Le sel sodique du carboxyméthylamidon à haute teneur en amylose, HASCA (Amylose 60%-amylopectine 40%), est un polymère hydrophile ionique utilisé pour obtenir des comprimés matriciels à libération prolongée. Il est caractérisé par la formation d'un hydrogel lors de la mise en contact avec le milieu de dissolution. La libération du principe actif (PA) à travers ce polymère est principalement contrôlée par la diffusion fickienne et la relaxation du réseau polymérique. De plus, la solubilité du PA est un facteur qui permet de moduler la libération, cependant, la solubilité d’un médicament dépend de la forme utilisée et du pH. Les bases ou les acides libres présentent une solubilité moins élevée que leurs sels. Nous proposons d’étudier l’effet d’une combinaison entre le sel et la forme acide ou le sel et la forme alcaline dans le même comprimé matriciel d’HASCA. Comme objectif de ce travail, nous étudions l’influence de la nature du polymère sur le profil de libération de PA dans un milieu aqueux en gradient de pH à cause de la nature des matrices à base d’HASCA caractérisées par la présence de groupement carboxyliques, ionisés ou non selon l’acidité du milieu de dissolution. Nous étudions également l’influence de la nature du PA (base libre ou son sel vs acide libre ou son sel) sur le profil de libération, ceci en sélectionnant des PAs modèles représentatifs de chaque catégorie. L’influence de changement de proportions entre la forme libre (acide ou base) et son sel sur le profil de libération est aussi investiguée. Pour ce, des comprimés à base de HASCA avec des proportions différentes de, soit le naproxène acide et le naproxène de sodium (PA acide et son sel), soit la tétracycline et le chlorhydrate de tétracycline (PA alcalin et son sel) ont été utilisés. Ceux-ci sont évalués lors des tests de dissolution dans un milieu simulant le milieu gastro-intestinal, selon les normes de l’USP (spectrophotométrie UV). Nous avons également menés des études de vitesse de dissolution intrinsèque sur les PAs purs, afin de déterminer leur solubilité et vitesse de libération dans les même pH de dissolution étudiés. Nous avons réussit d’obtenir des comprimés matriciels à base de HASCA convenables à être administrés une fois par jour en utilisant une combinaison du naproxène acide et son sel comme PA. Tandis que les résultats ont montré qu’en utilisant la tétracycline et son sel, les temps de libération étaient trop élevés pour permettre la réalisation d’une formulation convenable pour une administration quotidienne unique / HASCA, High amylose sodium carboxymethyl starch (amylose-amylopectin 60% 40%), a hydrophilic ionic polymer used in sustained release matrix tablets, is characterized by the formation of a hydrogel when in contact with the dissolution medium. Fickian diffusion and relaxation of the polymer chains are the main mechanisms controlling the release of the active ingredients (AI). On the other hand, a common method for sustaining the release of a drug is to decrease its solubility. It’s known that the solubility of a drug depends on the form used, either the free base versus its salt or the free acid versus its salt. A combination of the salt and acid forms or the salt and base forms in the same HASCA matrix tablet was proposed. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the polymer’s nature on the release profile of AI in an aqueous medium with a pH gradient because HASCA is characterized by the presence of a carboxylic group, ionized or not according to the acidity of the dissolution medium. The influence of the nature of the AI, the salt or free base versus the free acid or its salt, on the release profile is also studied by selecting models of AI in each category. The influence of the proportion between the free form (acid or base) and the combination with its salt on the release profile is also investigated. Therefore tablets containing HASCA with different proportion of either naproxen acid and naproxen sodium (acid AI and its salt) or tetracycline and tetracycline hydrochloride (basic AI and it salt) are used. This will be evaluated during dissolution tests in a medium similar to the gastrointestinal environment according to the standards of USP (UV spectrophotometry). Intrinsic dissolution tests will also be conducted on pure AI for different studied pH. This study shows that using HASCA, it’s possible to obtain sustained release tablets for administration once a day using a combination of acid and salt as AI.

