Black communities located in cities across the country became sites of explosive political unrest during the mid-1960s. These uprisings coincided with a period of intensified political activity among African Americans nationally, and played a decisive role in expanding national concern with black political struggle from a singular focus on the Civil Rights movement led by black southerners to consider the "race problem" clearly present in the cities of the North and West. Moreover, unrest within urban black communities emerged at a time when alternate political analyses of the relationship between black people and the American state that challenged the goal of integration and presented different visions of black freedom and identity were gaining considerable traction. The most receptive audience for these radical and nationalist critiques was found among black students and cadres of militant, young black people living in cities who insisted on the right to self determination for black people, and advocated liberation through revolution and the application of black power to secure control over their communities as the most appropriate goal of black political struggle. The following study examines grassroots political organizations formed by black people in Cleveland, Ohio during the early 1960s in order to analyze the development of the tactics, strategies, and ideologies that became hallmarks of Black Power by the end of the decade. These developments are understood within the context of ongoing political struggle, and particular attention is paid to the machinations of the multifaceted system of racial oppression that shaped the conditions against which black Clevelanders fought. This struggle, initially aimed at securing unrestricted employment, housing, and educational opportunities for black people, and curtailing episodes of police brutality against them, culminated in five days of unrest during July 1966. The actions of city officials, especially the Mayor and members of the Cleveland Police Department, during the Hough uprising clarified the nature of black oppression in Cleveland, thereby illuminating the need for and uses of both the formal political power of the ballot, as well as the power of the bullet to defend black people and communities through the force of arms.

Le présent travail se veut une analyse des enjeux jalonnant le développement du courant musical appelé « folk du Kansai ». Apparu au milieu des années 1960, ce genre incarne avec vigueur la contestation sociale qui traverse les pays, en proposant notamment des titres anti-guerre comme l’émouvant « Betonamu no sora » [« Le Ciel du Vietnam »] de Takaishi Tomoya ou l’ironique « Jieitai ni hairô » [« Entrons dans les forces d’autodéfense »] de Takada Wataru. Pourtant, la thèse que nous portons désire montrer toute la richesse d’un courant musical qui a jusqu’à aujourd’hui été largement réduit à sa facette engagée. Si la folk du Kansai réclame haut et fort la remise en question d’une société jugée belligérante et structurellement inégalitaire, elle reflète également de profondes interrogations quant à la place de l’art dans le quotidien, au rôle de l’artiste au sein de la société, ainsi qu’au sens donné à une musique dite populaire, pourtant modelée par une industrie en place au Japon depuis plus de 40 ans. A travers la reconstitution du développement de la scène de la folk du Kansai de ses début en 1966 à sa disparition à l’orée des années 1970, ainsi qu’une analyse de son répertoire composé d’une centaine de titres, ce travail s’attache à démontrer comment les artistes du genre ont rendu musicalement et scéniquement concrète une profonde aspiration à une indépendance artistique, source à la fois d’expressions individuelles créatives et de regards citoyens sur le monde. / The present work proposes an analysis of the musical genre called “Kansai Folk”. Born in the mid-1960’s, this musical genre embodies the japanese social movement, expliciting for exemple strong anti-war feelings, as Takaishi Tomoya’s moving “Betonamu no sora” or Takada Wataru’s ironic “Jieitai ni hairô” illustrate it. However, our dissertation aims to show that the Kansai folk was more than political protest put in music. If its artists indeed wanted to firmly question a society judged belligerent and unequal, their work also reflected on other questions such as the place of art in the everyday life, the role of the artists in their society and the meaning of a so-called popular music that has been shaped by an industry existing in Japan since the end of the 1920’s. Throught the reconstitution of the development of the Kansai folk musical scene, from its beginning in 1966 to its disparition in 1970, and an analysis of the hundred of tunes composing its repertoire, this works aims to show how these ambitious artists made real their aspiration toward a scenic independence, used as a musical plateforme to imagine and perform creative self-expressions and citizen’s critical views.

