The main research focus of this study was to determine more clearly to what extent Atticism influenced textual variants that are considered to belong to the Alexandrian text type. Since the time of Westcott and Hort, the Alexandrian text type has been regarded as a manuscript tradition which is representative of relatively high stylistic Greek. This assumption seems likely, especially given the fact that Alexandria and the areas which gave rise to the manuscripts comprising the Alexandrian text type were cultural centres of learning as well as of a newlyfound Hellenistic awareness within the Roman Empire. One of the movements stemming from this newfound awareness was Atticism, which was, amongst other things, an artificial literary movement which strove towards emulating the classical Attic literary dialect. However, in the last few decades the question of the alleged presence of Atticist influence in the manuscripts of the Greek New Testament has received its share of conflicting scholarly treatment among textual critics, especially since the 1963 publication of G.D. Kilpatrick s influential article, Atticism and the text of the Greek New Testament . On the one hand, there is common assent that Atticism exerted a profound influence on all Greek prose of the first century. On the other hand, some difference of opinion exists as to whether Atticism actually influenced the composition of the New Testament text in any significant way. The influence on the transmission of the New Testament texts is another question that still needs a fuller treatment in order to proceed from mere scholarly opinion to a more established empirical degree of certainty. The current study is an investigation into the nature of Atticism and its relationship with the classical Attic dialect. The results of this investigation were then used as basis for an evaluation of the alleged Atticisms in the Alexandrian witnesses, taking the witnesses to the text of I John as sample. In the process, thoroughgoing eclecticism as text-critical method is evaluated, and an adapted reasoned eclectic method proposed with which to conduct the investigation of the variants in I John. The results have shown that in the textual tradition of I John, inconsistencies of correction and scribal usage occur frequently within the Alexandrian text type and that the correction was predominantly not towards Attic, but rather displayed a tendency towards Hellenistic-Koine usage. In summary, the investigation demonstrates that the uniformity of the Alexandrian text type as a whole, if not completely suspect, should at least be judged very critically when it comes to matters of characteristic features which have for decades been accepted as true, such as the Alexandrian text type s reputation as one displaying stylistically polished Greek. The investigation of I John has shed valuable light on the methodological presupposition that categories of text types are fixed above all doubt, and that they display general typical characteristics. This presupposition has been exposed as false and indicates that one follows it at one s methodological peril. / MA (Greek), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The main research focus of this study was to determine more clearly to what extent Atticism influenced textual variants that are considered to belong to the Alexandrian text type. Since the time of Westcott and Hort, the Alexandrian text type has been regarded as a manuscript tradition which is representative of relatively high stylistic Greek. This assumption seems likely, especially given the fact that Alexandria and the areas which gave rise to the manuscripts comprising the Alexandrian text type were cultural centres of learning as well as of a newlyfound Hellenistic awareness within the Roman Empire. One of the movements stemming from this newfound awareness was Atticism, which was, amongst other things, an artificial literary movement which strove towards emulating the classical Attic literary dialect. However, in the last few decades the question of the alleged presence of Atticist influence in the manuscripts of the Greek New Testament has received its share of conflicting scholarly treatment among textual critics, especially since the 1963 publication of G.D. Kilpatrick s influential article, Atticism and the text of the Greek New Testament . On the one hand, there is common assent that Atticism exerted a profound influence on all Greek prose of the first century. On the other hand, some difference of opinion exists as to whether Atticism actually influenced the composition of the New Testament text in any significant way. The influence on the transmission of the New Testament texts is another question that still needs a fuller treatment in order to proceed from mere scholarly opinion to a more established empirical degree of certainty. The current study is an investigation into the nature of Atticism and its relationship with the classical Attic dialect. The results of this investigation were then used as basis for an evaluation of the alleged Atticisms in the Alexandrian witnesses, taking the witnesses to the text of I John as sample. In the process, thoroughgoing eclecticism as text-critical method is evaluated, and an adapted reasoned eclectic method proposed with which to conduct the investigation of the variants in I John. The results have shown that in the textual tradition of I John, inconsistencies of correction and scribal usage occur frequently within the Alexandrian text type and that the correction was predominantly not towards Attic, but rather displayed a tendency towards Hellenistic-Koine usage. In summary, the investigation demonstrates that the uniformity of the Alexandrian text type as a whole, if not completely suspect, should at least be judged very critically when it comes to matters of characteristic features which have for decades been accepted as true, such as the Alexandrian text type s reputation as one displaying stylistically polished Greek. The investigation of I John has shed valuable light on the methodological presupposition that categories of text types are fixed above all doubt, and that they display general typical characteristics. This presupposition has been exposed as false and indicates that one follows it at one s methodological peril. / MA (Greek), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In dieser Arbeit wird Rechtslage bezüglich Landpachtverhältnissen in Deutschland, Spanien und dem Vereinigten Königreich verglichen und anhand eines Textkorpus die Textsorte Landpachtvertrag den jeweiligen Entsprechungen gegenübergestellt, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf dem Aspekt der Rechtssprache liegt.