An environmentally friendly, rapid and cost effective analytical procedure based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed for the determination of six tetracyclines (TCs) in meat destined for human consumption. Meat extracts were analyzed for TCs using a sensitive and selective analytical technique, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Various influencing factors on the extraction, separation and determination of TCs such as pH of mobile phases, type and volume of disperser solvent, type and volume of extraction solvent and sample pH were optimized. Validation parameters such as calibration function, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCα), decision limit (CCβ), accuracy and precision were established according to EU commission decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity in the range of 25-200 μg kg-1 was obtained with regression coefficients ranging from 0.9991 to 0.9998. Recoveries of spiked blank muscle samples at three levels (i.e. 50, 100 and 150 μg kg-1) ranged from 80 to 101% and reproducibility was between 2 and 7%. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 2.22 to 3.59 μg kg-1 and from 7.38 to 11.49 μg kg-1 respectively. The CCα ranged from 105 to 111 μg kg-1 while CCβ ranged from 107 to 122 μg kg-1. The proposed method compared well with the dispersive solid phase extraction method and was successfully applied to the determination of TCs in meat samples. Some of the thirty bovine muscle samples obtained from local abattoirs and butcheries were found to contain two tetracycline antibiotics residues (chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline) with oxytetracycline being the most commonly detected. The concentration levels of the TC residues detected in the eleven bovine muscle samples were between 12.4 and 68.9 μg kg-1, levels that are lower than the European Union set maximum residue level (MRL) of 100 μg kg-1 hence the meat was fit for human consumption. / Chemistry / M. Sc. (Chemistry)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo destes estudos "in vitro" e "in vivo" foi avaliar uma técnica de tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos, minimamente invasiva, utilizando a pasta CTZ (cloranfenicol, tetraciclina e óxido de zinco/eugenol). No estudo "in vitro" foi analisada a ação antimicrobiana da pasta CTZ, sobre microrganismos-padrão (E.coli, S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa), pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e diluição em caldo, comparativamente com o OZE (óxido de zinco e eugenol) e as pastas L&C (hidróxido de cálcio), 3 Mix (metronidazol, ciprofloxacin e minociclina e propileno glicol) e Guedes-Pinto (iodofórmio, paramonoclorofenol e Rifocort). A difusibilidade da atividade antimicrobiana da CTZ através dos túbulos dentinários de raízes dentes decíduos recém extraídos, sobre S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa também foi analisada. No estudo "in vivo" foi avaliado o desempenho clínico da pasta CTZ no tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos em comparação com o OZE. Seis crianças, com idades entre 7 e 8 anos, apresentando um dente decíduo posterior inferior com comprometimento pulpar extenso, foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que em um foi utilizada a técnica da pasta CTZ (grupo teste) e no outro o tratamento endodôntico radical com OZE (grupo controle). O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico foi realizado em intervalos de 2 semanas, 3 e 6 meses. Os resultados dos experimentos "in vitro" demonstraram que a pasta CTZ possui atividade antimicrobiana da comparável a da pasta 3 Mix e superior aos demais materiais sobre todos os tipos de microrganismos, exceto para a P.aeruginosa onde a CTZ apresentou uma atividade menor do que a da pasta 3 Mix apesar de ainda superior as demais. Além disso, a CTZ demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana por difusibilidade sobre o S.mutans e E.faecalis. Os resultados do experimento clínico demonstraram um desempenho similar entre a pasta CTZ e o OZE, especialmente logo após o tratamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a técnica minimamente invasiva empregando a pasta CTZ pode ser um alternativa ao tratamento endodôntico radical evitando a perda precoce de dentes decíduos, com comprometimento pulpar. Porém, um ensaio clinico com tamanho amostral adequado e acompanhamento de longa duração deve ser realizado para que se possa obter evidência conclusiva sobre a efetividade do tratamento clínico com a pasta CTZ. / The aim of these "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies was to evaluate an endodontic treatment for deciduous teeth, minimally invasive, using the CTZ paste (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and zinc