L'asthme allergique est caractérisé par une réponse prédominante de typeTh2, mais d'autres profils tels que Th17 et Th22 sont aussi observés dans l'asthme plus sévère. La pollution atmosphérique et notamment les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) contenus dans les particules d'échappement diesel (DEP) contribuent à l'augmentation de la prévalence de l'asthme et jouent un rôle adjuvant dans le développement et l'exacerbation de l'inflammation allergique en orientant la réponse immune vers un profil Th2Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons évalué les effets des HAP sur la polarisation Th17/Th22 de PBMC de sujets allergiques asthmatiques et sujets non-allergiques. Les PBMC de patients asthmatiques présentent une augmentation des profils Th17/Th22 par rapport aux sujets non-allergiques. La stimulation par DEP-HAP et le benzo [a] pyrène (B[a]P) induit une augmentation de l’IL-22 mais de façon étonnante diminue la production d'IL-17A dans les deux groupes. Les facteurs de transcription associés aux cellules Th17: RORA et RORC, sont diminués, alors que le gène cible d’AhR, CYP1A1, est augmenté dans les deux groupes. Notch est diminué uniquement chez les patients asthmatiques. La production d'IL-22 induite par les HAP provient principalement de cellules Th22. L'antagoniste d’AhR reverse presque complètement les effets des DEP, mais seulement partiellement les effets de B[a]P, sur la regulation réciproque entre IL-22/IL-17. Les kinases PI3K, JNK et ERK participent à l’augmentation de l’IL-22 induite par le B[a]P, alors que la p38 MAP kinase a un effet inhibiteur. La deuxième partie de la thèse a évalué l'effet combiné des PRRs et des allergènes sur l’activation et leur capacité à induire une polarisation Th17/Th22 chez des sujets sains et des sujets allergiques asthmatiques. Les DCs stimulées par les allergènes de chien induisent une faible production d'IL-22 par les cellules T. L’activation supplémentaire par les ligands de TLR3, TLR9 et NOD2 conduit à une augmentation de la production augmentée de chimiokines pro-Th2 uniquement par les DCs de patients asthmatiques allergiques aux chiens. 7 A l’inverse, un rôle adjuvant est observé sur la maturation et la production de cytokines pro-Th17/Th22 par les DCs de sujets asthmatiques et de sujets non-allergiques. Parmi les cellules T co-cultivées avec des DC stimulées par l'allergène de chien et les ligands de PRR, nous observons un mélange de cellules de type Th2/Th17 et Th22 chez les patients asthmatiques et un profil Th1/Th22 chez les sujets non-allergiques. L’IL-22 est principalement produite par les Th22 dans les deux groupes avec plus de cellules Th22 observés chez les sujets asthmatiques. L’IL-17 et l’IL-22 sont régulées différemment entre les sujets asthmatiques et les sujets sains, le TGF-β ayant un rôle pro-Th17 tandis que l'IL-23 a un rôle pro-Th22. In vivo, un modèle d'asthme chronique induite par l’allergène de chien a été développé et conduit à une augmentation de la résistance des voies aériennes, une production de chimiokines Th2 et de cytokines Th2/Th17/Th22 ainsi qu’au recrutement de neutrophiles mais peu d’éosinophiles dans le poumon. L'expression du gène de l'IL-22 intervient de façon précoce alors que la protéine apparait plus tard. Le ligand de NOD2 induit une augmentation de la résistance des voies aériennes, ainsi que de la production de protéines et l'expression des gènes induits par l'allergène de chien, mais réduit le recrutement des éosinophiles dans les poumons. Ces résultats montrent que chez l'homme, les productions d’IL-22 et d'IL-17 sont régulées différemment entre les sujets asthmatiques allergiques et les sujets sains. Au total, la pollution et certaines infections bactériennes ou virales pourraient participer chez les patients asthmatiques à sévérité de la maladie et la progression du remodelage des voies aériennes. La modèle in vivo développée permettra de mieux disséquer les mécanismes qui participent à la sévérité de l'asthme. / Allergic asthma is characterized by a predominant Th2 response, but additional profiles such as Th17 and Th22 are observed in more severe asthma. Components of the air pollution such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in diesel exhausts particles (DEP) contributes to increased prevalence of asthma and play an adjuvant role in the development and exacerbation of allergic inflammation through the skewing of the immune response towards a Th2 profile. In the first part of the thesis, we evaluated the effects of PAH on the Th17/Th22 polarization of PBMCs from healthy and allergic asthmatic subjects, PBMCs from athmatic