The thesis analyzes the possibilities of application of the fictional worlds theory as a possible basis for a different literary-theoretical approach to the study of literary texts. Not being a mere literature research, the thesis inquires into issues which are necessarily connected with the fictional worlds theory and which have been so far rarely dealt with, if discussed at all. It contributes to the discussion on advantages and drawbacks of the mimetic approach and of the fiction theory, it analyzes the possible applicability of the fictional worlds theory in literary history, it attempts to determine the correlation between the Seymour Chatman's textual types and the fiction theory nomenclature, and last but not least the thesis deals with the possibilities of this theory in the fictional worlds of lyrical poetry. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZenaideDosAnjos.pdf: 641331 bytes, checksum: e7606135e5410e6a59c0ddc5785ef158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-13 / Secretaria do Estado e Educação / This dissertation is situated in the area of text typology and is grounded upon the Varieties of Discourse line of research. It has, for its theme, the dissertational text, its textual schemes and respective changes, which arise from the evaluation of discursive conditions of production. The general purpose of this work is to contribute to the development of textual typologies. As specific objectives, it: 1. describes the textual schemes of the dissertational text of 1 Thesis and 2 Theses; 2. examines the conditions of discursive production of text types; 3. verifies the organization of opinion on the analyzed texts; 4. examines the uses of arguments of necessity, possibility, probability, legitimacy, and reinforcement.This work s guiding hypothesis was: the dissertational text is a type of text that belongs to the opinioned class. This type changes, depending on the conditions of discursive production. The theoretical grounding is situated in Text Linguistics and the Critical Analysis of Discourse with a socio-cognitive slant.The material analyzed was selected from the manual Dissertação [ Dissertation ], by Agnelo Pacheco (1988). The procedure of analysis was theoretical-analytical. The results indicated that: 1. there are two textual schemes: the dissertational text of 1 Thesis and of 2 Theses; 2. these textual schemes are changes connected to the conditions of discursive production; 3. the textual organization of opinion arises from the projection of an evaluative scale, projected into the textual referent. Thus, the change of focus, given on the referent, is important for creating a new state of things to be evaluated; 4. the use of the arguments is relative to the modal evaluation that runs from necessity to possibility passing through probability, with arguments of legitimacy and reinforcement being constructed.It can be concluded that text types are grouped into a class of text, which is defined by properties common to the texts grouped by such a class. It becomes necessary to seek the class of text in order to be able to verify which types of texts define it, based on the discursive varieties / Esta dissertação situa-se na área de tipologia de textos e está fundamentada na linha de pesquisa Variedades do Discurso. Tem-se por tema o texto dissertativo , seus esquemas textuais e respectivas mudanças, decorrentes da avaliação de condições de produção discursiva. O Objetivo geral deste trabalho é contribuir para o desenvolvimento de tipologias textuais. Tem-se por objetivos específicos: 1. descrever os esquemas textuais do dissertativo de 1 Tese e de 2 Teses; 2. examinar as condições de produção discursiva dos tipos de texto;3. verificar a organização da opinião nos textos analisados; 4. examinar os usos de argumentos de necessidade, de possibilidade, de probabilidade, de legitimidade e de reforço.A hipótese orientadora da investigação foi: o texto dissertativo é um tipo de texto que pertence à classe opinativa. Este tipo se modifica, dependendo das condições de produção discursiva.A fundamentação teórica situa-se na Lingüística de Texto e na Análise Crítica do Discurso com vertente sócio-cognitiva.O material de análise foi selecionado do manual Dissertação, de Agnelo Pacheco (1988). O procedimento de análise foi teórico-analítico. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que: 1. há dois esquemas textuais: o dissertativo de 1 Tese e de 2 Teses; 2. esses esquemas textuais são modificações relativas às condições de produção discursiva; 3. a organização textual da opinião decorre da projeção de uma escala avaliativa, projetada no referente textual. Dessa forma, a mudança de foco, dado no referente, é importante para criar um estado novo de coisas a serem avaliadas; 4. o uso dos argumentos é relativo à avaliação modal que percorre da necessidade à possibilidade passando pela probabilidade, e se constroem argumentos de legitimidade e de reforço.Conclui-se que os tipos de textos estão agrupados em uma classe de texto, que se define por propriedades comuns aos textos agrupados por tal classe. Faz-se necessário buscar a classe de texto para se poder verificar quais tipos de textos a definem, a partir das variedades discursivas

Dass die Textlinguistik nicht umhin kommt, ihre Beschreibungen und ihr Instrumentarium auch im Hinblick auf Texte zu überprüfen, die nicht von Muttersprachlern erzeugt worden sind, ist durch die wachsenden Bedürfnisse nach fremdsprachiger Kommunikation und die rapide steigende Zahl entsprechender kommunikativer Ereignisse bedingt. Der Fokus der vorliegenden Publikation liegt auf dem fremdsprachigen Text (vorzugsweise in seiner schriftlichen, monologischen Ausprägung) als sprachlicher Größe liegen. Bei der Analyse fremdsprachiger Texte werden neben textlinguistischen Fragen aber auch andere Gesichtspunkte berücksichtigt: soziolinguistische Aspekte, z.B. in Bezug auf die Kommunikationspartner, die kommunikativen Domänen, den sozial-historischen Rahmen der Kommunikation usw., psycholinguistische Hintergründe, z.B. im Hinblick auf die kognitive Verarbeitung fremdsprachlich-kommunikativer Anforderungen, literaturwissenschaftliche Bezüge, etwa hinsichtlich fremdsprachiger Einflüsse auf literarische Werke und ihre Rolle im literarischen Diskurs, translationswissenschaftliche Gesichtspunkte im Hinblick auf die Adaptation und Bewahrung des Fremden im übersetzten Text sowie pädagogisch-didaktische Fragen im Rahmen des gesteuerten Fremdsprachenerwerbs. / Owing to the growing necessity for foreign language interaction and the rapidly increasing number of associated communicative events, it is essential for text linguistics also to test its categories and methodology on texts which have not been produced by native speakers. The focus of the present publication lies on the foreign language text (primarily on its written, monological form) which is conceived as a linguistic entity. However, alongside textlinguistic issues the analysis of foreign language texts also entails a consideration of the following parameters: sociolinguistic aspects, e.g. with regard to the communicative partners, communicative domains, social-historic framework of the communicative situation etc.; psycholinguistic aspects, e.g. with respect to the cognitive processing of foreign language communication tasks; literary aspects, e.g. with regard to foreign language influences on literary works and their role in literary discourse; translatory aspects concerning the adaptation and preservation of foreign cultural elements in a translated text and pedagogical-didactic questions concerning foreign language teaching.