oxide/eugenol). In the "in vitro" study the antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste on standard microorganisms (E.coli , S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa) was evaluated. The agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used and the CTZ paste was compared to the ZOE (zinc oxide/eugenol), L&C (calcium hydroxide), 3-Mix (minociclyne, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole e propylene glycol) and Guedes-Pinto (iodoform, paramonoclorophenol e Rifocort) pastes. The antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste, through the dentinal tubules, were tested on S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa. In the study "in vivo" the clinical performance of CTZ paste was acessed. Six children, aged 7 and 8 years, presenting a decayed lower primary molar decayed with pulp pathology were randomly allocated into the test group (CTZ) and in the control group (ZOE). Clinical and radiographic exams were performed after 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The results of the "in vitro" experiments demonstrated that CTZ paste had an antimicrobial activity similar to the antimicrobial activity of the 3 Mix paste, with the exception of P.aeruginosa, where CTZ paste presented a worse antimicrobial activity than the 3 Mix paste. The antimicrobial activity of CTZ paste was better than the antimicrobial activity of the other tested materials. Moreover, the CTZ showed an antimicrobial activity through the dentine on S.mutans and E.faecalis. CTZ and ZOE presented a similar clinical performance especially immediately after the treatment. These results suggest that the minimally invasive technique employing the CTZ paste can be an alternative to traditional endodontic treatment and may prevent the early loss of deciduous teeth with pulp pathology. Nevertheless, a clinical trial with an adequate sample size and a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to produce conclusive evidence about the clinical effectiveness of the CTZ paste.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dantas_aar_dr_arafo.pdf: 3751383 bytes, checksum: 3e1b8a2e3a4274e6debc8eb99cd9a12e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A remoção da smear layer e a exposição da matriz colágena da dentina de superfícies radiculares desprovidas de sua inserção conjuntiva tem o potencial de auxiliar o tratamento e/ou a regeneração periodontal. Diferentes substâncias têm sido empregadas para remover esta camada e expor fibras colágenas da superfície dental. A adesão de elementos sangüíneos a superfícies radiculares desmineralizadas e a estabilização do colágeno pelas fibras colágenas são de extrema importância no sucesso da cirurgia periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os diferentes padrões de adsorção e adesão de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e de PRP + células sangüíneas a superfícies radiculares quimicamente condicionadas. Oitenta dentes foram raspados, eqüitativamente divididos em 5 grupos: irrigação com soro fisiológico (controle), aplicação de solução de ácido cítrico a 25%, gel de EDTA a 24%, solução de cloridrato de tetraciclina a 50mg/mL e solução de citrato de sódio a 30%. Metade das superfícies condicionadas foi exposta ao PRP e a outra metade ao PRP e sangue fresco para avaliação com microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos quando aplicou-se o PRP seguido de sangue. O EDTA e o ácido cítrico mostraram-se mais efetivos na remoção de smear layer, porém o ácido cítrico foi o único agente que apresentou adesão de PRP nas superfícies radiculares. Dessa forma, o emprego do PRP sobre a superfície radicular pareceu favorecer a adsorção e adesão de células sangüíneas e a estabilização da rede de fibrina. / Smear layer removal and collagen fibers exposure may improve periodontal treatment and regeneration. Different substances have been used to remove it and to expose collagen fibers from tooth surface. Blood elements adhesion to demineralized roots and clot stabilization by collagen fibers are extremely important for the success of periodontal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different patterns of platelet – rich plasma (PRP) and PRP + blood cells adsorption and adhesion to root surfaces chemically conditioned. Eighty teeth were planed and equitably divided into five groups: irrigation with saline solution (control), application of a 25% citric acid solution, 24% EDTA gel, 50mg/mL tetracycline hydrochloride and 30% sodium citrate solution. Half of the conditioned surface was exposed to PRP and another half to the PRP and fresh blood and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Planed root surfaces and conditioned with EDTA and citric acid were more effective on smear layer removal, but citric acid was the only agent that showed blood cells adhesion to root surface. This way, PRP employments on root surface probably improve blood element adsorption and adhesion to root surface and fibrin network stabilization.