patients exhibited an increased Th17/Th22 profile compared with non-allergic subjects. DEP-PAH and Benzo[a]Pyrene (B[a]P) stimulation further increased IL-22 but surprisingly decreased IL-17A production in both groups. Th17 transcription factors RORA and RORC were down regulated, whereas AhR target gene CYP1A1 was up-regulated in both groups. Notch was decreased only in asthmatic patients. PAH-induced IL-22 production originated mainly from Th22 cells. The AhR antagonist reversed almost completely the effects of DEP-PAH, but only partially the effects of B[a]P, on IL-22/IL-17 reciprocal regulation. The kinases PI3K, JNK and ERK participated to the enhancing effect of B[a]P on IL-22 production, whereas p38 MAP kinase had an inhibitory effect.The second part of the thesis evaluated the co-stimulatory effect of combined PRR- and allergen-activated DCs on Th17/Th22 polarization in healthy and asthmatic subjects. Dog allergen stimulated DCs induced a small production of IL-22 in T cells. Additional activation by TLR3, TLR9 and NOD2 ligands led to increased production of pro-Th2 chemokines by DCs only from asthmatic patients allergic to dogs. In contrast, an adjuvant role was observed on the maturation and pro-Th17/Th22 cytokines production by DCs from both asthmatic and non-allergic subjects. In T cells co-cultured with DCs stimulated by dog allergen and PRR ligands, we found a mixed Th2/Th17/Th22 profile in asthmatic patients and a Th1/Th22 profile in non-allergic subjects. IL-22 producing cells were mainly Th22 in both groups with more Th22 cells were observed in asthmatic subjects. IL-17 and IL-22 production was9differently regulated between asthmatic subjects and non-allergic subjects, TGF-β having a pro-Th17 role while IL-23 having a pro-Th22 role.In vivo, a model of chronic dog-induced asthma was developed leading increased airway resistance, Th2 chemokine and Th2/Th17/Th22 cytokine production as well as neutrophil but little eosinophil recruitment in the lung. Gene expression of IL-22 was observed at early time points whereas IL-22 protein appeared later on. NOD2 ligand further increased airway resistance, protein production and gene expression induced by dog allergen challenge but inhibited the small eosinophil recruitment in the lung.These results show that in humans, IL-17 and IL-22 productions are regulated differently between allergic asthmatic and non-allergic subjects. Altogether, pollution and some bacterial or viral infections may contribute in asthmatic patients to the severity of the disease and to progression of airway remodeling. The developed in vivo model will allow dissecting the mechanisms participating to the severity of asthma.

Le système immunitaire joue un double rôle dans le cancer: il peut non seulement supprimer la croissance tumorale en détruisant les cellules cancéreuses, mais aussi promouvoir la progression de la tumeur en sélectionnant les cellules tumorales ou en créant un microenvironnement tumoral immunosuppresseur. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à deux populations du système immunitaire : les MDSC (Myeloïd Derived Suppressor Cells) et les lymphocytes Th17. Dans ce travail, nous avons exploré les mécanismes impliqués dans l’activation et dans les fonctions suppressives de ces deux populations cellulaires au cours de la croissance tumorale. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les cellules tumorales activaient les MDSC en libérant des exosomes exprimant HSP72 à leur surface. HSP72 à la surface des exosomes permet l’activation de STAT3 via la voie de signalisation TLR2/Myd88 dans les MDSC et favorise leur fonction suppressive. Le facteur de transcription STAT3 joue aussi un rôle fondamental dans la différenciation des lymphocytes Th17. Le rôle des lymphocytes Th17 est controversé dans la croissance tumorale. Nous avons découvert que les lymphocytes Th17 exprimaient les ectonucléotidases CD39 et CD73 soutenant ainsi leur fonction suppressive. L'expression des ectonucléotidases est dépendante de l’activation de STAT3 par l’IL-6 et de l’inhibition de Gfi-1 par le TGFβ lors de leur différenciation. / Immune system plays a dual role in cancer: it can not only suppress tumor growth by destroying cancer cells, but also promote tumor progression by selecting immunoresistant tumor cells or by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment.During my thesis, I focused on two populations of the immune system: MDSC (myeloid derived suppressor cells) and Th17 lymphocytes. In this work, we explored the mechanisms involved in the activation of suppressive functions of these two cell populations during tumor growth. First, we showed that tumor cells activated MDSC by releasing exosomes that express HSP72 on their surface. HSP72 on exosomes surface induces STAT3 activation via Myd88/TLR2 signaling pathway in MDSC and promotes their suppressive function. The transcription factor STAT3 also plays a fundamental role in Th17 cells differentiation. The role of Th17 cells is controversial in tumor growth. We reported that Th17 cells express CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases and thereby supporting their suppressive function. The expression of ectonucleotidases is dependent on the activation of STAT3 by IL-6 and inhibition of Gfi-1 by TGFβ during their differentiation.