o estudo das cláusulas abusivas, por serem normas protetivas dos consumidores em face dos abusos cometidos pelos fornecedores nos contratos. Diante isso, trataremos da multa (cláusula penal), enfatizando a multa compensatória e como os tribunais têm interpretado a estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória nos contratos de consumo (reduzindo-a para 10% com base no art. 413 do CC c/c art. 9º do Decreto-Lei 22.626/33), o que entendemos ser contrário ao previsto no art. 51, caput, do CDC, que impõe a nulidade de pleno na hipótese de cláusulas abusivas, pois o diálogo das fontes entre o CDC e o CC (demais leis infraconstitucionais) somente ocorrerá quando em benefício do consumidor. Por fim, demonstraremos a importância das ações coletivas como instrumento de controle das multas compensatórias estipuladas abusivamente nos contratos de adesão de consumo, diante da vulnerabilidade do consumidor

This dissertation discusses the rebuilding of cities after war in the context of the changing character of warfare and the increased expectations for societies to deal with difficult pasts. Departing from studies that approach post-war reconstruction focusing on the functional dimension of infrastructural repair and housing relief or on debates about architectural form, this dissertation examines reconstruction through the lens of the process of 'coming to terms with the past'. It explores how understandings of victimhood and responsibility influence the rebuilding of urban space. Conversely, it argues that cities and architecture, through the meanings ascribed to them by various actors, play an important role in dealing with the past. Building on the moral philosophy of Theodor Adorno and Hannah Arendt, it discusses the potential of reconstruction for societies to work through the past, then it engages with frictions highlighted by three situations of rebuilding after different types of war. First, it examines the rebuilding of Belgrade as the capital of socialist Yugoslavia after the aerial bombings typical of the Second World War. Second, it analyses reconstruction debates in the same city after the 1999 NATO bombings, a high-tech operation, framed by NATO as a preventative, humanitarian intervention against a 'perpetrator' state. Third, it discusses rebuilding processes in Sarajevo, where destruction was inflicted between 1992 and 1995 by actors internal to the country, albeit with international ramifications, exemplary of Mary Kaldor's 'new wars'. Based on thirteen months of fieldwork conducted in Belgrade and Sarajevo between 2012 and 2015, it analyses intentions and consequences of reconstruction acts. It suggests the potential and the challenges of a reflective reconstruction, which engages critically with the past, and of a syncretic place-making reconstruction, which focuses on place and its agonistic promise. Its main contribution is to highlight the essential relationship between reconstruction and coming to terms with the past, arguing for an understanding of reconstruction with regards to conflict itself.