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo destes estudos "in vitro" e "in vivo" foi avaliar uma técnica de tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos, minimamente invasiva, utilizando a pasta CTZ (cloranfenicol, tetraciclina e óxido de zinco/eugenol). No estudo "in vitro" foi analisada a ação antimicrobiana da pasta CTZ, sobre microrganismos-padrão (E.coli, S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa), pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e diluição em caldo, comparativamente com o OZE (óxido de zinco e eugenol) e as pastas L&C (hidróxido de cálcio), 3 Mix (metronidazol, ciprofloxacin e minociclina e propileno glicol) e Guedes-Pinto (iodofórmio, paramonoclorofenol e Rifocort). A difusibilidade da atividade antimicrobiana da CTZ através dos túbulos dentinários de raízes dentes decíduos recém extraídos, sobre S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa também foi analisada. No estudo "in vivo" foi avaliado o desempenho clínico da pasta CTZ no tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos em comparação com o OZE. Seis crianças, com idades entre 7 e 8 anos, apresentando um dente decíduo posterior inferior com comprometimento pulpar extenso, foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que em um foi utilizada a técnica da pasta CTZ (grupo teste) e no outro o tratamento endodôntico radical com OZE (grupo controle). O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico foi realizado em intervalos de 2 semanas, 3 e 6 meses. Os resultados dos experimentos "in vitro" demonstraram que a pasta CTZ possui atividade antimicrobiana da comparável a da pasta 3 Mix e superior aos demais materiais sobre todos os tipos de microrganismos, exceto para a P.aeruginosa onde a CTZ apresentou uma atividade menor do que a da pasta 3 Mix apesar de ainda superior as demais. Além disso, a CTZ demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana por difusibilidade sobre o S.mutans e E.faecalis. Os resultados do experimento clínico demonstraram um desempenho similar entre a pasta CTZ e o OZE, especialmente logo após o tratamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a técnica minimamente invasiva empregando a pasta CTZ pode ser um alternativa ao tratamento endodôntico radical evitando a perda precoce de dentes decíduos, com comprometimento pulpar. Porém, um ensaio clinico com tamanho amostral adequado e acompanhamento de longa duração deve ser realizado para que se possa obter evidência conclusiva sobre a efetividade do tratamento clínico com a pasta CTZ. / The aim of these "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies was to evaluate an endodontic treatment for deciduous teeth, minimally invasive, using the CTZ paste (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and zinc oxide/eugenol). In the "in vitro" study the antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste on standard microorganisms (E.coli , S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa) was evaluated. The agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used and the CTZ paste was compared to the ZOE (zinc oxide/eugenol), L&C (calcium hydroxide), 3-Mix (minociclyne, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole e propylene glycol) and Guedes-Pinto (iodoform, paramonoclorophenol e Rifocort) pastes. The antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste, through the dentinal tubules, were tested on S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa. In the study "in vivo" the clinical performance of CTZ paste was acessed. Six children, aged 7 and 8 years, presenting a decayed lower primary molar decayed with pulp pathology were randomly allocated into the test group (CTZ) and in the control group (ZOE). Clinical and radiographic exams were performed after 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The results of the "in vitro" experiments demonstrated that CTZ paste had an antimicrobial activity similar to the antimicrobial activity of the 3 Mix paste, with the exception of P.aeruginosa, where CTZ paste presented a worse antimicrobial activity than the 3 Mix paste. The antimicrobial activity of CTZ paste was better than the antimicrobial activity of the other tested materials. Moreover, the CTZ showed an antimicrobial activity through the dentine on S.mutans and E.faecalis. CTZ and ZOE presented a similar clinical performance especially immediately after the treatment. These results suggest that the minimally invasive technique employing the CTZ paste can be an alternative to traditional endodontic treatment and may prevent the early loss of deciduous teeth with pulp pathology. Nevertheless, a clinical trial with an adequate sample size and a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to produce conclusive evidence about the clinical effectiveness of the CTZ paste.