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第23335号 / 生博第453号 / 新制||生||60(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 野田 岳志, 教授 杉田 昌彦, 教授 千坂 修 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Inflammatory immune responses are regulated by T cell subsets that secrete specific panels of cytokines. While CD8+ T cells that secrete IFN- and cytotoxic molecules (Tc1 cells) are known to mediate antiviral immunity, IL-17-secreting CD8+ T (Tc17) cells have only recently been described and the development and function of these cells has not been clearly examined. Using in vitro T cell cultures and mice deficient in transcription factors regulating lineage development, we defined Tc17 development and function. Similar to IL-17 secretion from CD4 T cells, IL-17 secretion from Tc17 cells is dependent on the transcription factor Stat3 and inhibited by Stat1. Expression of transcription factors important for Tc1 function, T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), is reduced in Tc17 cells and consistent with this, Tc17 cells are non-cytotoxic in vitro. However, Tc17 cells are unstable and switch to cytotoxic IFN- producing cells when exposed to a Tc1 inducing cytokine, IL-12. Overexpression of the lineage promoting transcription factors T-bet and Eomes is unable to induce a Tc1 phenotype in Tc17 cells and Stat3 is also unable to switch Tc1 cells into Tc17 cells, suggesting additional signals are involved in CD8 T cell lineage commitment. In vivo, Tc17 cells are induced by vaccinia virus, dependant on Stat3, and are capable of mediating antiviral immunity. Tc17 cells acquire an IFN--secreting phenotype after encounter with virus in vivo, however, viral clearance by Tc17 cells is independent of IFN-. Instead, viral clearance is correlated with a gain in T-bet expression and cytotoxic function in Tc17 cells which have encountered virus. The development of anti-viral activity independent of IFN-, suggests that Tc17 cells may mediate anti-viral immunity through novel mechanisms that depend on the ability of Tc17 cells to acquire other phenotypes.

No description available.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells caused by an altered immune balance in the pancreatic microenvironment. In humans as well as in mouse models, T cells are well recognized as key orchestrators of T1D, which is characterized by T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell bias and/or low/defective T-regulatory cells (Treg), and culminates in cytotoxic T-cell (CTL)-mediated destruction of β-cells. Refitting of immune cells toward the non-inflammatory phenotype in the pancreas may represent a way to prevent/treat T1D. Recently we developed a unique spontaneous humanized mouse model of type 1 diabetes, wherein mouse MHC-II molecules were replaced by human DQ8, and β-cells were made to express human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 auto-antigen. The mice spontaneously developed T1D resembling the human disease. Humanized T1D mice showed hyperglycemic (250-300 mg/dl) symptoms by the 4th week of life. The diabetogenic T cells (CD4, CD8) present in our model are GAD65 antigen-specific in nature. Intermolecular antigen spreading recorded during 3rd-6th week of age is like that observed in the human preclinical period of T1D. In this paper, we tested our hypothesis in our spontaneous humanized T1D mouse model. We targeted two cell-signaling pathways and their inhibitions: eIF5A pathway inhibition influences T helper cell dynamics toward the non-inflammatory phenotype and Notch signaling inhibition enrich Tregs and targets auto-reactive CTLs, rescues the pancreatic islet structure, and increases the functionality of β-cells in terms of insulin production. We report that inhibition of (eIF5A + Notch) signaling mediates suppression of diabetogenic T cells by inducing plasticity in CD4 + T cells co-expressing IL-17 and IFNγ (IL-17 + IFNγ +) toward the Treg cells phenotype.