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<p>This thesis examines how American icons, such as Jim Morrison, become the focus of "secular" religious followings. Morrison died in Paris, France, in 1971. His grave site, in Paris, attracts thousands of visitors each year. As the lead singer of 1960s era band, The Doors, Morrison achieved extraordinary fame. Tiring of his rock star status, Morrison moved to Paris in 1971, where he died under mysterious circumstances at age 27.</p> <p>After his death, Morrison remained a focus of popular biographies and films; many attributed mythic qualities to the dead singer. The continued interest in the celebrity of Morrison, following his death, generated much popularity among a new generation of fans.</p> <p>The motivation for visiting the Morrison grave, in Paris, is not only the music of Morrison or the Doors. Rather, fans gather in Paris each year to remember Morrison as cultural hero and the values he represents: freedom and rebellion against authority.</p> <p>An ethnography in Paris completed during the anniversary of his death, July 3, supplements an analysis of the subculture surrounding Morrison. A wider conclusion concerning the purpose of dead celebrity followings, in contemporary society, is a final focus.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis examines changes in gender attitudes between the years 1962 and 1967 as seen through the activities of a group of female volunteers at a regional community center, specifically the Fine Arts committee of the Arts Council at the Young Men's and Women's Hebrew Association in Philadelphia. I demonstrate how the women were conditioned both within and outside their community to accept a subservient role to husbands and male hierarchy. By considering two of the committee's major projects, one that took place in 1962 and the other in 1967, and examining the Jewish community's primary newspaper during the same period, I compare and contrast the attitudes of the female "volunteer" in general and this specific group of more rebellious housewives whose interests were focused in the visual arts. Between the two major projects, examples of sociological theory are examined in order to follow the paradigm shift towards emerging feminism. Over a period of five years these women reassessed their role as housewives, and many eventually participated in professional life outside the home. The specific accomplishments of the Fine Arts Committee are compared, from the first major exhibition in 1962, ART 1963/A New Vocabulary to the last significant project in 1967, the Museum of Merchandise. / Art History

[pt] O trabalho analisa as diferenças e semelhanças entre os conflitos geracionais em grupos de esquerda provenientes dos EUA e da Argentina durante os longos anos 1960. O estudo percebe que há aspectos comuns que levaram à ruptura entre as gerações à esquerda do espectro político em ambos contextos, como por exemplo, a relação das vertentes geracionais com as organizações de trabalhadores e com o Bloco Socialista. / [en] The text analyzes the differences and similarities among generational conflicts in groups on the left from the USA and Argentina during the long 1960s. The study notes there are common aspects which brought to the rupture between the generations on the left on the left of the political spectrum in both contexts, such as, for example, the generational groups relation with workers organizations and with the Socialist Bloc.

This dissertation explains how and why some American artists investigated visual phenomena and heightened perception during the 1960s and 1970s. As an analytical account grounded in the perceptual experience of artworks and in archival research of the claims artists made for their creations, this study is centered around the themes of re-sensitizing one’s body and perceptual faculties, the process of empirical discovery, and the ultimate inability of language to satisfactorily describe sensory phenomena. In Chapter 1, I establish a brief intellectual history of research concerning the sensory faculties from fields in the humanities, including psychology, philosophy, and art history. In Chapter 2, I analyze Judd’s art-critical concept of optical phenomena and consider the art about which he wrote, including his own, on the basis of this tentative classification. In Chapter 3, I evaluate John Chamberlain’s lacquer paintings in terms of the visual phenomena generated by his innovative paint mixtures and application techniques, then consider his provisional separation of intuition and intellect. In Chapter 4, I examine Robert Irwin’s efforts to refine his visual attentiveness and, in the course of doing so, I also test the accompanying artworks he made that demand such unusually acute observation. In Chapter 5, I argue that distinguishing physical, pictorial, and reflected visual phenomena in Larry Bell’s pieces proves to be an exceptional challenge, a problem compounded by the inefficacy of trying to communicate visual discoveries using language. In the Conclusion, I demonstrate that by restoring the role of heightened perception and sensory discovery to the history of art of the 1960s and 1970s, this dissertation helps to preserve the complexity and variety of works made during that time. / text