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Although mechanical therapy promotes satisfactory results on periodontal disease control, the completely remotion of periodontal biofilm within the periodontal pocket with medium and high depth is rare. Thus, the use of local antimicrobials, like tetracycline (TET), has been proposed as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modified cellulose diacetate (MCD) as a tetracycline carrier in Local Delivery Device (DLL). Therefore, commercial cellulose diacetate (CCD) was modified and incorporated with TET. The material was characterized and posteriorly the devices were immersed in 25ml of phosphate buffer solution, remaining in thermostatic bath at 36,5 °C during 105 days. The solutions were analyzed in the spectrophotometer at 265nm and 355nm wavelength, where the material degradation levels and drug release were verified respectively. Estructural analysis was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). Then calibration curves were created for TET in phosphate buffer solution. The release device fits into a kinetic model of pseudo-second order, allowing calculation of relevant parameters, such as the complete liberation time that was of 168h with a faster release time in the first 24h, than exponentially reduces to zero when it reaches 168h. The system can be characterized as a controlled release device, due to their effective retention even after a long time of the start of the experiment. So, it is viable tool as DLL, when used as coadjutant on periodontal pathogen control and to modulate the inflammatory response on patient. / Embora a terapia mecânica promova resultados satisfatórios no controle da doença periodontal, a remoção completa do biofilme no interior da bolsa periodontal de média e elevada profundidade é rara. Assim, a utilização de antimicrobianos, como tetraciclina (TET), tem sido proposto como um adjunto para a terapia periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o diacetato de celulose modificado (DCM) como carreador de tetraciclina em Dispositivos de liberação local (DLL). Portanto, diacetato de celulose comercial (DCC) foi modificado e incorporado com TET. O material foi caracterizado posteriormente e os dispositivos foram imersos em 25 ml de solução tampão de fosfato, mantendo-se em banho-maria a 36,5°C durante 105 dias. As soluções foram analisadas no espectrofotômetro nos comprimentos de onda 265nm e 355nm, onde foram verificados os níveis de degradação de material e liberação da droga, respectivamente. A análise estrutural foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Depois, as curvas de calibração foram criadas para TET, em solução tampão de fosfato. O sistema de liberação se encaixa em um modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem, permitindo o cálculo de parâmetros relevantes, como o tempo de liberação completa que foi 168h com um tempo de liberação mais rápida nas primeiras 24h, que reduz exponencialmente a zero quando atinge 168h. O sistema pode ser caracterizado como um dispositivo de liberação controlada, por toda a manutenção da estabilidade estrutural, mesmo após um longo período de tempo do início da experiência. Sendo assim, torna-se uma ferramenta viável como DLL utilizado como coadjuvante no controle de patógenos periodontais e modulador da resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro. / Mestre em Odontologia

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Davis.pdf: 3104669 bytes, checksum: 32c13b5a2c3fed5feb5e59355e3dbbf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / The aim of this work was to determine the optimal conditions for the degradation of the TC, using the heterogeneous phtocatalysis with ZnO catalyst. Preliminary experiments were conducted to evaluate to efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis in the degradation of TC. The degradation was carried out using standard solutions of TC 30 mg L 1. The photocatalytic experiments by using a set of high-pressure mercury lamps as artificial UV irradiation source were performed in laboratory scale. As reactor operational parameters to be optimized by a 33 full factorial experimental design: hydrogen peroxide and zinc oxide as well as the initial solution pH were chosen as variables, keeping constant a reaction time of 60 min. The concentration of TC was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC. Mineralization and toxicity of the treated solution by photocatalytic process were evaluated based on the total organic carbon (TOC) and antibacterial activity. Second-degree models for the degradation of TC were proposed to model the photocatalytic experiments to obtain optimum values of the reactor operating parameters. Second-degree models were also validated by ANOVA. Predicted yields showed good validation with experimental yields. The hydrogen peroxide did not influence significantly the range studied by factorial experimental design. Was necessary to perform photocatalytic experiments at lower concentrations for hydrogen peroxide. The values of the optimized reactor operational parameters were 6, 2 g L-1 and 175 mg L-1 for initial pH, oxide zinc and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, respectively, for photocatalyses heterogeneous process. Based on this optimized experimental conditions, almost 100% of TC degraded. The TOC and antibacterial activity were determined of treated solutions in optimal conditions. Only 46% of the TOC was mineralized, the remainder as intermediate molecules not presented antibacterial activity, not providing risk to the environment. / O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as condições ótimas para a degradação da TC, utilizando a fotocatálise heterogênea com o óxido de zinco (ZnO) como catalisador. Foram realizados experimentos preliminares para avaliar a eficiência da fotocatálise heterogênea na degradação da TC. A degradação da TC foi realizada a partir de soluções padrão com a concentração de 30 mg L-1 de TC. Os experimentos foram realizados em reatores de escala laboratorial utilizando fonte de irradiação UV artificial (lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio 125 W). Os parâmetros operacionais do reator: pH inicial, concentrações de ZnO e H2O2, foram otimizados baseados na redução da concentração da TC, a partir de um planejamento fatorial 33 completo com o tempo de irradiação constante em 60 minutos. A concentração da TC foi acompanhada por espectrofotometria UV-Vis e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A mineralização da TC e a possível toxicidade do composto degradado pelo processo fotocatalítico foram avaliadas baseadas no carbono orgânico total e na análise de atividade antibacteriana. Para auxiliar na obtenção das condições ótimas dos parâmetros operacionais do reator no processo fotocatalítico as respostas experimentais para a concentração da TC foram ajustados por um modelo previsto de segunda ordem, o qual apresentou uma boa modelagem dos dados, validado pela ANOVA. Como no PEC o H2O2 não influenciou significativamente devido a faixa estudada estar acima do necessário, foi verificado a influência de cada POR em concentrações menores das estudadas no planejamento, para o H2O2 a concentração mínima foi de 100 mg L-1. Os valores ótimos operacionais do reator na degradação da TC utilizando a fotocatálise heterogênea foram: pH 6, [ZnO] 2 g L-1 e [H2O2] 175 mg L-1. Nessas condições, a degradação total da tetraciclina foi alcançada após um período de 60 minutos de reação. Com a solução degradada nessas condições, foi determinado o carbono orgânico total (COT) e realizada uma análise para verificar a atividade antibacteriana onde concluiu que embora apenas 46% do COT tenha sido mineralizado, o restante na forma de moléculas intermediárias da reação, não oferece riscos biológicos aos ecossistemas, pois não apresenta atividade antibacteriana.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 brunaluanamarcial.pdf: 8389291 bytes, checksum: 93256796394730c4d8f7a200fe2be582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As Metaloproteinases de Matriz (MMPs) desempenham um papel crucial nos processos fisiológicos e condições patológicas tais como progressão tumoral e metástases. Nos últimos anos, tem sido proposto uma série de inibidores de MMPs (IMMPs), incluindo as Tetraciclinas Quimicamente Modificadas (CMTs), as quais têm apresentado resultados promissores em ensaios com modelos pré-clínicos de câncer. No entanto, até o presente não havia nenhum estudo da estrutura-atividade desses compostos. Neste sentido, na presente tese foram combinadas as metodologias teóricas da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), Docking molecular e simulação de Dinâmica Molecular (DM) para elucidar o mecanismo de interação das CMTs com o sítio ativo das MMPs. Primeiramente a estrutura e estabilidade dos modelos moleculares miméticos do sítio ativo da MMP-2 representados por: [Zn(LHn)(H2O)2]2+x (n = 0, 1, 2 e x = -2, -1, 0) e [Zn(L)(His)3], onde L representa CMT1, -3, -4, -7 e -8, foram calculados usando DFT. O efeito do solvente e do pH foram também avaliados. Os resultados sugerem que a coordenação com o zinco ocorra no sítio VI(O11O12), o qual é igualmente favorável para a CMT-3 (log β = 15,9) e CMT-8 (log β = 21,3). Esta análise inicial evidenciou que a atividade das CMTs como inibidoras de MMP estaria diretamente relacionada à sua estrutura. Na segunda fase do trabalho foi investigada a interação das CMTs diretamente com o sítio ativo da MMP-2 (1QIB) combinando os métodos de docking molecular, simulações de DM e cálculos de energia livre. Um novo conjunto de parâmetros para os átomos de Zn(II) estrutural e catalítico da enzima foi calculado, validado e depositado dentro do campo de forças AMBER. As CMTs foram otimizadas no nível B3LYP/6-31G(d) e “docadas” dentro do sítio ativo da MMP-2. As melhores soluções foram minimizadas e submetidas a 12ns de simulação de DM. A energia livre de ligação foi calculada usando as metodologias de integração termodinâmica e MMPBSA. Os principais resultados mostram que as CMTs coordenam-se ao Zn(II) através do sítio VI(O11-O12), como proposto experimentalmente. Com exceção do análogo CMT-3 que está envolvido em contatos hidrofóbicos e interações de van der Waals com aminoácidos do bolso S1’da enzima e ainda interage com o Zn(II) pelo O11. A análise da energia livre de ligação revela uma maior afinidade entre o análogo CMT-3 com o sítio ativo da MMP-2, seguido pela CMT-7 e CMT-8, sendo que a diferença de energia varia apenas de 3 kcal mol1. De acordo com os resultados, é possível inferir que a ocupação do canal S1’ seria um fator fundamental para a resposta biológica da CMT-3, enquanto que as demais CMTs, por impedimento estérico, não entram no túnel hidrofóbico da enzima. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese tratam do primeiro estudo em nível molecular da interação de CMTs com metaloproteínas, como contribuição para a compreensão das observações experimentais, sobretudo dos testes biológicos, e ainda uma referência direta para o desenho de novos análogos das CMTs com maior potencial biológico. / Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a critical role in physiological processes and pathological conditions such as tumor progression and metastasis. In recent years, a number of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been proposed, including the chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs), which have been evaluated in preclinical cancer models showing promising results. However, until present there were no studies on the structure-activity relationship for these compounds. In this sense, the present thesis focuses on the direct interaction of CMTs with the active site of the MMPs. Density Functional Theory (DFT), molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were accomplished for seven CMT derivatives. Firstly the structure and stability of mimetic molecular models of active site of MMP-2 represented by: [Zn(LHn)(H2O)2]2+x (n = 0, 1, 2 and x = -2, -1, 0) and [Zn(L)(His)3], where L=CMT-1, CMT-3, CMT-4, CMT-7 and CMT-8, were calculated at DFT level. The solvent and pH effects were also evaluated. The results suggested that the coordination at the O11-O12 site (site VI) was quite favorable to CMT-3 (log β = 15,9) and CMT-8 (log β = 21,3). This initial analysis showed that the activity of CMTs as inhibitors of MMP is directly related to its structure. In the second stage of the study, we investigated the interaction of CMTs directly with the active site of MMP-2 (1QIB). New sets of parameters were proposed for structural and catalytic zinc atoms in order to study MMPs and their complexes by means of the AMBER force field. The CMTs ligands were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and docked onto the active site of MMP-2. The best solutions were minimized and subjected to 12ns MD simulation. The binding free energy was calculated using the methods of thermodynamic integration and MM-PBSA. The main results showed that the CMTs bind to the catalytic zinc of the MMP-2 enzyme through the O11-O12 moiety (site VI) as proposed experimentally. The exception was the CMT-3 analogue which is involved in hydrophobic contacts and van der Waals interactions with amino acids of the S1’ pocket in the MMP-2 enzyme and also interacts with the Zn (II) by O11. The binding energy calculated in solution predicts the CMT-3 complexes as the most favorable, followed by the CMT-7 and CMT-8 analogues, whose energy difference is within 3 kcal mol-1. These results suggest that the occupancy of S1’ pocket is an important molecular feature for biological response of CMT-3, while the other CMTs do not enter the hydrophobic tunnel of the enzyme due to the steric hindrance. The results presented in this thesis are the first step towards understanding the mechanism of CMTs as MMP inhibitors at a molecular level and could be a significant contribution to the understanding of experimental observations, especially the biological tests and the CMTs action mechanism as MMP inhibitors, allowing the design of new analogues with enhanced biological potency.