The subject of this thesis is the translation of wordplays and cultural words in a German tourist brochure into Swedish. The overall aim was to examine which strategies were used to translate them and how the skopos, i.e. the purpose, and the text type affected these choices. Translating wordplays is known to be notoriously difficult, and this is also brought to light in this thesis. Even though 55% of the wordplays could be translated into a wordplay, 32% could not. In a few cases the strategy wordplay à related rhetorical device (for example rhyme, metaphor or irony) was used in order to retain the vocative purpose of the wordplay. A stronger way to ensure and preserve the vocative function in the target text was by using the strategy non wordplay à wordplay, a so-called compensatory strategy – a strategy sometimes deemed necessary. Cultural words are concepts that demand a certain amount of knowledge of the reader. The aim was to examine if these concepts, such as material culture (for example food and towns) and ecology, should be translated by source-text oriented, or rather by target-text oriented translation strategies. The results show that both strategies are indispensable in order to fulfil the skopos of a tourist brochure. However, the target-text oriented strategies, such as generalization and substitution, dominated with 52%. The source-text oriented strategies were used in only 38% of the cases. In some cases the cultural word was translated by an official equivalent, i.e. neither a source- nor target-text oriented strategy.

Toury’s first law of translation states that translation of all kinds entails standardisation and, moreover, that the more peripheral the status of a text is, the more standardised its translation will be. As such, the purpose of this essay was to investigate to what extent this holds true in the Swedish translations of the two US television hospital shows Scrubs and House M.D. Though they are both hospital shows, House M.D. – considering its unprecedented genre hybridity and unusual plot structure – is a less mainstream and, as such, more peripheral example of a hospital show than Scrubs, which is more mainstream and, consequently, has a more central position within this genre. The object of study concerned the genre-specific register shared by the two shows – i.e. the medical terminology – which was extracted together with its Swedish subtitles and analysed, mainly in terms of coupled pairs. The analysis consisted of identifying which translation strategies had been adopted in the transfer of terminology and, moreover, what these strategies had entailed in terms of semantic increase, decrease, or correspondence between the original texts and their translations. From this it was concluded that both texts were indeed standardised and, additionally, that House M.D. – as the more peripheral of the two texts – had undergone a more extensive standardisation than Scrubs – being the text holding a more central status.

This diploma thesis focuses on machine translation (MT), which has been studied for a relatively long time in linguistics (and later also in translation studies) and which in recent years is at the forefront of the broader public as well. This thesis aims to explore the quality of machine translation outputs and the way it changes over time. The theoretical part first deals with the machine translation in general, namely basic definitions, brief history and approaches to machine translation, then describes online machine translation systems and evaluation methods. Finally, this part provides a methodological model for the empirical part. Using a set of texts translated with MT, the empirical part seeks to check how online machine translation systems deal with translation of different text-types and whether there is improvement of the quality of MT outputs over time. In order to do so, an analysis of text-type, semantics, lexicology, stylistics and pragmatics is carried out as well as a rating of the general applicability of the translation. The final part of this thesis compares and concludes the results of the analysis. With regard to this comparation, conclusions are made and general tendencies stated that have emerged from the empirical part of the thesis.

This essay investigates if texts featuring different parts of the world are present in the English as a Foreign Language classroom for grades 1-3 of Swedish primary school. The focus in the essay is to investigate what texts teachers use in the English classroom and what content the texts feature related to different parts of the world. The data was collected by a combined method of a quantitative and a qualitative study with the field of English as an International Language as an area of focus. The quantitative study consisted of an online survey which received 72 replies from primary school teachers and a case study was conducted at one school with two teachers which featured both interviews and an analysis of teaching material. The online survey shows that content featuring different parts of the world is common, even if there is a bias towards the so called Inner Circle of English speaking countries of Great Britain, USA, Australia and Canada while the rest of the world is not as commonly represented. However, this depends on the material used, as the case study did not share this clear bias towards the Inner Circle and the difference was not as clear.