In an age of rapid digital development, Skolverket (2018) asks for increased teacher competence in information and communication technology (ICT), both competence in classroom digitalization and pupil’s out-of-school activities involving ICT. One of many areas in which ICT has an effect on the relationship between school and the pupils’ out-of-school activities is in the English subject. Their exposure to English media has led to increased incidental and naturalistic learning opportunities for pupils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of extramural English on the Swedish school, more specifically, the affinity space of a gaming forum and their text genres.

The thesis looks at computer-aided translation (CAT), which, along with machine translation (MT), stands for the use of information technology in translation, but, unlike MT, is not of primary concern for Translation Studies research. Based on the current state of research, this thesis aims to address the syntax of CAT text output. The theoretical part first describes the working principles of CAT tools and presents them in the context of general translation studies, then defines information structure and endophoric reference as the syntactic phenomena to be analysed. Finally it provides a methodological model for the empirical part. Using a set of texts translated with CAT tools and a set of texts translated without them, the empirical part seeks to check whether translators using CAT tools tend to shift from the syntagmatic approach to text to a more paradigmatic one. To this end, an analysis is carried out to determine the interference rate in the information structure of the target texts as well as the rate of subjectively motivated shifts in distant endophoric reference. The final part of the thesis confronts the analysis results and the data reflecting the process of producing the collected texts in order to take into account other potential factors than the use of CAT tools. With regard to...

Syftet med denna undersökning är att få kunskaper om skillnader i läsförståelse som existerar mellan pojkar och flickor. Detta görs genom analys av resultat från ett läsförståelseprov. Undersökningen analyserar hur skillnaderna ser ut mellan grupperna generellt men även med avseende på olika läsprocesser, uppgiftsformat och texttyper. Materialet består av ett läsförståelseprov som genomförts av 520 elever i årskurs 7 inom ramen för LISA-projektet vid Karlstads universitet. Undersökningens resultat visar att flickorna presterade bättre än pojkarna på provet som helhet och på samtliga undersökta aspekter. De största skillnaderna fanns på uppgifter som mäter förmågan att tolka text samt de uppgifter där eleverna själva behövde skriva sitt svar, constructed response-uppgifter. Små skillnader fanns på uppgiften som prövade förmågan att reflektera och utvärdera text och på de uppgifter som var av flervalsformat, multiple choice-uppgifter. De uppgifter som visade minst skillnader mellan grupperna var de som baserades på icke-löpande text, denna skillnad var även den enda som inte var statistiskt signifikant. Detta skulle kunna förklaras genom bristande motivation men även genom textens innehåll som skulle kunna kategoriseras som pojkvänligt. Gällande uppgiftsformat bekräftar resultaten det som tidigare forskning har visat: CR-uppgifter gynnar flickornas resultat. I kontrast till detta skiljer sig resultatskillnaderna fördelat på läsprocess från tidigare mätningar som istället visat störst skillnader på processen reflektera. Detta skulle kunna förklaras av att det analyserade provet består av en stor andel multiple choice-uppgifter istället för constructed response-uppgifter. / The aim with this study is to acquire knowledge of differences in result between boys’ and girls’reading comprehension. This is made by analyzing the results from a test on reading comprehension. The study analyzes the general differences between the genders but also how the results differ based on difference aspects of reading, task formats and text types. The material consists of a test on reading comprehension that has been performed by students in the seventh grade within the frames of the LISA-project at Karlstad’s university. The results of the study show that the girls outperformed the boys both on the test as a whole but also on all of the analyzed aspects. The biggest differences were found on tasks that measure the students’ability to interpret the text. Big differences are also found on constructed response tasks. Thesmallest differences are found on tasks that measure the students’ ability to reflect on the textand the multiple-choice tasks. Small differences were found on tasks that were based on non- continuous texts. This was also the only difference that was not statistically significant. Thiscould be explained by lack of motivation but also by the text’s content which could be labeledas boy-friendly. The result regarding task format confirms what earlier research has shown. CR-tasks favor the girls’ results. In contrast to this, the result differences based on different aspects of reading showed small differences on the aspect reflect which in earlier research has been the aspect with the biggest differences. This could be explained by the construction of the analyzed test which is constructed of mostly MC-tasks rather than CR-tasks.

In dieser Arbeit wird Rechtslage bezüglich Landpachtverhältnissen in Deutschland, Spanien und dem Vereinigten Königreich verglichen und anhand eines Textkorpus die Textsorte Landpachtvertrag den jeweiligen Entsprechungen gegenübergestellt, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf dem Aspekt der Rechtssprache liegt.

Denna uppsats består av en översättning från svenska till ryska av ett utdrag ur Ulf Danielssons bok Mörkret vid tidens ände och en kommentar, där de översättningsstrategier som tillämpats samt deras teoretiska utgångspunkter analyseras. Den översättningsteoretiska ramen för uppsatsen utgörs av Katharina Reiss’ texttypteori, men även de översättningsteorier som fokuserar på hur översättaren kan undvika en stilistisk utarmning vid översättning av expressiva texter beaktas, nämligen Antoine Berman negativa analys och Jiří Levýs undersökning av översättningstendenser. Översättningsanalysen visade att de vanligast förekommande strategierna vid översättningen av källtextens informativa sakinnehåll var explicitering och syntaktiska modifikationer, medan fokus vid arbetet med bildspråket låg på att bevara källtextens känsloladdning och estetiska verkningskraft eller på att kompensera för eventuella förluster. Även den översättningsproblematik som skapades av källtextens intertextualitet tas upp, och de lösningar som möjliggör att bevara både de informativa och estetiska funktioner som de intertextuella inslagen har i texten diskuteras. / This study consists of the translation of an excerpt from Ulf Danielsson’s book Mörkret vid tidens ände (Darkness at the end of time, my own translation) from Swedish to Russian, as well as a commentary, which provides analysis of applied translation strategies and their theoretical background. The theoretical framework of this study is comprised of Katharina Reiss’ theory of text types, along with the translation theories conceptualising the ways to avoid stylistic impoverishment of the translated expressive texts, namely Antoine Berman’s negative analytics and Jiří Levýs study of common translation tendencies. The translation analysis shows that the translation strategies most commonly used while working with the informative content of the source text, were explicitation and syntactic modifications. In the process of working with figurative language, the focus was either on transferring the emotional connotations and aesthetic character of the source text or on compensation for eventual losses. Moreover, the issue of intertextuality is discussed and analysis is provided of those solutions that allowed preservation of both informative and aesthetic functions, fulfilled by intertextual elements in the source text.

By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this study investigates which writing tasks Swedish as a second language teachers use in their teaching of the different school-related text types, how they justify their choices and adaptations of the writing task, and whether any connections can be seen to the national tests in Swedish as a second language writing tasks. The material used is survey responses and previous national tests whose results are then analysed through theories, such as genre pedagogy and Ivanic writing discourses to answer these questions. Previous research shows how factors such as writing task design and real readers can contribute to writing development in students. Previous research also shows how to work with text types in a language development way and how writing instruction is influenced by teachers' writing discourses. This paper shows from the survey responses that a trend among writing tasks in the different text types can be seen and how 8 out of 10 can be linked to previous national tests in Swedish as a second language. The results show that the teachers' reasons for their choice of writing tasks could be linked to previous national tests, to their suitability in writing the text type and the teacher's writing discourse. The teachers' adaptations of the writing tasks have been more about their way of working than the design of the writing task, but adaptations such as simplified language and adapted language have been mentioned. These results are important because they indicate how established genre pedagogy and its circular model have become in Swedish as a second language teaching and how much influence the national test in Swedish as a second language has on the teachers' choice of writing tasks in the different text types.

Diese Dissertation ist der Grammatik als einer historischen Textsorte gewidmet. Grammatik ist nicht nur ein Teil der Sprach(wissenschafts)geschichte Europas, sondern ein sehr wichtiges Instrument der Sprachpolitik, Sprachpflege, Sprachkodifizierung und Sprachlehre. Im Kontext vor allem integrativ ausgerichteter Textsortenlinguistik wird in dieser Dissertation die Grammatik einer historischen Einzelsprache – in diesem Fall des Spanischen – als Darstellung einer Textsorte bzw. Textsortenvariante betrachtet. In Europa hat die Grammatik seit Beginn der Standardisierung gesprochener Volkssprachen und nach dem Vorbild der lateinischen Grammatiken ein eigenes variables Modell der sprachlich-textuellen Gestaltung entwickelt und zeichnet sich durch Multifunktionalität und eine komplexe Struktur aus. Es wird ein theoretisches Analysemodell entwickelt, das diachronische Variation und Wandel der Textsorte „Handbuch Grammatik“ umfassend beschreiben und erklären kann. Das Ziel ist ferner, dieses Modell auf die Analyse des Untersuchungskorpus anzuwenden. Dazu wurden vier Grammatiken der spanischen bzw. kastilischen Sprache ausgewählt, die als Wendewerke der linguistischen Tradition Spaniens anerkannt sind: - „Gramática de la lengua castellana“ von Antonio de Nebrija, 1492 (als erstes vollständig auf Spanisch geschriebenes grammatisches Handbuch des Spanischen); - „Gramática de la lengua castellana“ von Real Academia Española, 1771 (als erste kollektive, akademische Grammatik des Spanischen); - „Gramática de la lengua castellana“ von Academia Española, 1931 (die vorletzte Fassung der Akademiegrammatik, die fast für das gesamte 20. Jahrhundert autoritativ war); - „La nueva gramática de la lengua española“ von Real Academia Española und Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, 2009-2011 (die letzte Fassung der Akademiegrammatik, basierend auf dem gegenwärtigen Zustand der Sprache des 21. Jahrhunderts und mit Charakter „panhispánico“). / In this thesis grammar is analyzed as a historical text type. Grammar is not only part of language and linguistics’ history but also a very important instrument of language policy, codification, teaching, and glottopolitics as well. In the context of predominantly integrative text-type linguistics, grammar of a single historical language - in this case Spanish - is considered in this work as a realization of a text type or variant of a text type. In Europe grammar has been developing its own variable model of text-structure and is characterized by versatility since the beginning of the standardization of spoken vernacular languages and basing on the model of Latin grammars. A theoretical analysis model is developed the way that it can comprehensively describe and explain the diachronic variation and change of the text type - "Handbuch Grammatik". The aim is also to apply this model to the analysis of the study corpus. For this purpose, four grammars of the Spanish (Castilian) language were selected. These texts are recognized as turning points of the Spanish linguistic tradition: - "Gramática de la lengua castellana" by Antonio de Nebrija, 1492 (as the first grammar manual of Spanish written entirely in Spanish); - "Gramática de la lengua castellana" by Real Academia Española, 1771 (as the first collective Academy grammar of Spanish); - "Gramática de la lengua castellana" by Academia Española, 1931 (the penultimate version of the Academy grammar which has been used for almost the entire 20th century); - "La nueva gramática de la lengua española" by Real Academia Española and Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, 2009-2011 (the last version of Academy grammar based on the current state of the language of the 21st century and with the character "panhispánico").

CHARLES UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ELT METHODOLOGY Relationships between the borrowed Old Norse adjectives in English and their Old English counterparts MA THESIS Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Jan Čermák, CSc. Author: Světlana Müllerová Abstract: The aim of this MA thesis is to examine the relationship between six word pairs, each comprising an Old Norse adjectival borrowing in Middle English and its Old English counterpart along with its Middle English reflex for further reference. The inquiry into their relationship involves an analysis of: their (i) formal aspects, (ii) syntactic properties, (iii) semantic fields and (iv) external factors possibly contributing to their obsolescence or survival, such as the restriction to certain text types or geographic localization, as suggested by the individual linguistic profiles in the Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English and Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. The description of individual semantic fields of the given words is based on their semantic classification within the Historical Thesaurus of English. This analysis is based on the occurrences of the individual words as taken from the dictionaries Middle English Dictionary and Dictionary of Old English, and related corpora Dictionary of Old English Corpus and...