The use of reporter gene fusions to assess cellular processes such as protein targeting and regulation of transcription or translation is established technology in archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryal genetics. Fluorescent proteins or enzymes resulting in chromogenic substrate turnover, like β-galactosidase, have been particularly useful for microscopic and screening purposes. However, application of such methodology is of limited use for strictly anaerobic organisms due to the requirement of molecular oxygen for chromophore formation or color development. We have developed β-lactamase from Escherichia coli (encoded by bla) in conjunction with the chromogenic substrate nitrocefin into a reporter system usable under anaerobic conditions for the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. By using a signal peptide of a putative flagellin from M. acetivorans and different catabolic promoters, we could demonstrate growth substrate-dependent secretion of β-lactamase, facilitating its use in colony screening on agar plates. Furthermore, a series of fusions comprised of a constitutive promoter and sequences encoding variants of the synthetic tetracycline-responsive riboswitch (tc-RS) was created to characterize its influence on translation initiation in M. acetivorans. One tc-RS variant resulted in more than 11-fold tetracycline-dependent regulation of bla expression, which is in the range of regulation by naturally occurring riboswitches. Thus, tc-RS fusions represent the first solely cis-active, that is, factor-independent system for controlled gene expression in Archaea.

Dans ce travail, deux aptacapteurs électrochimiques ont été développés pour une détection sélective de la tétracycline (TET) et ses dérivés dans les environnements aquatiques. Les deux outils analytiques sont basés sur l’immobilisation d’oligonucléotides d’ADN sur des électrodes de carbone sérigraphiées : le premier est un capteur impédimétrique utilisant un aptamère de 8 nucléotides, tandis que le deuxième est un capteur voltammétrique basé sur l’inhibition de l’électroactivité intrinsèque d’un aptamère de 76 nucléotides. Une telle électroactivité n’ayant jamais été observée précédemment, une étude a été menée afin d’identifier la partie de la séquence responsable de cette activité et de déterminer en parallèle les sites de reconnaissance de la TET. Un autre volet du travail exploite cette électroactivité afin de cartographier par microscopie électrochimique à balayage la répartition des aptamères immobilisés sur l’électrode. / In this work, two electrochemical aptasensors were developed for selective detection of tetracycline (TET) and its derivatives in aquatic environments. The two analytical tools are based on the immobilization of DNA oligonucleotides on screen-printed carbon electrodes: the first is an impedimetric sensor involving an aptamer of 8 nucleotides, while the second is based on a voltammetric sensor based on the inhibition of the intrinsic electroactivity of an aptamer of 76 nucleotides. Since such electroactivity has never been observed previously, a study was conducted to identify the part of the sequence responsible for this activity and to determine in parallel the TET recognition sites. Another part of the work exploits this electroactivity to map the distribution of aptamers immobilized on the electrode by scanning electrochemical microscopy.