Sweden has long been nonaligned in peace with the aim to remain neutral in the event of an outbreak of war. Building confidence for this neutrality was important for Sweden during the Cold War. This placed high demands on the Swedish Navy to detect and repel violations of Swedish territorial waters. The archives, which contain the secret reports on the violations that occurred during the 1960s, have recently been opened up. The purpose of this essay is to study how the incidents that took place in Swedish territorial waters in the 1960s were managed and to examine if the handling of them was different depending on whether they were caused by the east or west side. Furthermore, the aim is also to try to categorize and interpret these measures from the two pairs of concepts of deterrence and reassurance and integration and screening. In making it possible to answer the questions, all the reports - 66 altogether - which refers to the incidents which occurred during the years 1962 through 1969, have been studied. Then the measures taken have been classified in order to be able to make a statement. Finally, these measures have been interpreted and categorized under each pair of concepts by using an analytical model. The study has shown that. East accounted for 62 % of all 66 incidents. The most exercised approach turned out to be no action at all. The results also show that there were differences in how to handle violations based on blocks belonging. The most obvious example is where no action at all took place and where it differed as much as 11 percent units between the blocks, depending on whether the incident was caused by east-or west. Furthermore, measures have been interpreted and categorized under the respective concepts. The main conclusions that could be drawn from the material studied is that there are differences in the management of incidents and that the most part of the measures taken against East could be categorized as reassurance. / Sverige har sedan en längre tid varit alliansfritt i fred med syfte att kunna vara neutralt i händelse av krig. Att skapa förtroende för denna neutralitetspolitik var viktigt för Sverige under det kalla kriget. Detta ställde höga krav på den svenska marinen att upptäcka och avvisa kränkningar av svenskt sjöterritorium. Arkiven, som innehåller de hemliga rapporter rörande de kränkningar som skedde under 1960-talet, har nyligen öppnats. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur de incidenter som ägde rum på svenskt sjöterritorium under 1960-talet hanterades och att undersöka om hanteringen av dem skilde sig åt beroende av om de var orsakade av öst- respektive västblocken. Vidare är syftet också att försöka kategorisera och tolka dessa åtgärder utifrån de båda begreppsparen avskräckning och förtroendeskapande respektive integration och avskärmning. För att besvara frågeställningarna har samtliga rapporter - 66 stycken -, som avser de incidenter som inträffat under åren 1962 till och med 1969, studerats. Därefter har de vidtagna åtgärderna klassificerats för att en sammanställning skulle kunna göras. Slutligen har dessa åtgärder tolkats och kategoriserats under respektive begreppspar med hjälp av en analysmodell. Resultatet visar att Öst stod för 62 % av samtliga 66 incidenter. Den vanligaste åtgärden visade sig vara att inte vidtaga någon åtgärd alls. Resultatet visar också, att det fanns skillnader i hur man hanterade incidenter utifrån blocktillhörighet. Det tydligaste exemplet är där man inte vidtog någon åtgärd alls och där skilde det hela 11 procentenheter mellan blocken. Vidare har åtgärderna tolkats och kategoriserats under respektive begrepp. De viktigaste slutsatserna som kunnat dras från det studerade materialet är att det finns skillnader i hanteringen av incidenterna och att den övervägande andelen av åtgärder som vidtogs mot Öst kunde kategoriseras som förtroendeskapande.

This thesis examines the deep bilateral tensions surrounding the East China Sea (ECS) disagreements between Japan and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the period from August 19th 2003 to June 18th 2008 from an actor-centred constructivist liberal viewpoint. The East China Sea disputes could be described as a conflicting difference of opinion over a) the demarcation of maritime territory and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in which potentially significant energy deposits exist and b) the ownership of the strategically important and historically sensitive Pinnacle (Senkaku/Diaoyu) Islands. This research addresses the question of why, given the fact that China and Japan have a strong interest in co-operation and stable relations with each other, small incidents in the ECS blow up into larger problems, cause approaches to the East China Sea to wax and wane, and move the relationship in a direction that goes against preferred national objectives? In attempting to unravel this puzzle, this work argues that domestic politics and popular negative sentiment have been the major issues that have greatly amplified and politicised the ECS problems and have significantly affected positive progress in negotiations aimed at managing and stabilising these disputes. By examining these, the thesis addresses the question of why China and Japan have been so constrained in their attempts to find a workable bilateral agreement over disputed energy resources and demarcation in the East China Sea. It also indirectly deals with the question of why the conflicting legal complexities surrounding these disagreements contributed to both states so fervently maintaining and defending their claims.

La thèse aborde une question originale et d'actualité: l'extension artificielle des côtes. Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénomène dans son actualité, la thèse attache une importance à la description de la pratique des États en fournissant les informations aussi précises, aussi actuelles et aussi concrètes que possible. C'est à partir de cette pratique que la thèse répond à la question de savoir comment les règles de droit répondent aux exigences de la pratique.<p><p>En ce qui concerne la pratique des États, la thèse explique, dans une première partie, que l'extension artificielle des côtes est destinée, tantôt, à protéger les côtes contre l'élévation du niveau de la mer, tantôt à gagner des terres pour diverses fins: habitat humain, agricoles, développement des ports et de leurs infrastructures pour les besoins des navires modernes et du commerce international. Mais parallèlement, cette extension entraîne des effets négatifs pour l'écosystème côtier (chapitre I). Des travaux de ce genre ont été menés, ou vont l'être, en Europe (Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Belgique, France, R.-U. etc), aux États-Unis, en Asie (Bahreïn, Malaisie, Hong Kong, Singapour, Japon), en Australie, et sur certains archipels du Pacifique (chapitre II).<p><p>La seconde partie de la thèse examine le droit applicable au phénomène d'extension artificielle des côtes. Sont ainsi passées en revue: les règles relatives à la navigation (chapitre III), les règles relatives aux lignes de base (chapitre IV), les règles relatives aux hauts-fonds découvrants (chapitre V), les règles relatives aux îles et aux rochers (chapitre VI) et enfin les règles relatives à la protection de l'environnement marin (chapitre VII).<p> / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished