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Abstract The government actively takes steps on the development of local language in our country after foreseeing that the local language may be lost. However, some problem has arisen such as insufficient teachers, complexity of textbook, spelling systems, etc. Both teachers and students can¡¦t accommodate themselves to the policies. The greatest difficulty lies in the Hakka and aboriginal languate particularly. As a hakka, I am engaged on the study of hakka textbook. The study focus on the hakka languate textbook of Miaoli County, Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County. It considers related materials to analyze the curricular connotation of hakka language ,the teaching materials of hakka language, and the properties of different edition to compare the differences among the three editions. The conclusion and suggestion can be provided as a reference for improvement of textbook of hakka language.

The following essay aims to determine what textbooks and teaching media educators in the county of Västerbotten use when teaching the relation between religion and science. Based on educational science theory and through analyzes of factual texts, the teaching materials was examined to determine how much focus they put on the thematic of religion and science. The result shows how the different teaching materials affect this thematic differently. The main conclusion is therefore that students in Sweden could, depending on the teaching materials used in their education, be taught by different standards to reach the same requirements.

The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of elementary science to the curriculum. The finding of the investigation summarized in table form.

No presente trabalho é desenvolvida uma análise do currículo que se pode inferir de três conjuntos de livros didáticos para o Ensino Médio, com especial atenção ao desenvolvimento dos conceitos de eletromagnetismo. A teoria de currículo de Michael APPLE foi tomada como principal recurso para essa análise. Inicialmente, é apresentado o desenvolvimento dos conceitos de currículo dominantes em diferentes períodos, considerando-se autores como TYLER, EISNER e chegando-se à teoria de currículo de Michael APPLE, que aborda a relação entre o currículo e fatores sociais como política, economia e cultura. Esses fatores externos são considerados ao se analisar diferentes temas relacionados aos currículos, como a legitimação do conhecimento através do livro didático, as influências da implementação de um currículo nacional ou de uma avaliação nacional, as características internas de uma escola, a reprodução do conhecimento e o comércio do livro didático. Depois de definir o referencial teórico faz-se breve histórico do currículo em livros didáticos de física no Brasil, entre eles os textos associados a projetos como o PSSC, FAI, PEF, PBEF e GREF. Essa abordagem leva em consideração a teoria de APPLE; ou seja, essa evolução é relacionada a fatores políticos, sociais e culturais de nosso país. Analisam-se então os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio e os exames vestibulares que são fatores específicos que hoje condicionam o Ensino Médio no Brasil. Por fim, faz-se uma análise do ensino dos conceitos de eletromagnetismo em três livros didáticos contemporâneos para o Ensino Médio como exemplo do uso do referencial teórico desenvolvido e da análise dos fatores condicionantes em nosso país. / On this work we developed an curriculum analysis on three sets of didatic books fo rhigh school teaching, with special attention to the development of electromagnetism concepts. Michael APPLE\'s curriculum theory was taken as the main guideline for this analysis. Initially, the development of the concepts of curriculum are presented, considering authors such as TYLER, EISNER and finally APPLE that studies the relation between curriculum and social factors such as politics, economy and culture. Those external factors are considered while analyzing different subjects related to the curriculum, as the legitimation of the knowledge through the didactic book, the influences of the implementation of a national curriculum or evaluation, the internal characteristics of a school, the reproduction of knowledge and the commerce of didactic books. After defining the theoretical reference, we carried out a brief survey on the historical development of the curriculum and didactic books of physics in Brazil, dealing with texts related to projects such as PSSC, FAI, PEF, PBEF and GREF. This approach also takes into consideration the theory of APPLE; meaning that this discussion is related to political, social and cultural elements of our country. An analysis is then conducted on the National Curricular Parameters (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais), on the Nacional High School Examination (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio) and on the university entrance examinations (exames vestibulares) which are the main factors that determine the high school teaching in Brazil. Finally, an analysis is made on three contemporary didactic books for high school, with special attention to the development of electromagnetism concepts, that exemplify the use of the developed theoretical referential and of the analysis of the condition factors in our country.

<p>The purpose of this investigation is to examine the extent to which Swedish compulsory school tends to rely upon, and to further reinforce, ideologies that from a theoretical platform of deep ecology can be identified as “ecologically unsustainable conceptions of reality”. Mainly, this will purport to an examination of the (explicit as well as implicit) prevalence of anthropocenthrism, individualism, ethnocenthrism and rationalism in a) the Swedish National Curriculum; and in b) biology text books. Methodologically, the study makes use of Fairclough´s approach to, and method for, critical discourse analysis (CDA). The main results are that the National Curriculum indeed expresses a high level of individualism, as well as (although to a lesser extent) traces of rationalism and ethnocenthrism. Also, the environmental ethics that are supported in biology text books are interpreted to be heavily influenced by an anthropocentric world view.</p> / <p>Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det svenska obligatoriska skolväsendet bygger på, och i förlängningen reproducerar, vad man utifrån ekofilosofisk analys kan identifiera som en ”ekologiskt ohållbar verklighetsuppfattning” – vilket i första hand innebär en närvaro av ideologier som antropocentrism, individualism, etnocentrism samt rationalism. Den centrala problemställningen syftar därmed till att undersöka i vilken grad dessa ideologier är implicit och/eller explicit närvarande i a) grundskolans lagstadgade värdegrund (som den uttrycks i läroplanen Lpo 94) samt i b) grundskolans läromedel i ämnet biologi. För att analysera dessa auktoritativa texter använder undersökningen sig av Faircloughs metod för kritisk diskursanalys (CDA). Resultatet av analysen anses ge stöd för tolkningen att a) grundskolans värdegrund, som den formuleras diskursivt i läroplanen Lpo 94, i hög grad genomsyras av en individualistisk ideologi; och i mindre grad även ger uttryck för rationalism och etnocentrism; samt b) att den miljöetik som läromedlen i biologi ger uttryck för huvudsakligen domineras av en antropocentrisk världsbild.</p>

This study focuses on two text books, Magasinet and Ess i svenska, both common teaching material in Swedish schools. Since Swedish school system recently got a new curriculum and grading criteria, the purpose with this essay was to see how well the teaching materials used in school match the new documents. Since the subject has not really been studied before, the chapter containing recent studies focuses on layout, appearance and contents of good teaching material. The survey that I have implemented includes studies of the two text books, with comparison of the new curriculum, grading criteria and previous studies of what makes a good text book. Conclusions were that Magasinet is very comprehensive and match the criteria and curriculum very well, even though it spans over four classes and has to cover a lot of information. However, since it covers so much information, each section sometimes feels not as thorough as it perhaps should have been. Ess i svenska on the other hand, is a good complement to use in ninth grade, if you have studied the previous books for seventh and eight grade in the series. Though, with Ess i svenska on its own, it could be hard for the students to reach the passing grades since it sometimes lacks a proper description of the working process and does not cover all the criteria in the curriculum.

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the extent to which Swedish compulsory school tends to rely upon, and to further reinforce, ideologies that from a theoretical platform of deep ecology can be identified as “ecologically unsustainable conceptions of reality”. Mainly, this will purport to an examination of the (explicit as well as implicit) prevalence of anthropocenthrism, individualism, ethnocenthrism and rationalism in a) the Swedish National Curriculum; and in b) biology text books. Methodologically, the study makes use of Fairclough´s approach to, and method for, critical discourse analysis (CDA). The main results are that the National Curriculum indeed expresses a high level of individualism, as well as (although to a lesser extent) traces of rationalism and ethnocenthrism. Also, the environmental ethics that are supported in biology text books are interpreted to be heavily influenced by an anthropocentric world view. / Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det svenska obligatoriska skolväsendet bygger på, och i förlängningen reproducerar, vad man utifrån ekofilosofisk analys kan identifiera som en ”ekologiskt ohållbar verklighetsuppfattning” – vilket i första hand innebär en närvaro av ideologier som antropocentrism, individualism, etnocentrism samt rationalism. Den centrala problemställningen syftar därmed till att undersöka i vilken grad dessa ideologier är implicit och/eller explicit närvarande i a) grundskolans lagstadgade värdegrund (som den uttrycks i läroplanen Lpo 94) samt i b) grundskolans läromedel i ämnet biologi. För att analysera dessa auktoritativa texter använder undersökningen sig av Faircloughs metod för kritisk diskursanalys (CDA). Resultatet av analysen anses ge stöd för tolkningen att a) grundskolans värdegrund, som den formuleras diskursivt i läroplanen Lpo 94, i hög grad genomsyras av en individualistisk ideologi; och i mindre grad även ger uttryck för rationalism och etnocentrism; samt b) att den miljöetik som läromedlen i biologi ger uttryck för huvudsakligen domineras av en antropocentrisk världsbild.

Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur individer upplever sin prestation och själva inlärningssituationen då kunskap som ska läras in på ett språk ska återges på deras modersmål i form av tentamen eller i andra diskussionssituationer. Sex personer intervjuades om deras upplevelser att läsa kurslitteraturen på ett främmande språk och sedan återge den inlärda kunskapen på deras modersmål, i detta fall, svenska. Intervjumaterialet analyserades utifrån induktiv tematisk metod. Ur analysen framträdde tre huvudteman: förståelse av innehåll, förmågan att kunna uttrycka sig och slutligen, översättningsproblematiken. Den första två teman visade att prestation inte anses bli negativt påverkad av att den inlärda kunskapen ska återges på modersmålet. Tvärtom, kurslitteraturens språk förlorar betydelse så snart budskapet uppfattas av läsaren. / The aim of the current study is to explore how individuals see their performance and the learning situation itself when material presented in a certain language has to be recounted in the individual's mother tongue in the form of exams or discussion. Six people were interviewed about their experiences of reading textbooks in a foreign language and then recounting the acquired knowledge in their mother tongue, in this case, Swedish. Inductive thematic approach was used to analyse the interview data. During analysis three main themes emerged: understanding the content, the ability to express oneself and finally, translation-related problems. The first two themes showed that recounting acquired knowledge in the mother tongue is not considered to have a negative influence on performance. On the contrary, as soon as the reader comprehends the message the language of the textbook becomes irrelevant.

Klassrummen består idag av elever från olika kulturer och med olika religiösa bakgrunder. Eftersom alla elever har olika relationer till religion är det också svårt, för de lärare som undervisar i religionskunskap, att ge en rättvis bild av någons religion. Vid de tillfällena är det viktigt att vara tydlig med att religion både är något individuellt men också något kollektivt, samtidigt som det inte bör ges en stereotypiserande beskrivning av en religion eller dess utövare. Vid stereotypisering är det dessutom vanligt att sambanden mellan kultur och religion inte framgår och det finns alltid en ökad risk för diskriminering.   Flera forskare hävdar att religion bör förklaras genom olika kärnor eller dimensioner, istället för genom den traditionella sekvenseringen uppkomst, historia, texter, människosyn, och så vidare. Religionsvetaren Ninian Smart ansåg att religion kan definieras utifrån sju olika dimensioner och i denna uppsats undersöks det vilka representationer som görs av den praktisk och rituella dimensionen i kristendom- och islamkapitlen i två läroböcker. Representation är ett begrepp som enligt Stuart Hall beskriver hur något återges och med hjälp av detta begrepp undersöks det även vilka representationer som görs av genus. Resultatet visar att det är en västerländsk representation som görs av praktisk och rituell dimension och där generaliseringar är vanliga. Det är således en typ av islam som står som norm och framförallt det protestantiska inom kristendom. Eleverna förutsätts också ha större förkunskaper om kristendom än vad de förutsätts ha om islam och det är svårt att genom böckerna få en fördjupad förståelse för varför personer praktiserar religion på ett visst sätt. Angående genus är detta något som inte nämns i kristendomskapitlen medan islam har egna avsnitt som diskuterar genus. Detta görs dock aldrig med hänsyn till det socialt konstruerade könet och inte heller ur ett kulturellt perspektiv. / Classrooms of today often consist of students from different cultures with different religious backgrounds. Since all students relate differently to religion it is difficult for teachers to give a fair description of the different religions they teach. It is important for the teachers to carefully point out that religion can be both individual and collective and not to give a stereotypical picture of any religion or its performers. The risk with a stereotyped version of a religion is discrimination since it is also common not to separate culture from religion.   A number of researchers claim that religion should be explained through different focus points or dimensions instead of a more traditional presentation consisting emergence, history, texts, view of man and so on. Theology professor Ninian Smart believes that religion can be defined based on seven different dimensions, therefore this paper aims at investigating what representations are made of the practical and ritual dimension in the chapters on Islam and Christianity in two different text books. Representation is a concept, which according to Stuart Hall, describes how something is being featured and based on his definition this paper will also investigates how gender is represented in the same chapters. The result shows that a western representation is present in the practical and ritual dimensions and generalizations are common. This means that it is mainly one version of Islam that is presented together with the evangelical part of Christianity. The students are also expected to have more pre-knowledge on Christianity than on Islam and it is difficult to through these books get hold of a deeper understanding of why people practice their religion in a certain way. Gender is totally absent in the chapters on Christianity while Islam has specific sections that only focus on this perspective. Although gender is present in the Islamic sections the term is never discussed based on gender-based social structures and not through a cultural perspective.