Th17 cells are pro-inflammatory cells that are characterized by the production of their signature cytokine, IL-17. Although they are thought to have arisen to protect against extracellular bacteria and fungi they have been shown to mediate autoimmune diseases such as EAE and psoarisis. Notch protein is a cell-surface receptor that has been widely conserved among species. It plays an essential role in determining multiple cell fates. More recently, it has been implicated in regulating peripheral CD4+ T-cell responses. In these studies, we report that blockade of Notch signaling significantly down-regulates the production of IL-17 and associated cytokines in both mouse and human in-vitro polarized Th17 cells, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Notch during Th17 differentiation in both species. We also present evidence, using promoter reporter assays, knockdown studies as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation, that IL-17 and RORt are direct transcriptional targets of Notch signaling in Th17 cells, with Notch 1 being the responsible Notch family member important in regulating the differentiation of human Th17 cells. In-vivo inhibition of Notch signaling reduced IL-17 production and Th17 mediated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. In addition, by using Notch1 and Notch3 knockout mice, we have shown that Notch 3 is the Notch family member that is essential for murine Th17 differentiation. We have also investigated noncanonical Notch signaling in Th17 cells by using CD4+ T-cells from CSL/RBP-Jk knockout mice. Based on data obtained, we have concluded that canonical Notch signaling is dispensable in Th17 responses. Thus, this study highlights the importance of different Notch family members in Th17 differentiation and indicates that selective targeted therapy against Notch may be an important tool to treat autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis.

No description available.

No description available.

Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by the administration of exogenous agonists and selective antagonists has been shown to have potential to attenuate the contribution of inflammation to secondary injury in the CNS. The two most well-defined receptors are the CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB2, the cannabinoid receptor expressed primarily on hematopoietic cells and activated microglia, mediates the immunoregulatory functions of cannabinoids. The involvement of CB2 in central nervous inflammation has been demonstrated by using both endogenous and exogenous ligands. We showed previously that CB2 selective agonists inhibited leukocyte rolling and adhesion to CNS microvasculature and ameliorate clinical symptom in both chronic and remitting-relapsing EAE models; and our previous studies also demonstrated therapeutic potential of CB2 agonist improving recovery following spinal cord injury in the mouse. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the mechanisms through which administration of a selective cannabinoid-2 (CB2) agonist modifies inflammatory responses and helps to improve function following the injury in central nervous system. In the EAE project, we showed that Gp1a, a highly selective CB2 agonist with a four log higher affinity for CB2 than CB1, reduced clinical scores and facilitated recovery in EAE in conjunction with long term reduction in demyelination and axonal loss. We also established that Gp1a affected EAE through at least two different mechanisms, i.e. an early effect on Th1/Th17 differentiation in peripheral immune organs, and a later effect on the accumulation of pathogenic immune cells in the CNS, associated with reductions in the expression of CNS and T cell chemokine receptors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. This is the first report on the in vivo CB2-mediated Gp1a inhibition of Th17/Th1 differentiation. We also confirmed the Gp1a-induced inhibition of Th17/Th1 differentiation in vitro, both in non-polarizing and polarizing conditions. The CB2-induced inhibition of Th17 differentiation is highly relevant in view of recent studies emphasizing the importance of pathogenic self-reactive Th17 cells in EAE/MS. In spinal cord injury project, we showed that spinal cord injury mice CB2 agonist O-1966 (with affinities to the CB1 and CB2 receptors of 5055±984 and 23±2.1 nM, respectively) had improved motor function, autonomic function. They also had significant reductions in CXCL-9, CXCL-11, dramatic reductions in IL-23p19 expression and its receptor IL-23r, and reduction in the number of immunoreactive microglia. The results reported in this thesis, demonstrated that the combined effect on Th17 differentiation and immune cell accumulation into the CNS, may contribute to the usefulness of CB2 selective ligands as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammation. / Physiology